Physical SciencePhysical Science

Ch. 20Ch. 20

Section 1Section 1

MetalsMetals

Properties of metalsProperties of metals• Conduct heat and electricityConduct heat and electricity• LusterLuster

– reflect light wellreflect light well

• MalleableMalleable– can be hammered or rolled into sheetscan be hammered or rolled into sheets

• DuctileDuctile– can be drawn into wirescan be drawn into wires

• Electron DonorsElectron Donors– combine with nonmetals by losing combine with nonmetals by losing

electronselectrons

Metallic Bonding Metallic Bonding •Positively charged metallic Positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a ions are surrounded by a cloud of electronscloud of electrons

•Ions are in sliding layers and Ions are in sliding layers and electrons are weakly heldelectrons are weakly held

•Readily form ionic bonds with Readily form ionic bonds with nonmetalsnonmetals

• The Alkali MetalsThe Alkali Metals–softer and more reactive than softer and more reactive than

other metalsother metals–Highly reactive w/ oxygen & waterHighly reactive w/ oxygen & water–don’t occur naturally as elemental don’t occur naturally as elemental

formsforms–Combine readily with other Combine readily with other

elements due to single electron in elements due to single electron in outer energy levelouter energy level

–Located in 1Located in 1stst column of periodic column of periodic tabletable

• Human healthHuman health–sodium, potassium, and lithium sodium, potassium, and lithium

compoundscompounds

• PhotocellsPhotocells–some depend on rubidium or cesiumsome depend on rubidium or cesium

• FranciumFrancium–a radioactive element which breaks a radioactive element which breaks

down giving off particles and energydown giving off particles and energy

Uses of Alkali MetalsUses of Alkali Metals

• The Alkaline Earth MetalsThe Alkaline Earth Metals–not found naturally in not found naturally in elemental formelemental form

–two electrons in outer two electrons in outer energy levelenergy level

–Located in the 2Located in the 2ndnd column of column of the periodic tablethe periodic table

• The ApplicationsThe Applications–strontium and magnesium found in strontium and magnesium found in

fireworksfireworks–magnesium in vehicles, ladders, and magnesium in vehicles, ladders, and

batsbats–calcium in statues and countertopscalcium in statues and countertops

• Uses with the Human bodyUses with the Human body–calcium in bonescalcium in bones–barium in disease diagnosesbarium in disease diagnoses–radium formerly used in cancer radium formerly used in cancer

treatmentstreatments

Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals

Transition ElementsTransition Elements• They often occur in nature They often occur in nature

as uncombined elementsas uncombined elements• Located in the sunken in Located in the sunken in

area of the periodic tablearea of the periodic table• The number of valence The number of valence

electrons have a tendency to electrons have a tendency to vary (transition) at timesvary (transition) at times

Transition ElementsTransition Elements• Typically form colored compoundsTypically form colored compounds

–chromium is in rubies & emeraldschromium is in rubies & emeralds• Iron triad (iron, cobalt, and nickel)Iron triad (iron, cobalt, and nickel)

– IronIron• most widely used of all metalsmost widely used of all metals• main ingredient in steelmain ingredient in steel• abundant in Earth’s crustabundant in Earth’s crust

–Cobalt and nickelCobalt and nickel• used in some steelsused in some steels

–NickelNickel• used to coat other metalsused to coat other metals

• Copper, silver, goldCopper, silver, gold– coinage metals since once were commonly used coinage metals since once were commonly used

in coinsin coins• CopperCopper

– used in electric wiring because it is a superior used in electric wiring because it is a superior electricity conductorelectricity conductor

• SilverSilver– used in photographic film and paper; jewelryused in photographic film and paper; jewelry

• GoldGold– used in jewelryused in jewelry

• Zinc and cadmiumZinc and cadmium– often used to coat or plate other metalsoften used to coat or plate other metals

• MercuryMercury– only room temperature liquid metalonly room temperature liquid metal– used in thermometers and batteriesused in thermometers and batteries

Inner Transition MetalsInner Transition Metals• Rare earth elementsRare earth elements

–seem disconnected from the rest seem disconnected from the rest of periodic tableof periodic table

• The Lanthanides Series (1The Lanthanides Series (1stst row) row)

• The Actinides (2The Actinides (2ndnd row) row)–All are radioactive and unstableAll are radioactive and unstable

–Uranium is the best knownUranium is the best known

Section 2Section 2

NonmetalsNonmetals

NonmetalsNonmetals• Properties of nonmetalsProperties of nonmetals

–Gases or brittle solids at room Gases or brittle solids at room temperaturetemperature

–Not malleableNot malleable–Not ductileNot ductile–Poor conductors of heat and Poor conductors of heat and

electricityelectricity–LustrousLustrous–Electron acceptosElectron acceptos

Compounds formed by NonmetalsCompounds formed by Nonmetals• Ionic compoundsIonic compounds

–form when nonmetals gain form when nonmetals gain electrons from metals and electrons from metals and become negative ionsbecome negative ions

• Covalent compoundsCovalent compounds–form when nonmetals share form when nonmetals share

electrons with other electrons with other nonmetalsnonmetals

• SublimationSublimation–a solid changes directly into a a solid changes directly into a

gas without first becoming a gas without first becoming a liquidliquid

• Diatomic moleculeDiatomic molecule–two atoms of the same two atoms of the same

element in covalent bondelement in covalent bond

Magnificent SevenMagnificent Seven• 7 diatomic elements7 diatomic elements

–Always occur with 2 atomsAlways occur with 2 atoms• BBromineromine• OOxygenxygen• FFluorideluoride• IIodineodine• NNitrogenitrogen• CChlorinehlorine• HHydrogenydrogen

More about nonmetalsMore about nonmetals• HydrogenHydrogen

–most common element in most common element in universeuniverse

–diatomic moleculediatomic molecule

–Highly reactive element found Highly reactive element found mostly on Earth as part of mostly on Earth as part of water compoundwater compound

More about nonmetalsMore about nonmetals• The Halogens (7The Halogens (7thth column) column)

–A salt forms when a halogen A salt forms when a halogen gains one electron from a metalgains one electron from a metal

• Use of halogensUse of halogens–ChlorineChlorine

• disinfectant and bleachdisinfectant and bleach–BromineBromine

• dyes in cosmeticsdyes in cosmetics–IodineIodine

• hormone regulationhormone regulation

Noble GasesNoble Gases

• Exist as isolated, stable atomsExist as isolated, stable atoms• Located in 8Located in 8th th columncolumn

–Have complete outer energy level Have complete outer energy level filledfilled

• HeliumHelium–used in blimps and balloonsused in blimps and balloons

• Neon, argon, and kryptonNeon, argon, and krypton–used in lightsused in lights

Section 3Section 3

Mixed GroupsMixed Groups

• Properties of metalloidsProperties of metalloids

–Located around the stair stepsLocated around the stair steps

–Form ionic & covalent bondsForm ionic & covalent bonds

–Have some metallic & some Have some metallic & some

non-metallic propertiesnon-metallic properties

–Partial conduction gives them Partial conduction gives them

semiconductor characteristicssemiconductor characteristics

Boron GroupBoron Group• Named for the first element in 3Named for the first element in 3rdrd

columncolumn• Has 3 valence electronsHas 3 valence electrons• BoronBoron

– used in water softening products, used in water softening products, antiseptics, and fuelsantiseptics, and fuels

• AluminumAluminum– abundant in Earth’s crustabundant in Earth’s crust– used in cans, foil wrap, pans, used in cans, foil wrap, pans,

building materials, and aircraftbuilding materials, and aircraft

Carbon GroupCarbon Group• Named for first element in 4Named for first element in 4thth column column• Four valence electronsFour valence electrons• CarbonCarbon

– found in coal, oil, natural gas, and foodsfound in coal, oil, natural gas, and foods• SiliconSilicon

– Occurs as an allotropeOccurs as an allotrope• same element with different molecular same element with different molecular

structuresstructures– Found in sand, rocks, and soilFound in sand, rocks, and soil– The main component in semiconductorsThe main component in semiconductors

• conduct electricity under certain conditionsconduct electricity under certain conditions

Carbon Group con’tCarbon Group con’t• GermaniumGermanium

–also used in semiconductorsalso used in semiconductors• TinTin

–used to coat other metalsused to coat other metals• LeadLead

– toxic, so no longer used in painttoxic, so no longer used in paint• Allotropes of carbonAllotropes of carbon

–DiamondsDiamonds–GraphiteGraphite–BuckminsterfullereneBuckminsterfullerene

Nitrogen GroupNitrogen Group• Named for first element in 5Named for first element in 5thth column column• Has five valence electronsHas five valence electrons• tends to form covalent bondstends to form covalent bonds• NitrogenNitrogen

– used to make nitrates and ammoniaused to make nitrates and ammonia• PhosphorusPhosphorus

– used in water softeners, fertilizers, used in water softeners, fertilizers, match heads, fine chinamatch heads, fine china

• Antimony and bismuthAntimony and bismuth– used with other metals to lower their used with other metals to lower their

melting pointsmelting points

Oxygen GroupOxygen Group• Named for first element in 6Named for first element in 6thth column column• Has six valence electronsHas six valence electrons• OxygenOxygen

– makes up 20% of airmakes up 20% of air– is used by living things in respirationis used by living things in respiration– provides protection from Sun’s radiationprovides protection from Sun’s radiation

• SulfurSulfur– used to form sulfides for pigment in paintused to form sulfides for pigment in paint

• SeleniumSelenium– used in photocopiers and multivitaminsused in photocopiers and multivitamins

• Synthetic Elements (man made)Synthetic Elements (man made)– Created elements not usually found on Created elements not usually found on

EarthEarth– synthetic elements usually disintegrate synthetic elements usually disintegrate

quickly.quickly.• UraniumUranium

– can be made into neptunium which forms can be made into neptunium which forms plutonium when it disintegrates.plutonium when it disintegrates.

• PlutoniumPlutonium– can be changed into americiuncan be changed into americiun

• used in smoke detectors.used in smoke detectors.

• Transuranium elementsTransuranium elements– have more than 92 protonshave more than 92 protons– are synthetic and unstableare synthetic and unstable

• The study of synthesized The study of synthesized elements helps scientists to elements helps scientists to understand the forces holding understand the forces holding the nucleus together.the nucleus together.–Element 114 lasted for 30 Element 114 lasted for 30

seconds.seconds.

–It combined 114 protons with 175 It combined 114 protons with 175 neutrons.neutrons.

–It broke apart due to enormous It broke apart due to enormous repulsion between the protons.repulsion between the protons.