physical and chemical characteristic of mukah coal-sarawak in relation to gas content and.pdf

8/10/2019 Physical and Chemical Characteristic of Mukah Coal-Sarawak in Relation to Gas Content and.pdf

1/59

Physical and Chemical Characteristic

of

Mukah Coal - Sar

Content and Composition

by

Lim Woan Chi n

A project dissertation submitted to th

ChemicalEngineering Programme

in partial fulfillmentof

the requirement

of

the

Bachelor

of

Engineering (Hons)

ChemicalEngineering

JANUARY 2009


2/59

C E R T I F I C A T I O N

OF

A P P R O V

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIST ICS

S A R A W A K

IN

RELAT ION TO

GAS

CONTENT

AN

Approved:

by

Lim Woan Chin

A project dissertationsubmittedto the

Chemical Engineering Programme

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

in partial fulfilmentof the requirementfor

Bachelor

of

Engineering (Hons)

Chemical Engineering


3/59

CERTIFICATION

OF ORIGINA

This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitte

original work is my own except as specified in the reference

and that the

original work contained herein have

not

been

unspecified sourcesor persons.


4/59

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extendmy gratitudeto the coordinators of the

Chemical

Engineering Department,

Mr

Mohd Tazli

B. Aziza

Ms Haslinda Bt Zabiri for their dedication and effort in

understanding for the completion

of

this project.

I would also like to thank my project supervisor, AP. DR C

supervisor DR Sonny

Irawan

for their

guidance

and

advices

encouragement andmotivation towards the

completion

of m

project.

I

thank them

for their

willingness

to

share

their

kno

helpto enhance betterunderstanding inmyproject

scope.

Besides,I would also like to dedicatemy gratitude to the lectu

attend numerous presentations on this project and had nev

advice in

hope

of achieving the objectives.

Also,

to my fell

helped

in guiding methroughout theprogress of thisproject.


5/59

TABLE OF

CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION

OF

APPROVAL.

CERTIFICATION

OF

ORIGINALITY

A B S T R A C T

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .

CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background ofStudy

1. 2

Problem Statement

1.3 Objectives

1.4 ScopeofStudy

CHAPTER

2:

LITERATURE REVIEW

2. 1 Coal .

2.2 Formation o f Coal

2.3 Types

of

Coal .

2.4 Analysis

ofCoal.

2.5 Experiments Theory.


6/59

C H A P T E R 4:

3.3

Tools Required

3.3.1 Core Cutting Machine.

3.3.2 Core TrimmingMachine

3.3.3 POROPERM

.

3.3.4 XRD Analysis.

3.3.5 Sputter Coater.

3.3.6 Scanning Electron Micro

3.3.7 Energy Dispersive X-ray

3.3.8 Drying Oven

3.3.9 XRFAnalysis.

3.3.10 2000kN Flexural and Co

3.3.11 Gas Chromatography .

3.4 Gantt Chart

R E SU L TS A ND

DISCUSSION .

4.1 Porosity and Permeability Test.

4.2 Pore Size and

Structures

o f

Coal

4.3 Composition ofCoal .


7/59

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

LIST

O F

ILLUSTRATIONS

East

Malaysia map

WorldLiquidFuelsConsumption, 2002-2010

World Crude Oil and Liquid Fuels Consumptio

Illustration to show the different volumes consi

Schematicdiagram of initial and final condition

Schematic diagram of pressurefailoffgasperm

POROPERMapplicationwindow

Core cutting machine .

Core trimmingmachine

SEM

inner view

Drying Oven .

XRF

.

2000kN flexural and compression machine.

Gas extraction equipment setup.


8/59

Figure

4.6

Ulu Sikat

sample's

image using SEM

at

magnif

Figure

4.7 EDX spectrums thatdisplays thepeaksof eleme

sample

Figure

4.8

EDX spectrums

that

displays

the

peaks

of

eleme

sample

Figure

4.9

Mukah coal before compression

Figure

4.10

Mukah

coal aftercompression.

Figure

4.11

GasChromatography results forUlu

Sikat

coal

Figure

4.12 GasChromatography results forUlu

Penipah

co

Figure A-1 Map

of

Mukah Balingian

area

indicating approx

location


9/59

LIST

OF

TABLES

Table 3.1 Gantt Chart

Table4.1 Resultsof diametermeasurement ofcoreplug in

Table

4.2

Results

of

length

measurement of

core

plug in

d

Table 4.3 Properties

of

core

plug

and

experiment conditio

Table

4.4

Average length and diameter, others factor

of

co

Table

4.5

Results

of

porosity tested

and

calculated

by

usin

Table

4.6

Results

of permeability testedandcalculated by

POROPERM

Table 4.7

Composition

ofUlu

Penipah's

coal in

weight pe

Table 4.8 Composition

ofUlu Sikat's

coal

in

weight perc

Table

4.9 Composition of

Mukah

coalusing

XRF

.

Table 4.10 Moisture content for Mukah coal

Table 4.11 Comparison of

moisture

content and

compressi


10/59

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background of Study

Coal is a readily combustible black or brownish-black sed

primarily of carbon and hydrogen along with small quantities

sulphur. There is natural gas adsorbed in the solid matrix of

methane (CBM), it has becomes an important energy source i

is found that gas contained in Coalbed methane is mainly m

quantities

of

ethane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and few other ga

gas' because it contains small quantities

of

hydrogen sulph

coal's solid matrix is in a near-liquid state which lining inside

In Malaysia, compressed natural gas (CNG) is an alternative e

it burns more cleanly than petrol and diesel. Petroleum price


11/59

Area

(SE1)

located in longitude 112o20E and latitude 250N

south east

of

Mukah town and Ulu Sikat's samples are collecte

Bergrih Area

(BC1)

located

in

longitude 11220E

and latitude

the south

east

of Mukah

town.

Lignite coal for

shallow

anddeep

seams

occurs in the coastal

Mukah and Batang Balingian. Most of the lignitic coal seam

penetrated withintheMiocene Balingianand PlioceneLiangF

Plio-Pleistocene cover of varying thickness. The prospect

although quite a large reserve of coal, estimatedat about 270

Mukah-Balingian coal field, the coal is apparently of a hydro

use of this coal could only be as thermalor steamcoal and th

be as a fuel for an on-site or near-site power-generating statio

Bintulu or

Sibu.

Nowadays, new

usage

of coalis

found

andC

from lignite coal seam.

Mukah area has been folded into a pair

of

east-west trending

plunge to the Westwhich is BedenganSyncline at the North a

at the South. However, the post-depositional deformation i

folds

of

low amplitude and large wavelength. Dip angles

of

b

3to 36 but generally they are

of

8to

12.

Althoughthere i


12/59

SOUTH

CHIN

SE

400 km

ORNEO

MMMH

Figure 1.1:East Malaysia map


13/59

In Figure

1.3

the production

from

Organization of the Petrol

(OPEC) is estimated to fell

2.1

million barrels perday inthe

fi

millions barrels per day and rise to

29.8

millions barrels per

supplies

in

2009

are

expected

be

close

to

2008

but is

expected

260,000 barrels

per day in

2010. Organization for

Eco

Development (OECD) commercial inventories

at

year 2008 st

which will continue remain above average.

If the

petroleum

production is

reduces, consumption

of

petr

production

and

therefore

the

petroleum will

be

exhausted.

The

sources

must be

found

to replace the impending worldwid

Coalbed methane is one of the alternatives to extract the natur

matrix.

The

physical

and

chemical properties

of

coal

are

analy

which leads to its possible

uses.

Correlation is

made

betwee

and gascontent incoalas

methane

in coalbedsmaybe an alter

95

9 -

Million

35

-

barrels so -

par

day 75

70-1

World Liquid Fuels Consumption

Total Consumption _

0

m-

Fo


14/59

World Crude OH

and

Liquid Fuels Production G

(Change

from

Previous

Year)

2 .0

1 3

1 -

0 .5 -

MlIMan oo

ba r r e l s

per day ^-^

-1 .0 -

-1 .5 -

-2.0

-

-2 .5 -

2008

IBOPEC Count r ie s

HNo r tt i Ame r ic a

3No i S e a

-Term Energy Ouaoek , April 2E09

Foreca s t

2009

E2Rus si a and Ca sp i an

Sea

E3Latin America

mo t h e r

Non-OPEC

Figure1.3:WorldCrudeOilandLiquidFuelsProduction

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of this project are as follows:

To analyse physical andchemical properties ofMu

To determine gas content inMukah coal.

To correlate physical and

chemical

properties

con ten t .


15/59

CHAPTER

2

L ITERATURE REV IEW

2,1 Coal

Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that contains varying amo

nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur as well as trace amounts of

mineral matter. Coal is a solid, brittle, combustible, carbona

decomposition and alteration

of

vegetation by compaction,

over geologic time as discussed below. Coal consists

of

more

more than 70% by volume

of

carbonaceous material. [1]

2.2 Format ion of

Coal

A geosyncline is a zone

of

inward movement in the earth

movement can only be explained by assuming strong lateral


16/59

Assumed

that the geosynclines did not sink at a constant

rat

rate and exceeded by sedimentation, as a result, the

lagoon

favours the

growth

of

aquatic plants and extensive swamps

c

swamps is

nearly

stagnant and plant

debris

continues to

acc

period,

trees

grow

to a

height

of

tens metres develop

on

this

w

Carboniferous trees are found in nearly all coalseams whichis

coal has generally been formed

in situ

(autochtonous formati

swamp is

submerged

and

covered

by

sedimentary deposits

an

has formed. [3]

2,3

Types ofCoal

Coalclassified intovarious typeswhich included anthracite, b

and lignite coal. Anthracite isthehighest rankof coalwhich c

fixed

carbon and a low percentage of volatile

matter.

The

mined anthracite is generally lessthan 15 and the heatconte

million Btu/ton on a moist, mineral-matter free-basis. Anthrac

black lustrous coa l

Bituminous coal has higherquality than lignite coal but poo

coal. It is a soft coal that

black

or

dark brown

in

colour

w

Bituminous coal is

formed

by diagenetic and sub-metamorph


17/59

Subbituminouscoal is a coal that dull, dark brown to blank, an

lower

endof the

range,

to

bright,

black, hard,

and

relatively str

inherent moisture by weight is ranges from 20% to 30% an

from

17

to

24

million Btu/ton.

Lignite

which also

called

brown coal

is a soft

brown fuel w

coal andpeat. Lignite isthe

lowest

rankof coal

which

is

used

a

power generation. Lignite

has a

heat content

of 9 to

17 mi

mineral-matter-free

basis. Lignite

has

around 60

of

carbon

moisture content as high as 66% which will create proble

storage.

The low

energy density

of

brown coal

is not

worth

i

therefore

itis

often burned

in

power stations builds very

nearto

2.4 Analysis of

Coal

Analyses of coal may be reported on different bases with re

Indeed,

results that are as-determined refer to the

moisture

during

analyses

in the

laboratory.

Loss of

weight during

ai

enable calculation on as as-received basis (the moisture co

arrived in the laboratory). This is equivalent to the as-sampled

moisture

occurs during transportation to the laboratory

from

th

are calculated on the basis that there is no moisture ass

Analytical

data that are

reported

on a

dry, ash-free bas


18/59

2.5

Experiments

Theory

2.5.1 Porosity and Permeability

Porosity is the fraction of the volumeofcoa

andcan be calculated

from

the equilibrium

dictates

th e

rate at

which methane

can

Calculation of porosity is derived from the

specificgravityand is derived fromthe relati

Porosity

-100-100(Apparent

Specific

Gravit

Or

Porosity=100 x

densityHg

(l/densityng -

l/den

Where:

densityHg

: mercury density;

densityHe : Helium density which displac

measure the porosity.

The porosity and permeability are measu

instrument. POROPERM can determine the

at ambient confining pressure. The gas per


19/59

There are four types

of

volumes definite i

which included:

i. The bulk volume or BV: the apparent v

ii. The grain volume or GV: the volume

composed the plug;

iii. The total pore volume or PV: the vo

(linked and unlinked) in the plug;

iv. The effective pore volume or PVe: t

voids in the plug.

Figure 2.1: Illustration to show the different volu

A common definition

of

the porosity is Bulk

volume (PV) but there are two types

of

poro

four

volumes

stated above:

i. The total porosity: ratio between the to

volume:


20/59

The method used to calculate porosity is

Method for direct void volume measurem

practice 40, February 1998, p 5-12 / 5-18). P

using Helium gas vented into the sample's po

held in a core holder which utilizes an elasto

A low confining pressure

of

300 psi is applie

coal. The experiment is isothermal.

The initial and final conditions

of sampleare

Initial

Conditions

P1,T ^

Pa,T

Vr

Vv

Vp

Vd

Fin

Vr = Reservoir volume; Vv = Dead Volume; Vp


21/59

From the real gas law:

PV-Nrt

At the initial conditions, the inlet pressure i

total numberofgaseous moles: n total ~ n heli

Pi Vr+ Vv Pa Vd + Vp

niotai ___ 1

Zm\RT

ZaRT

At the final conditions, total number

of

gaseo

n (total) ~ ft (helium&airmi

nHe Pi Vr + Vv + Vd + Vp nair

ntotal ' 1

ntotal ZmiRT ntotal

Assumption can be made where P i Pa,and

T, .4 nHe , , nair

Thu s i t comes:

= 1 and ~

ntotal ntotal

Hence, the final material balance that gives a

ntotal = Z ^ ^ M

ZmiRT

Thepore volumecan be easilydeduced fromthis

Vr PvcZ^_l}_Vv

Vp

= f2* Vd

PcXl Hel


22/59

Permeability

is a

property

of a

porous mediu

ability to transmit

fluids.

The

reciprocal

of p

viscous resistivity

that the

porous medium o

low flow rates

prevail.

The effective permeab

is a measure of its

fluid

conductivity to a pa

phase

fluid system residing within

the

mediu

each phase

is specified. Relative permeab

effective permeability of a

particular

fluid

referencepermeability. [8]

Permeability of one meter squared will

perm

of1Pa.s viscosity through an

area

of1m2

un

1

Pa/m. Therefore, one Darcy equals 0.9

common

unit

is

urn2.

One Darcy equals

to

0.9

Transient pressure technique

for

gases: Pr

Flow measurements (API,

Recommended

section

6.4).

Transient measurements

emplo

for

gas. These

may located upstream

of

the s

flows into the sample being

measured.

The

employs

an

upstream gas manifold

that is

a


23/59

The downstream end

of

the sample is vented

and an accurate pressure transducer is co

immediately upstream of the sample holder

manifold and sample are filled with gas.

thermal equilibrium, the pressure transient i

outlet valve. Pressure and times are colle

pressurehas decayedabout85%

of

the fill pr

a useful permeability range of0.001 to 20,00

Vp

Pc

Figure 2.3: Schematic ofpressure fallo


24/59

Darcy's lawestablished a relationship betwe

porous mediaand the potential gradient obse

fluid through it but this equation is only restr

fluxes.

-dP/dL

=

uV/k

Where:

\i

is the dynamic viscosity

of

the fluid

V

is

the volumetric flow o f the fluid

K is the permeability

-dP/dL is the potential gradient

At higher fluxes, Forchheimer observed t

required for a given volumetric flux is g

Darcy's law by an amount proportional

density,

p and the square of volumetric f

proportionality,

p

(ft'1) is

the

inertial resistiv

which is due to accelerations a fluid under

paths through a porous media.


25/59

permeability obtained using non-reactive liq

avoid the problem of obtaining pore

permeability. [8]

k(x,t) =

Ml+b/[P(x,t)

+ Pa])

Where: b (psi) is the slip factor, b>0.

The gas permeability is uncorrected for gas

from the followingrelationship:

k

km

Where:

bm Uc

Tc m

Um \TmMc

\/2Pg + Pa

1 +

Subscript m ~ measured, Subscript c = t

b = slip factor (psi)

H = viscosity

of

the gas (cp)

M = molecularweightof the gas (g

T = temperature (oF)


26/59

2.5.2

Mois ture

Content

Calculation the percent moisture in the analys

Moisture in sample, % = [(A-B

Where:

A = Gramsof sampleused, and

B = Grams of sample after heating

Repeatability,

reproducibility and bias

shoul

acceptability of results. For repeatability and

the results, the duplicate results by the same

than 0.2% for coals having less than 5% mo

havingmore than 5%moisture.

2.5.3 Analysis ofGas Content by GC

The number of significantdigits retained for

each component shall

be

such

that accuracy

exaggerated.

For Pentanes andLightercomponents, the h


27/59

Where:

C =

Component

concentration inth

A = Peakheight of component in th

B = Peak

height

of

component

inth

S =

Component concentration

in

mol%

If air has been run at

reduced

pressure

calibration,

or

both, correct

the

equation

for

p

C= Sx(A/B)x(/VP

Where:

Pa - Pressure at which air is run, an

Pb -

True barometric pressure du

pressures being expressed

in

the

s


28/59

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1

PROJECT FLOW

DIAGRAM

Identify Project Scope

r

Conduct

Literature Review

1

r

Conduct Porosity andpermeability tes

1

r

Conduct XRF, XRD, SEM and EDX an

1

Preparemethodology for gas extraction fr


29/59

3.2

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

Firstly, any

particular

coal that needs tobe

tested must

beensu

representative

of

the bulk material and does not undergo a

changes after completion

of

the sampling procedure

and

during

[1]

Before laboratory

experiments

conducted,

a gross sample (a

sa

of coal which neither reduction nor division has been perfor

gross sample

has been

taken,

it is

reduced

in

both

particle

si

laboratory

sample. Mechanical

sample

divider

is

used for di

mechanical crushing equipment for reduction of the sample.

There

are

two types

of

chemical analysis used

to

classify coa

analysis

and the ultimate analysis. Proximate analysis

class

relative

amounts

of moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed

caloric value is

reckoned.

Ultimate analysis gives the amounts

elementsin coal such as carbon,hydrogen, oxygen,nitrogena

First

properties of coal to be

measured

are porosity and pe


30/59

01

POROPERM

Windows historicalCOfect Parameters Macros

Figure 3.1:POROPERMapplication win

Before starting a new series of measurement, create a new

directory C:\APPLILAB\PROJECIAPOROPERM\EXCEL

rename it. Fill in the Info sheet with sample ID, diam

atmosphericpressure for each sample.


31/59

The next experiment conducted is to measure the moisture

method is most commonly used to identify total moisture

moisture determination by measuring weight loss of a coal sam

in a

flow

of dry,oxygen-free nitrogen to temperature

107

3

low-rank coals with high moisture content are susceptible to

heating should be done in an inert atmosphere.

The analysis continues with determine the mineral comp

composition can be determined by using X-Ray diffrac

fluorescence (XRF). Gas content in the coal can also

chromatographymethod.

3.3 Tools

Required

3.3.1 Core

Cutting

Machine

Core cutting machine is used to cut the

laboratory sample size. For POROPERM, t

can be 1 inch or 1.5 inch and the length

o

longer than 4 inch. Core cutting machine is

core plug with 1 inch or 1.5 inch diameter. T


32/59

Figure3.2:Core cuttingm

3.3.2 Core Trimming Machine

Core trimming machine

is

used

to

trim

out

core plug and trim the

core plug into

desired

sample

used

in

POROPERM,

the

length

of

s

cutterfor this

machine

is veryhardsince it h

edge which able to cut very hard material. T

be used in order to cool down the core when


33/59

3 3 3 P O R O P E R M

The POROPERM instrument is a permeame

to determine properties

of

plug sized co

confining pressure. The instrument offers r

facilities other than the direct properties

permeability is calculated based on the unste

the porosity is determined using Boyle's L

measurements using POROPERM are:

i. gas permeability, pore volume

ii. core length and diameter

The calculated parameters are included:

i. Klinkenberg slip factor

b

ii. Klinkenberg corrected permeabili

iii.

Inertia

coefficients

iv. Sample bulk volume and porosity

v. Grain volume and grain density.


34/59

3.3.4

XRD

Analysis

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis is the m

analytical method for determining the prese

of mineral species in a sample. X-Rays of

passed through a sample to be identified the

Ray wave will diffractedby the lattice of th

pattern ofpeaksofreflection at different ang

When a beam

of

monochromaticX radiation

material, the reflection or diffraction

of

the

with respect to the primary beam is observed

3.3.5

Sputter

Coater

Sputter coater is uses to allow deposition of

gold to increase the electrical conductivity

into Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM

erosion of the target material when bom

particles and the sputtered atoms will conde

specimen to be coated. The above proc

conditions

of

a gaseous glow discharge betw


35/59

negative cathode and the specimens to be c

usually earthed to the system.

3.3.6 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is

electrons to form an image. SEM produces i

and closely spaced features can be examined

The specimens that tested using SEM must b

if

the specimen is non conductive, a conduc

reduce thermal damage and improve seco

using sputter coater.

There are few requirements when prepar

included removes all water, solvents or

ot

vaporize while in the vacuum, non-metallic s

and finally is firmly mount all the specimens.


36/59

33.1

Energy Dispersive X-Ray EDX)

This EDX analysis system works

asan

integr

electron microscope

(SEM).

EDX is used t

composition

ofthe

specimen

atan

area

of inte

The specimen must

be

conductive

to

en

bombarded

through

the

specimen.

The

bom

with

the

specimen

atoms' own

electrons

and

off in the

process.

An

inner shell electron

i

position

is

occupied

by a

higher-energy

elec

The transferring of the outer electron will gi

by

emitting

an

X-ray.

The

atom

of

every

dif

rays with different amounts

of

energy

and th

be identified bymeasuringthe amountsofen

Output of an

EDX analysis

is an

EDX s

displays peaks corresponding

to the

ener

received. If the element is concentrated in t

spectrum will be higher.

3.3.8 Drying Oven


37/59

Figure3.5:DryingOv

3.3.9 X-Ray Fluorescence XRF)

XRF is the emission

of

fluorescent X-rays

been bombarded with high-energy gamma ray


38/59

3.3.10 2000kN Flexural and Compression Machin

This machine can be used to test either

information that can be obtain using thi

maximum load, stress and pace rate that appli

Figure 3.7:2000kN

flexural

and com

33.11 Gas Chromatography GC)

The purpose of conduct this experiment i

inside the coal matrix, the gas used to force

gas

since

the GasChromatography equipmen

gas

and therefore

the

composition

of the


39/59

Figure 3.8: Gas Extraction Equi

Figure 3.9: Gas Chromatograph


40/59

3

4

G

A

N

T

C

H

A

R

T

T

e

1

G

c

1

B

e

n

u

e

o

e

6

2

S

u

c

m

e

A

M

C

E

m

e

s

u

X

X

S

M

3

S

m

i

s

o

o

P

o

e

R

1

1

2

4

C

E

m

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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND

DISCUSSION

4.1 Porosity

and

Permeability

Test

The samples usedforanalysis aretaken

from

twodifferent coa

Sarawak which

is Ulu Sikat andUlu

Penipah.

Fromthe observ

of coreplug,coalcollected

from

UluPenipah basin is brownish

easily

fractured, coal

in Ulu

Sikat

basin

is

black

in

colour, h

shown in picture below.


42/59

Figure4.2: Picture of coreplug fromUlu Pe

Beforeconduct the experiments, measure the diameterand len

electronic vernier scale which has 0.01 mm precision, m

electronic weighing scale

which

has 0,001 g precision. In

reading,

at

least

3 t o 5

reading

of diameter and

length

in diffe

are

measure

andaverage of diameter and

length

are

used

as

fina

Table 4.1: Results ofdiametermeasurement of core plug

E.

Sample

ID

C o r e

Diam

1

(mm)

Core

Diam

2

(mm)

C o r e

Diam

3

(mm)

C or e

Diam

4

(mm)

1

Ulu Penipah

25.300

25.260

25.290 25.310

2

Ulu Sikat

25.510 25.260

25.240 25.120


43/59

The pressure use for core plug measurement is atmospheric pr

temperature is range from

23C

to 24C.The effectiveflowar

shape factor and axial shape factor are calculated in the PORO

the formula is fixed such as :

i. Effective

Flow

Area * jtt2=nx (24.82/2)2 =

483.83

m

ii. Bulk

Volume

=

m?L

=nx

(24.82/2) 2x

24.99

-

12.09 c

Table

4.3: Properties of coreplugandexperiment con

Sample

N o

Sample ID

Core

dia

(mm)

Core

Length

(mm)

B u l k

V o l

(cc)

Weig

g)

l

Ulu Penipah

25.28

25.54

12.82 16.0

2

Ulu S ikat

25.26 25.51 12.78 15.5

Table 4.4: Average length and diameter, others fac

g .

Sample

ID

Core

Diam

average

(mm)

Core

Length

average

(mm)

Effect ive

Flow

Area

mm2)

B u l

Volum

(cc)

1

Ulu Penipah 25.28 25.54

501.93 12.8

2

Ulu

Sikat 25.26

25.51 501.14 12.7

The Helium gas is used to pass through the core plug


44/59

Where:

Vp:PoreVolume (cc)

BV: Bulk Volume (cc)

Figure 4.3: Front

and

back view of two coal sampl

Figure

4.4:

Front and

back view of

two

coal sample


45/59

From the results in table 4.5, in general the porosity

of

coal

Penipah and Ulu Sikat are very high which is more than 75

some errors exist since the fractured in core plug due to the b

coal, the fractured coal which is as shown in Figure 4.3 and

pores volumewhich might not be fully accurate.

From the readings, it shows that coal sample from Ulu Penip

than Ulu Sikat's coal sample. Further analysis should be cond

gas percentage in coal.

Table4.6: Resultsofpermeability tested and calculated b

Sample

N o

Sample ID

Permeability

Kair(raD)

Permeability

KKJikenberg (ittD)

1

Ulu Penipah

0.1 0.096 2

2

Ulu Sikat

33.552

33.487

1

In Table 4.6, it shows that permeability Klinkenberg c

permeability

of coal to gas is because of the inertia effe

Permeability

of

coal sample from Ulu Penipah is very low co

Ulu Sikat. Ulu Penipah's coal has a porosity of 92.82% but h

which is O.lmD, this happens due to there is a lots of

dead

pores volume, dead volume is the pores volumes that are no


46/59

4.2

Pore Size

and

Structures

o f

Coal

ScanningElectronMicroscope (SEM) can magnify an object

original size. There are some information that stated in t

included walking distance, it is the distance between the e

sample. Another information is EnergyHigh Tension (EHT

for the electron to penetrate the sample. Figure 4.5 shows th

coal sample taken by using SEM at magnification of 3000

walkingdistanceof 11mm and EHT of 15kVwhich is able to

certain thickness. From the scale stated in the image, the ave

be 5um. The sample is very brittle since there are many fractu

2u m

Mag=

3.00KX

EHT

15.00IW Date

:1BFab2006

WD* 11mm SigndA=SE1

Univererti

Tekno


47/59

Figure 4.6:Ulu Sikat sample's image using SEM at ma

The pore size for Ulu Penipah's coal is larger than Ulu Sika

that the Ulu Penipah's coal has a high porosity might becaus

the coal but the poresare not connectedand thereforegives a

Penipah's coal is higher rank coal compare with Ulu Sikat's c

contain lowerporosity but the results is not accurate, this mi

of the internalof coal that cannot be observedand immatureo

4,3 Composit ion

of

Coal

The composition ofUlu Penipah's coal sample is analyzing u


48/59

i

i iW i |

il'i

0 1

MSoste651

da CtfBcr2.49StoV[17cls)

S 6 7

Figure

4.7: EDX

spectrums that displays the peaks

of

elements

Table

4.7:

Composition

of

Ulu Penipah's coal sample

in

wei

E l e m e n t

Weight %

Atom

Carbon, C

60.55

70.

Oxygen, 0

25.49

22.

Aluminium, Al

6.31

3.2

silicon, Si

4.49

2.2

Phosphorus, P

1.49

0-6

Potassium, K

0.68

0.2

Calcium, Ca

0.99

0.3

Totals

100

10

From Table 4.8, itis found that there are only two major elem

Oxygen

in

Ulu Sikat's coal sample, the major component

is

C

This result shows

a

higher composition

of

Carbon

compare

toU


49/59

567

1 2

:utScate441as Cursor 10.325kaV(1 cte)

Figure 4.8: EDXspectrums that displays the peaks of eleme

Table 4.8: Composition ofUlu Sikat's coal sample inwei

Elemen t

Weight %

Atom

Carbon, C

72.94 78.

Oxygen, 0

27.06

21.

Totals

100

10

Another experiment is conducted which is

X-Ray

Fluor

composition of the coal. The result is show in Table 4.9. Th

contain Carbon due to low molecular weight since gam

components with low molecular weight. Fromthe results, it s

havinga highpercentage of

Ferum

whichcausesthe coal to b

coringwhileUluPenipah's coal showsa high percentage ofS


50/59

Table4.9: Composition ofMukahcoal usi

Component

% in

Ulu

Sikat Coal

% in

U

Penipah

Al 1.06% 9.02%

Ca

16.20%

6.28%

Compton

0.07% 0.11%

Cu

0.41% 0.18%

Fe 32.10%

6.14%

K 0.51%

3.01%

Mg 0.72%

0.00%

M n

0.55%

0.00%

M o

0.36%

0.13%

0 35.60%

44.50

Pd

1.43% 3.31%

Pd

0.57%

1.34%

Rayleigh

0.52%

0.61%

S 5.58%

4.74%

Si

2.19%

14.90

Sr 0.76%

3.08%

Ti

0.26%

1.81%

Zn

0.70%

0.50%

4.4 Moisture

Content and

Compressive Strength

Moisture is determined by establishing the loss in w

heated under rigidly controlled conditions of temperat


51/59

Table

4.10:

Moisture content for Muk

Sample

Weight

before

Heating

g)

Weight

after

Heating g)

Ulu S ikat Coal

41.3437

35.8878

Ulu Penipah Coal

133.0834

126.1839

Ulu Sikat's coal has a higher porosity and permeability

which lead to a higher moisture contentof the coal.The

has lower moisture content in Ulu Sikat's coal which is

Thehigh porosity but lowmoisture content

of

Ulu Pen

of

water lost during transportation

of

coal.

Figure 4.9:Mukah Coal before Compre


52/59

Table 4.11: Comparison

of

moisture content and compressiv

properties for Lignite and BituminousC

Parame te r

Lignite

Coal

Ulu Sika t

Coal

Std

Lignite Coal Ulu Peni

Moisture Content (%)

13.22% 25-45% 5.1

Compressive Strength

(psi)

3276.40

2190-6560

157

The moisture content of Ulu Sikat's coal is lower

thai

the

content for Lignite coal, this might because of water loss

Penipah's coal moisture content is within the existing moist

consider quite a low value in the range. The compressive str

and Ulu Penipah's coal are both within the standard coa

experiments value is accurate.


53/59

4.5

Ga s Conte nt

o f

Mukah

Coa l

The results ofGC testing are shown in Figure 4.11 and4.12.

shown that Ulu Sikat's coal having higher compositionof ca

coal matrix while Ulu Penipah's coal having lower carbo

shown in Figure 4.12which having a lowerheightforthe spec

Figure4.11:GasChromatography results forU

Table 4.12: SummaryofGas Content Composition f

Peak No .

Component

Total %

1

A ir

70.74

2 C02

1.64


54/59

2

Figure 4.12: Gas Chromatography results for Ulu

Table 4.13: SummaryofGas Content Composition fo

Peak

No.

Component

Total

%

1 Air 65.69

2

C02

0.95

3

H 20 33.37


55/59

CHAPTERS

CONCLUSION

AND

RECOMMEND

5.1

Conclusion

The physical mid chemical properties of coal sample are an

have been identified are porosity, permeability,

moisture

compressive strength.

Generally the porosity of

Mukah

coal is high but the perme

pore

volumes

are not connected. The

porosity

will event

content and gas content of the coal

sample.

The higher the p

themoisturecontentof the coal, at the meanwhile the gas con

Theoretically

the

higher

rank of

coal

having higher carbon

reduce the pores volume of the coal, this has been identified

Penipah

coal) having lower porosity

than Lignite

coal (Ulu

Si


56/59

The objectives

of

the project are achieved which the physica

are identified, the gas content and composition of Mukah co

correlate the maturity of coal with the porosity, moisture conte

gas content

of

the coal.

5.2 Recommendat ion

Further analysis should be conducted to identify potential o

Methane (CBM)which included the identify relative permea

respect to oil, water and inert gas, this experimentshouldbe c

that consistofporositymore than 20% inorder to obtainaccu

The recover factor of methane gas using oil, water and iner

conductingthe experimentwith the volumeof gas recovered

is conducts an experiment to identify the adsorption anddesor


57/59

REFERENCES

[1].

Jame

G.

Speight,

Handbook

of

Coal

Analysis, Wil

[2]. Jame G. Speight, TheChemistry and Technology

Marcel Dekker, 1994

[3]. D.W. Van

Krevelen,

Coal

Typology-Physics-Che

Revised Edition, Elsevier Science, 1993

[4]. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html

[5]. http://www.data360.org/graph_group.aspx?Graph_

[6]. http://www.undervaluedsecurities.conVcontent/sho

lpetroleumjune2008

[7]. POROPERM operation manual

from

VINCI Tech

[8]. Sia, S.G., Dorani bin Johari,

Evaluation

of coa

coalfield Sarawak, Malaysia, Geological surve

GSKL002/10/148,2000 (Unpublished)

[9]. YinEEHeng, Geological Survey ofMalaysiaAnn

[10], ASTM D

3173

- 87

Standard

Test

Method

for


58/59

APPENDICES

Figure A-1: Map ofMukah Balingian area indicating appro

F

G

R

V

M

S

L

O

O

O

O

S

M

P

N

P

N

i

u

a

p

n

t

m

i

m

m

p

M

N

C

U

B

M

t

r

T

w

m

w

m

n

r

O

T

O


59/59

physical and chemical characteristic of mukah coal-sarawak in relation to gas content and.pdf

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