physical & emotional development
TRANSCRIPT
They can’t do it alone!
Babies need help & encouragement to achieve their full
potential!
Introduction• The first three years of
life are a time of amazing growth and learning.
• In fact, babies grow faster, both physically and emotionally, during the first year than at any other time in their lives.
• Babies are born defenseless and are completely dependent on adults to meet their needs.
Introduction
• Babies need parents or caregivers who provide lots of love and attention.
• An infant responds best and develops most rapidly when he or she receives the attention of one or two special people.
• In the early stages of development, babies form strong bonds with the people who care for them and meet their basic needs.
• Parents who provide positive attention and consistent responses are setting their child up for success and helping him or her to become a secure, healthy adult.
Introduction• Positive, consistent responses help babies to
develop secure attachments with their parents.
• Secure attachments provide the foundation babies need to make normal strides in growth and development.
• In addition, since physical and emotional development are interrelated, babies must develop a basic sense of trust in themselves and in other people in order for them to feel secure.
• A sense of security allows children to freely explore their world.
• Children need to explore and experience the world in order to learn and develop.
Your Role
• As home visitors, you may be the best source of child development information for parents and caregivers.
• Your role is to teach parents about child development and to suggest activities that parents can engage in to positively influence their child‟s development.
• This training focuses on the
physical & emotional development
of children ages 0-36 months. • Common developmental milestones are
discussed and special attention is paid to a
challenging issue many parents face - toilet
training.
Training Objectives
Upon completing this training, you will be able to:
• Define physical and emotional development.
• Define what is meant by a developmental milestone.
• Identify common developmental milestones of babies from ages 1-9 months.
Training Objectives
• Identify common developmental milestones for toddlers ages 12-36 months.
• Discuss appropriate parenting activities/techniques that may be used to promote the emotional & physical development of children.
• Define what is meant by the “terrible twos.”
• Identify when a toddler is ready to be toilet trained.
• Describe various techniques/strategies that may be used to toilet train a toddler.
Basic Principles of Development
• Every child is unique.
• Every child develops at his or her own pace and responds to people and the world in his or her own way.
• Although the rate at which a child develops varies from child to child, most children develop new skills in a predictable order.
• Development occurs in a relatively ordered sequence toward greater complexity and organization.
• Children learn simple skills before they learn more difficult skills.
Every parent should learn some basic principles of development. They should understand that:
Basic Principles of Development
• For example, each baby begins by learning simple skills like babbling or cooing and then learns skills that are more difficult such as talking and putting sentences together.
• In addition, areas of development are interrelated.
• This means they affect one another.
• For example, in order for children to be able to talk and hold a conversation, they must be able to use the muscles in their mouth, must be able to hear, must use their brain, and must be able to learn social skills through interactions with others.
• By practicing a combination of these things, children learn to talk.
What is Physical Development?
Physical development refers to the growth of a baby‟s body. This includes muscles, bones, and body parts, as well as the skills the infant develops using his or her body.
• It is a progression characterized by
little control of movement to the act
of being able to jump, laugh, sing,
write, and control small and large
muscles with confidence.
• Physical development includes the
use of arms, legs, fingers, hands,
eyes and ears.
What is Emotional Development?
Emotional development is the process of learning to control your emotions and having empathy and respect for others.
• Emotional development stems from the basic
sense of self (self-esteem) that a baby develops
about him or herself as a person.
• Emotional development
includes the ability to pay
attention, make transitions
from one activity to another,
and to cooperate and share
with others.
Learning About Development
is Important! • Since parents play a very important role in a
child‟s development, they need to have basic knowledge about how children develop. Knowledge about child development:
− Helps parents feel good and confident about their parenting role.
− Allows parents to identify developmental problems early on.
− Helps parents respond to infants in ways that make the infant feel safe, secure, and loved.
− Helps parents plan and engage in activities that help infants grow and develop.
Developmental Milestones
• One of the easiest ways parents can learn to
support their child‟s development is by learning
about the constant changes in their baby‟s
development.
• If parents are prepared and learn to anticipate
these changes, they can provide more
stimulating and supportive home environments
for their child.
• Therefore, home visitors should provide parents
with a list of developmental milestones matched
with appropriate ages.
What is a Developmental
Milestone?• According to dictionary.com, a milestone is “a
stone post at the side of a road to show distance
or progress”, or “a significant event in life.”
• If you think of development as a journey, then
developmental milestones would serve to show
both distance along the journey of development,
and significant events in a child‟s development.
A developmental milestone is defined as a skill that a child acquires within a specific timeframe. Milestones develop in a sequential fashion.
Types of Milestones
• Developmental milestones are often grouped according to areas of development.
• This training focuses on the physical and emotional development of children ages 0-36, and the milestones provided will be grouped by age and area of development.
• Remember, each child develops at his or her on pace. Therefore, the milestones listed on the following slides are simply guidelines.
• There can be as much as a three to six week difference in when individual babies learn a new skill.
• In addition, babies born prematurely often reach developmental milestones later than babies their same age.
Baby’s First Month
Physical Emotional
Babies can focus and follow
objects which are about 8-
10 inches away.
Babies respond to sound
and can recognize familiar
voices such as their parents‟
voices.
Babies cry to tell you they
are cold, wet, hungry or in
need of attention.
Babies enjoy eye contact.
Babies move arms and legs
around.
Babies‟ heads flop if not
supported.
Baby’s Second Month
Physical Emotional
Babies‟ muscles relax and
twitch less.
Babies can smile at you.
Babies can follow a slow
moving object.
Babies make sounds such as
cooing, sighing, and gurgling
to communicates moods.
Babies can lift their head 45
degrees and their chest
when lying on stomach.
Babies study faces and their
personality becomes more
obvious.
Babies start to hold things
that are put in their hands
like rattles.
Baby’s Third Month
Physical Emotional
Babies can reach out and touch things and stretch out limbs.
Babies know the difference
between parents and
strangers.
Babies begin to roll over from back to side
Babies make eye contact.
Babies can bring their hands together.
Babies smile at faces.
Babies can hold their head
up or down but may still
need support.
Babies attempt to hit objects
with swiping motion.
Baby’s Fourth Month
Physical Emotional
Babies begin to roll from
front to side.
Babies laugh hard when
tickled.
Babies grasp a toy and
reach for objects.
Babies enjoy social
interaction.
Babies hold their head
steadily and possibly turn
their head in different
directions.
Babies make more sounds,
especially the more someone
talks to them.
Baby’s Fifth Month
Physical Emotional
Babies grab objects and put
them in their mouths.
Babies listen to sounds.
Babies entertain themselves
by playing with their hands
and feet.
Babies watch your face
when you talk.
Babies reach with a good
aim.
Babies turn towards new
sounds.
Baby’s Sixth Month
Physical Emotional
Babies turn from their backs
to their stomachs.
Babies stretch out arms to
tell you they want to be
picked up.
Babies roll over to reach
something they see or want
to touch.
Babies imitate sounds and
facial expressions.
Babies push themselves up
with arms.
Babies sit and balance for
short periods of time, but
still need support.
Baby’s Seventh Month
Physical Emotional
Most babies sit alone with
no support.
Babies respond to their
name.
Babies try to transfer toys
from one hand to the other.
Babies show displeasure at
the loss of a toy.
Babies have their first tooth
come through and may get
fussy.
Babies push themselves up
and rock on their hands and
knees.
Baby’s Eighth Month
Physical Emotional
Babies may begin to crawl
and may go backwards first.
Babies begin to develop
separation anxiety.
Babies can transfer objects
from hand to hand.
Babies may be shy or afraid
of strangers.
Babies begin to point at
objects.
Babies can throw kisses and
may begin to feel love for
another person.
Babies will soon pull
themselves up to stand.
Babies may cry if they see
someone else cry (emerging
empathy)
Baby’s Ninth Month
Physical Emotional
Babies crawl and move around
the house.
Babies feed themselves
finger food.
Babies bang toys together or
drop them to see what
happens.
Babies experience
separation anxiety.
Babies can go from a sitting
position to a lying position and
then sit up again.
Babies hold cup with
hands and drink with
help.
Babies stand by holding
someone or a piece of furniture
and pulling themselves up.
Note: Some babies may begin to walk at this age.
Baby’s Tenth Month
Physical Emotional
Babies can wave goodbye. Babies respond to their
name.
Babies open their hands and
let go of objects they are
holding.
Babies feel pride especially
when praised.
Babies practice pulling
themselves up to a standing
position.
Babies like to play patty cake
and peek- a- boo.
Babies indicate their wants
with gestures.
Baby’s Eleventh Month
Physical Emotional
Babies begin to walk or
“cruise” by holding onto
furniture.
Babies participate more
actively in routines such as
dressing by holding arms
and legs out to help.
Babies can find objects
hidden under other objects.
Babies can identify
themselves in mirrors.
Babies pull off hats and
socks.
Babies try and may stand
by themselves without any
help.
Baby’s Twelfth Month
Physical Emotional
Babies may begin taking
a few steps on their own
or may begin walking.
Babies have definite likes and
dislikes and will let you know.
Babies crawl well and
walk around by using
furniture or the help of an
adult.
Babies point to things they want
instead of making noises.
Babies offer objects and toys to
others, but expect them back.
Babies copy adult actions such
as drinking from a cup.
Months 12-24
Physical Emotional
Children can walk alone and can run at 24 months.
Children imitate actions and words.
Children can walk up and down stairs while holding something.
Children are aware of themselves as separate from others.
Children can climb on furniture and get down by themselves.
Children enjoy the company of other children.
Children can kick a ball and stand on tiptoes.
Children can scribble and stack 4 or more blocks.
Note: Children who don‟t walk by the15th month may have a developmental delay.
Months 24-36
Physical Emotional
Children can alternate feet while climbing up and down stairs.
Children express a wide range of emotions such as fear, anger, sadness, and happiness.
Children can climb well. Children learn to take turns.
Children can pedal a tricycle.
Children imitate adults or friends.
Children can bend over without falling.
Children understand “ mine” and “his” or “hers.”
Children can turn pages of a book and stack more than 6 blocks.
Children show affection and that they like special friends.
Children can turn handles and lids.
Children may have a hard time with changes to daily routines.
Tips to Promote Physical &
Emotional Development
• Having knowledge about developmental milestones, helps parents promote the physical and emotional development of their child.
• One of the best ways parents can promote the physical and emotional development of their child is by providing them with lots of tender, loving care.
• This means parents should ensure that their child‟s basic needs, such as food, shelter and clothing, are met.
• It also means that parents should provide children with the attention they need. You can‟t spoil an infant!
A Word on Spoiling
• It is important to discuss the issue of spoiling with parents since many parents do believe you can actually spoil an infant.
• A detailed study * sponsored by several child welfare organizations recently concluded that 44% of parents with young children believed that picking up a 3-month old baby every time he or she cries will spoil him or her.
• In addition, 57% of the parents believed that it is possible to spoil a 6 month old infant.
• This is simply not the case.
• Research shows that you can never shower an infant with too much love or attention, especially if the child is 6 months or younger.
You Can’t Spoil an Infant!
• As a matter of fact, babies who get a quick and consistent response to crying, especially during the first 6 -8 months of life, actually cry less than infants who have been left to cry for periods of time.
• They also learn a basic sense of trust, form secure attachments and, as a result, have fewer emotional or behavioral problems.
• Much of the confusion in the area of spoiling lies in the fact that many parents lack basic knowledge about child development and appropriate expectations.
Why You Can’t Spoil an Infant• One of the main reasons why you can‟t spoil an
infant is because babies cry for various reasons and they learn to trust their world when a loving caregiver responds to their crying (needs).
• This means responding to an infant‟s crying is actually more beneficial than ignoring the infant.
• In addition, babies can‟t anticipate the future. Therefore, they can‟t manipulate parents to get what they want.
• Babies don‟t actually sit around thinking they are going to make someone‟s life miserable on purpose. They simply cry because it is the only way they can communicate a need such as being hungry.
Can You Spoil Older Infants?
• Once infants near the age of 8-9 months, parents should still provide tender, loving care, but may wish to watch for signs that a child is able to self-regulate and self-manage.
• At around this8-9 months, infants have begun to learn how to regulate themselves.
• So, for example, if an infant gets frustrated while playing with a toy and begins to cry, a parent may want to give the infant a few minutes to try to calm him or herself down instead of immediately picking up the child.
• Therefore, as children get older, parents must begin to balance love with discipline.
• Infants can‟t be spoiled, though!
Tips to Promote Physical &
Emotional Development
• In addition to providing tender, loving care, parents can engage in age-appropriate activities to help promote their child‟s physical and emotional development.
• Home visitors should encourage parents to engage in parent-child activities whenever possible.
• The following slides describe some activities parents can do with their child and that home visitors can suggest to them.
Activities to Promote Physical
Development (6-12 months)
• The following activities can be used to
promote the physical development of 6-12
month-old infants.
– Put toys on a sofa that the infant
can see from the floor to
encourage the infant to want to
pull up to get them.
– Place toys at different places on
the floor to encourage the infant
to crawl and reach for them.
Activities to Promote Physical
Development (6-12 months)
– Let the infant see
him or herself in the
mirror often.
– Roll a ball back and forth with the
infant.
– Give the infant some blocks to
play with that he or she may
bang on the floor or carry them
when he or she crawls.
Activities to Promote Physical
Development (6-12 months)
– Hold both of the infant‟s
hands and walk around the
house together.
– Give the infant a toy
telephone and pretend to
call him or her on it.
Activities to Promote Physical
Development (6-12 months)
– Blow bubbles for
the infant to watch
and try to catch.
– Give the infant small objects to
pick up like small pieces of
cheerios when he or she is about
9 months so that the infant can
chew and swallow.
Activities to Promote Physical
Development (1-2 year olds)
• The following activities can be used to promote
the physical development of 1-2 year old toddlers.
– Play catch with the toddler.
– Take the toddler for a walk and
allow him or her to bring along a
pull toy.
– Allow the toddler to walk on
stairs, but make sure parents
stay behind him or her as he or
she climbs.
Activities to Promote Physical
Development (1-2 year olds)
– Have the toddler push
the buttons on a play
telephone or similar toy.
– Ask the toddler to get
his or her coat and
shoes when you are
going somewhere.
– Play simple chase games with the toddler.
– Let the toddler help you fold clothes.
– Read a book with a toddler, allowing him or her
to turn the pages.
Activities to Promote Emotional
Development (0-12 months)
• The following activities can be used to promote the
emotional development of 0-12 month-old infants.
– Make feeding time a
learning and bonding
experience by talking to
your infant when you feed
him or her.
– Put your face close to your
infant‟s when you interact
with each other.
Activities to Promote Emotional
Development (0-12 months)– Address the infant by his or
her name.
– Play music for the infant to listen to or sing along with.
– While listening to music, move the infant‟s feet and legs.
– Read to the infant several times a day using colorful books with many illustrations.
– Hang a mobile to develop the visual skill of the infant.
Activities to Promote Emotional
Development (1-2 year olds)
• The following activities can be used to promote
the emotional development of 1-2 year old
toddlers.
– Encourage the toddler to
talk about his or her family.
– Do things together as a
family.
– Take turns brushing teeth
or choosing books to read.
– Play pretend games with
him or her.
Activities to Promote Emotional
Development (1-2 year olds)– Go to the park and allow him
or her to play with other
children.
– Give the toddler some simple
chores to give him or her a
sense of contributing to the
family.– Encourage the
toddler to try again
when they he or she
makes a mistake.
More on Activities
• Parents can engage in numerous activities to help support their child‟s physical and emotional development. The important thing is that they provide as many experiences as possible for their child.
“Learning is not attained by chance, it must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence.”
- Abigail Adams, Wife of John Adams, The second president of the United States.
“Children’s play represents not only fun, but a critically important feature of their development.”
- Jerome L. Singer, Developmental Psychologist
How to Tell if A Child is Ready
• There are a number of sign that parents can
look for which may indicate a child is ready to be
toilet trained. These include:
– The child has a dry diaper after napping.
– The child has the physical coordination to
walk to the bathroom and is able to sit on a
potty chair or toilet training seat.
– The child can let the parent know the he or
she needs to go to the toilet, using hand
gestures or by making faces.
How to Tell if A Child is Ready
– The child can follow simple instructions such
as „go to the potty now.”
– The child is able to sit down and play by him
or herself for 5 minutes.
– The child stays dry for about two hours at a
time.
– The child is able to pull pants up and down by
him or herself.
– The child expresses an interest in going to the
potty.
Techniques to Toilet Train a Toddler
• Parents should use the following techniques to toilet
train their toddler.
– Explain your expectations- Let your child know
that it is time for him or her to hold it long enough
to let it go in the potty.
–Schedule toilet times- Try to have your child sit on the potty for five minutes after each meal or when regular bowel movements occur.
Techniques to Toilet Train a Toddler
– Prompt your child- Every time you notice your child tugging at his or her clothes or shifting from foot to foot, let the child know it is time to go to the potty.
– Modeling/Imitating- Let the child observe a same sex parent or sibling go to the potty and allow the toddler time to imitate that person.
– Buy a potty chair- Buy a potty chair that has a fun look. It can have animals, colors, or the name of the toddler, whatever you think will get his or her attention.
Techniques to Toilet Train a Toddler
– Buy a big packet of fun underwear- Buy underwear with cartoons or bright colors that your child might enjoy to make the experience more fun.
– Buy a potty training doll- Some dolls come with a toilet and bottle for feeding. You may use this doll to help you teach your child how to potty train.
– Check out a potty training book from your local library - Books about potty training are usually available at the library. You can check out a book that provides tips for parents and you may also check out a book for the child as well.