PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT FROM 1 TO 3Chapter 10- Unit 4

•Identify 5 changes in a child’s physical growth from ages 1 to 3•Explain how developmental milestones are used•Describe how a parent should respond to typical changes in a child’s sleeping pattern•Explain why it is important to establish good eating habits early in life•Identify why young children are particularly at risk for accidents•List four factors to consider when choosing clothing for young children

Chapter Objectives

Section 1- Growth and development from 1 to 3Section 2- Caring for children from 1 to 3

Chapter 10

CHAPTER 10.1Growth and Development from 1 to 3

Growth from 1 to 3 Heredity plays a major role in child development

Physical traits such as eye color, body size, and risk for diseases can be passed through genes

Basic road map for physical development while other traits fill in the gap Other factors include

Nutrition Health Life Experiences

During this stage, major growth occurs in Height, weight, body proportion, posture, and teeth Motor skills

Growth from 1 to 3

Typical One Year Old Typical 3 Year Old

What differences do you see??

Toddlers to Preschool

Refers to children 1 to 2 years

Walk few unsteady steps

Ages 3-5 3 year olds walk

steadily, hop, skip, run

Toddler Preschooler

Both need plenty of physical space to build their physical muscles

Attention span is longer than that of infants Change activities often

Height and Weight Gain less than half

the average monthly weight they did during the first year of life

Heredity and environment influence

After the 1st birthday, children begin to show variation in size

Proportion and Posture Physical proportion

changes so does their posture

Until age 2 the head circumference, abdomen, and chest are about the same measurement around

Between 2 and 3 the chest becomes larger around than the head or abdomen

Arms, legs, and torso grow longer Improves balance and

motor skills By age 2, posture is

straighter but not completely erect Protruding abdomen Head bent somewhat

forward Knees and elbows slightly

bent 3rd birthday they stand

straighter because their spines are stronger

Teeth 1 year olds typically

have about 8 teeth By age 3 they have a

complete set of 20 primary (baby) teeth

Several factors influence the health of teeth: Diet Heredity Dental care

Healthy Teeth-Diet Teeth are formed

before birth Mom’s diet can

influence the quality of her baby’s teeth

A child’s diet is most important during the firsts 2 years Adult teeth form

under primary teeth

Healthy Teeth: Dairy products

Vitamin D Water with fluoride in

it Regular Brushing Avoid sugary cereals Do not let a child

have milk in a bottle at night Baby bottle decay

Healthy Teeth- Dentist Take a child to the

dentist early- 18 months of age They can become

comfortable with the office (smells, people, sound, etc.)

Some family dentists will see toddlers or refer to a pediatric dentist

Some dentists will have a child sit on a parents lap if they are young

Many toys and books in the waiting room to feel more secure

Development 1 to 3

Sensory integration is the process by which the brain combines information taken through the senses to make a whole How the child knows how wide to

open their mouth to bite into an orange

Those that are unable are said to have sensory dysfunction Some react strongly to some

types of stimulation Noises or lights Learning or behavioral problems

Sensory Integration

Developmental MilestonesAge Fine Motor Skills Gross Motor Skills12-18 Mo.

Turns several pages in a book, picks up small objects using thumb and forefinger

May walk, sits down without help, slides backwards down stairs

18-24 Mo.

Stacks 2-4 blocks, grasps crayons with fist and scribbles

Walks, Jumps in place, Climbs up or down stairs, Pulls toys with wheels

2-2.5 Yrs.

Stacks 6 blocks, turns pages 1 at a time, pick objects from floor without loosing balance

Walks with more coordination, jumps of bottom step, pushes self on wheeled toys

2.5-3 Yrs.

Stacks 8 blocks, screws on lids to containers, draws circles and lines

Alternates feet going upstairs, runs but can’t stop smoothly, throws a ball overhead but not well

3-4 Yrs. Stacks 9-10 blocks, cuts with scissors, draws recognizable pictures

Jumps up and down in place, catches a ball with straight arms, rides a tricycle

Motor Skills- Gross Motor Physical exercise promotes the

development of gross motor skills As children exercise they slowly build the

confidence, strength, and coordination to do certain tasks Kick a ball for example

Walking is a significant gross motor skill Feeling of pride and mobility to explore

Gross Motor- Fine Motor Most important milestone

Children begin to pick up objects between their thumb and forefinger

Between 1st and 2nd birthdays children learn to feed themselves and drink from a cup Often spill because of poor hand-eye coordination

Toys help practice fine motor skills Blocks, large beads, stacking games

Dexterity is the skillful use of the hands and fingers 2 year olds can turn the pages of a book at one time 3 year olds like taking things apart and putting them

back together Have enough dexterity to draw circles, lines, and crosses

Righty or Lefty? Before age 2 it is difficult to determine if a child is

left or right-handed Generally use both hands as they develop coordination

and muscle control In fact, if a 1 year old favors one hand/arm over

another it may indicate a physical problem with the other hand/arm

Around age 2 or 3 some children make their preference clear by favoring one hand over another Other children, may continue switching between hands

well into their preschool years Not a problem as long as it does not inhibit a child’s

ability to complete developmentally appropriate tasks

Hand-Eye Coordination Continues to improve

in this age group This milestone gives

children greater ability in using objects, poking fingers in holes, opening up boxes, and playing with balls

Aids in building structures, sorting items, and coloring with crayons

CHAPTER 10 SECTION 2Caring for Children from 1 to 3

Sleeping- Sleep Patterns Most 1-year olds continue the pattern of sleeping 8 or

more hours at night As they get older, daytime naps become shorter The length of time at night slowly increases By age 2, most children no longer need a morning nap In total, 2-3 year olds sleep about 10-14 hours a night Fears or anxiety about separation from parents can

make falling asleep difficult for this age group Children feel more comfortable if they follow routines at

night Story time, stuffed animal

Long nights out can affect this routine

Sleeping- Sleep Disturbances Its not unusual for toddlers to wake up briefly when

sleeping Best response depends on the problem

Fear of the dark is common at ages 2 and 3 and may prevent a child from falling asleep

Night terrors are a type of sleep disturbance that occurs during the first few hours of sleep, when they are deeply sleeping Children cannot usually identify what has made them

wake up Reassurance that everything is okay is the best remedy

Nutritional Needs and Eating Children learn and pick

up good eating habits at a young age that they carry throughout life

Offer children a variety of healthy foods at mealtime and let them choose what to eat

Encourage don’t force Remember children

imitate their caregivers

Self-Feeding Children at this

stage want to feed themselves

Self-feeding depends on a child’s fine motor skills Also helps refine

them

Self-Feeding

Nutritional Needs

Avoid foods high in sugar, salt, and fatty foods

No sticky foods MyPyramid- USDA

develops guidelines for healthy eating for people ages 2 and older

This age group needs smaller servings for their tiny stomachs

Sharing nutritious foods Trying new foods together Letting children help in

the kitchen Encourage to only eat

when hungry and eat slowly

Never use food as a reward

Drink water when thirsty

Nutritious Foods Teaching Children Good Nutrition

Meal Appeal One way to promote interest in nutritious

foods is to try to make meals appealing for children Color Texture Shape Temperature Ease of Eating

Immunizations Children are given vaccines

A small amount of disease carrying germs are introduced to the body so they body can build up immunity

Vaccines boost immune systems so a child can easily fight off an infection

Being in a child center exposes children to more germs Studies show this is good

Lower rates of asthma Stimulates early immune system response

Complications to vaccines are very rare State law requires that children receive certain

vaccinations before entering school Physicians recommend children receive most

immunizations before age 2

Childproof the Home The average home contains a variety of

conditions that can be hazardous To prevent falls Check that open windows have screens

with secure locks Prevent burns by teaching children not to

touch a range Turn pot handles toward the range’s center Check the temperature of water from the

faucet Store cleaning supplies, paints, insecticides,

and medications in locked cabinets and containers

Environmental Concerns Choking Hazards Toys Poisons in the Home Fire and Burns

Teach stop, drop, and roll Motor Vehicles

Children must ride in a car seat that is secured with seatbelts in the back seat of a vehicle

Children over 12 months of age and weighing more than 20 pounds or more can ride in a car seat that faces forward

Sunburns Pets Drowning

One of the leading causes of death in children 1-3 at the highest risk because they want to explore their

surroundings

Hygiene- Washing and Bathing Hygiene is personal care and

cleanliness Daily baths help children

develop good hygiene Children often assert their

independence at bath time Washing themselves with a

washcloth By age 2, most can wash, rinse,

and dry themselves fairly well Age 3, children can wash them

selves with supervision

Hygiene- Caring for Teeth Age 1

Small, soft toothbrush daily Age 2

Children can begin practicing brushing their own teeth

First attempts wont be successful so caregivers need to help

Age 3 Children can brush

themselves but may need a caregivers help

Hygiene- Toilet Training Most children begin to use the toilet

sometime between their second and third birthdays If you try and teach it any earlier, some

experts say, it takes longer

Toilet Training-Readiness Children must be emotionally and

physically ready Physical readiness includes

Control their bladder and bowel movements Remove their clothes easily

Bowel control involves the use of the sphincter muscles These help regulate elimination from the

bowels This level of maturity is reached around 18

months Emotional readiness means the child

shows interest in wanting to use the toilet Books and videos are available Train during a calm family life period can

help too

Toilet Training Basics Calm encouragement Avoid punishment and

rules Child toilets or toilet

seat covers make using the toilet easier for little toddlers

Bowel training comes before bladder training usually

When you see a child make facial expressions that suggest they have to use the bathroom, encourage them to

Training diapers should be used during toilet training

Clothing- Self-Dressing Undressing is easier than

dressing Most children will undress

themselves around 13-14 months of age Pull of shoes, socks or pants Eventually will move to

removing loose shirts They may try help

dressing themselves Holding out an arm for a

shirt Next they may learn to put

their arm through a sleeve

By age 2 the child can Pull up pants Shirts are still difficult May put on clothes inside

out or backwards By age 3 the child can

Dress themselves but need help with fasteners

May put shoes on the wrong feet

Teaches the child independence and responsibility

Choosing the Right Clothes Cotton is comfortable often used

in children’s clothing Absorbs moisture and wears well

yet may shrink Synthetic fibers are fabrics made

from chemicals rather than natural sources Polyester and acrylic are durable,

wrinkle resistant and quick drying Don’t absorb moisture and hold

heat near the body Natural and synthetic are usually

blended for all qualities By law, clothing must have a label

that identifies fibers used Each state has unique guidelines

Children’s clothing MUST be flame-resistant (Federal Law) Can still catch fire but wont burn as

quickly

Durability or ability to last is influenced by the quality of the fabric and construction of the clothing