PHYSICAL AND GENERAL GEOGRAPHY

Dear fellows, I have made a judgment on the basis of past papers of last 13 years and arranged the questions with respect to topics of syllabus, by viewing it, you will have a good judgment of the syllabus and important topics of paper A which are recurring. There can be mistakes in classification of the questions, but I tried my best to minimize them. To prepare geography paper A, first of all read the topic and note down the key terms, definitions and processes. It will be helpful in revising and also practice diagrams. You can also prepare topics from geography websites; can see animations to clear concepts. Apart from other sciences like biology, chemistry, geo is easy to understand. One can cover the whole syllabus in one month with 4-6 hours study. (Unit no: 2,3,4,5, atmosphere and hydrosphere, the restless crust, sculpting the surface chapters of De Blij are must to read. Remember me in your prayers.Muhammad Naeem Abbas Bhatti (css aspirant 2013)

Elements of Weather and Climate

Insolation and Atmospheric TemperatureDefine insulations, discuss the distribution of temperature on the surface of Earth and reasons for its variation. 2005

Global Radiation and Heat BalanceWrite an essay on the heating and cooling of the surface of the earth 2007

Atmospheric Pressure and WindsWhat do you known about the distribution of atmospheric pressure and the resulting wind system on the earth surface? 2002

Humidity and Precipitationidentify the geographic patterns of evapotranspiration.Examine the factors contributing to expanding deserts around the globe.2010

Air Masses, Fronts and Atmospheric DisturbancesDefine air masses and give classification of air masses and focus on the type which affects weather of pakistan2008Explain original concept of air masses and present principal air masses 2006

Define Cyclones. How are the temperate Cyclones formed? Discuss the theory regarding their formation.2004Give a detailed account of the origin, life history, weather type and distribution of extra-tropical or frontal cyclone. 2002What are main characteristics of thunderstorm? How arc they classified? Also explain their zonal distribution 2001

Classification of Climate and Climatic RegionsDiscuss salient features of Western European type of climate with its impact on experiencing societies.2012Which prominent areas experience either of climate type, give the characteristics of the climate type along with associated economic activities, and desert type or monsoon type.2011Discuss Mediterranean climatic region with its dominating characteristics2010In what way does the wet, monsoon-dominated climate of southern Asiatic coasts (Am) differ from that close to the equator(aj). Discuss in detail.2009How do the climate factors of precipitation and temperature influence the distribution of natural vegetation? Where can we find the tropical rainforest? 2006Discuss Monsoon Climatic Region in detail.2004Discuss Mediterranean climate as under: (a) Main characteristics (b) Regional variations 2003Confining your attention to the northern hemisphere contrast the Cool Temperate West Marginal type of climate with the Cool Temperate East Marginal type and try to account for any similarities and differences. 2000

Landforms Major landformsBriefly explain the features associated with:a. Submerged coastlines b. Emerged coastlines 2006

Rocks: origin, formation and classification.Bring out scientific definition of rock and highlight the process and degree of metamorphism with explicit examples. 2012What are rocks, classify, discus the formation and characteristics of any one type. 2011Present the rock cycle in connection with its reincarnation.2010

What is a rock? Classify rocks and discuss the formation and characteristics of any one type.2005

What are Rocks? Discuss igneous rocks and compare and contrast the intrusive and extrusive rocks.2004Summarize with specific examples classification of rocks and show how different mode of origin affect the exploitation of mineral wealth.2000

Internal Structure of the EarthDiscuss the significance of the dee double prime layer, in view of the fact that the earth is a differentiated planet. 2011Describe the internal structure of the earth in detail giving dimentions, mineral composition and physical properties. What type of evidence is used to obtain this information? What tempratures and pressures may be expected at the earth's centre?2009Earth is a differentiated planet, discuss critically.2008The theory of plate tectonics is a unifying theory, discuss critically.2008What do you understand by the plate theory? What has it to do with: (a) the formation of mountains (b) earth quakes (c) volcanoes. 2000

Earth quakes and VolcancityWrite an essay on earthquake.2009Describe the ways in which earthquake can be managed. Use examples to support your answer.2006How re earthquakes caused? Describe the major earthquake zones.2003What are earthquakes? How closely are they connected with earth mo vements? Elaborate their effects and distributions in fhe main regions of the world.2001

WeatheringEvaluate physical weathering and its occurrences in different climate areas over the globe.2012Distinguish between rock weathering and erosion.Show how processes of weathering in cool humid climate, differ from those in hot arid region. You may take examples from any part of the world 2000

Mass Wastingdefine mass wasting and explain mass wasting in detail.2010

Erosion and DepositionWrite in detail on the action of the river in its youth, maturity, and old age.2009

All landforms go through a cycle of youth, maturity, and old age, discuss with examples of erosional and depositional agents.2008Outline the processes by which a river produces various Land features describing its mode of transportation.2006

Cycle of ErosionProvide a brief account of fluvial cycle of erosion?2007

Landforms produced by Underground and Ground WaterKarst topography is distinctive type of terrain resulting largely fromn erosion by ground water and dissolved mineral matter can be deposited in a number of ways, discuss with examples.2008Describe the conditions essential for the development of Karst Topography, List the principal features of Karst region.2002

Wind What are the erosional and depositional features of winds, discuss any one group of features in detail.2011Wind produces a variety of interesting sequential landforms both erosional and depositional'. Discuss.2009What are various types of local winds? Discuss in details the formation and characteristics of the Mountain and Valley winds. 2005Examine the evolution of AEOLIAN Land forms. 2002There are certain winds which generated by terrestrial peculiarities and are named accordingly. Pin point/explain such winds (world-wide) with their properties and effects in me prevailing areas.2001Describe and explain the ways in which each of the following desert landforms originate: (a) Mesa (b) Pedestal rock (c) Barchan (d) Playa (e) Wadi 2000

GlaciersPresent glaciated morphology through various stages.2012describe landforms and evolution of landscapes of glaciation in the mid and high latitudes.2010Discuss the origin and characteristics of the landforms produced by glaciers 2007What do you know about major landforms? Describe the landforms produced by the glaciers?2005What is glaciation? Describe the land forms associated with glaciation in the highland areas 2003Define glacier. How would you categorise them according to ihc mode of formation? Explain with the help of diagrams the characteristic, features of a glaciated region 2001

Oceans Continental Margins and the Sea FloorDistribution of Temperature and SalinityDescribe in details the distribution of salinity in the Oceans. 2005

Movements of the Ocean Water: Waves. Currents Introduce Atlantic Ocean with its flows configuration as a unique phenomena.2012What are the ocean movements, discuss the currents of pacific ocean. 2011Describe the factors contributing to the origin of ocean currents. Also describe the Ocean Currents of the Atlantic Ocean bringing about their effect on the surrounding area? 2009Define and discuss the origin of ocean currents and discuss the currents of Atlantic ocean.2008What are ocean currents? Discuss the different factors contributing in their occurrence and also describe their effect on the surrounding areas?2007What causes the rise and fall of tides? What celestial bodies are most important in determining tides?2007Distinguish b/w North Indian Ocean and South Indian Ocean currents w.r.t specific controlling factor.2006What are the Ocean’s movements? Discuss the Currents of the Pacific Ocean.2005Give an account of the Indian Ocean Currents and explain their difference from other Ocean currents. 2004What is meant by Ocean Currents? How the different types of Currents are caused? Highlight the currents of Atlantic Ocean with the help of a sketch map.2001Examine the relation between the prevalent wind systems and ocean currents in either North Atlantic or North Pacific Oceans. Also suggest effects of the oceanic circulation described 2000

TidesHow are tides caused? Describe the various types of tides. 2003What causes the rise and fall of tides? What celestial bodies are most important in determining tides? 2005

Study of Maps Types of maps: Topographical Maps, Aerial Photographs.Weather Maps.Map Projections: classification and choice of projections.Merits and Demerits of Cylindrical. Conical and Zenithal Projections. Diagrams, graphs and Distribution Maps based on Statistical Data.Illustrate and suggest merits of dot method while handling demographic data of Pakistan.2012What are the topographical maps, write in detail the features presented on such maps.2011show with an aid of a sketch map currents of the Indian ocean.bring out the influence of monsoon on currents of the North Indian ocean.2010What is the distinction between large-scale, medium-scale and small-scale maps? Explain by giving examples 2009Write short notes on the following:- (a) Modern Cartography (b) Observation of weather phenomenon (c) Uses and limitations of Mercator’s Projection 2007 (d) Distribution maps and their techniquesDescribe Map characteristics in detail with example of map design geared either to: a. Data communication or b. Data analysis objectives. 2006What are the major types of Map Projections under any major type, discuss their characteristics and uses. 2005Explain the different methods of Thematic Maps. Discuss in detail any one method and its merits and demerits. 2004Discuss the various types of ‘quantitative aerial maps’ based on statistical data and show how the use of colours adds to the clarity of distribution. 2003What are AERIAL photographs? How arc these different from Toptgraphical Maps? Discuss their importance to map making.2002 Differentiate the weather and topographical maps? Briefly express the various terms/features which arc associated with these maps. 2001What are topographical maps? Write in detail on the features presented on such maps.2000

Short notes2012 1 Tectonic Plates 2 Block mountains 3 International dateline 4 Isostasy2011 1 Air masses 2 earthquake waves 3 monsoons 4 map projections2010 1 choice of projections 2 synoptic charts 3 planetary winds 4 trends in january isotherm2004(a) Conical Projection (b) Atoll Formation (c) Yardang (d) Horse Latitudes (e) Cycle of Erosion2003(a) Cyclonic Storms (b) Continental Shelf (c) Sand Dunes (d) Pie Diagrams (e) Alnino current2002 (a) Tides ' (b) Conventional Signs (c) Alluvial Fax (d) Air Mass2001(a) Geysers (b) Bonne's Modified Conical Projection(c) Adveclion Tog (d) Artesian wells2000(a) Modern Cartography (b) Observation of weather phenomenon(c) Uses and limitations of Mercator’s Projection(d) Distribution maps and their techniques.