PHYS 823-001Special Lecture on Advanced Physics

Department of Physics and AstronomyTexas A&M University

&Department of Physics

Kyungpook National University

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Course Description: This is a sspecial lecture on advanced physicstopics at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). By the end of June 2011,the LHC has delivered approximately 100 trillion proton-protoncollisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. By the end of 2012,the LHC will deliver more than 1000 trillion proton-proton collisions.This amount of data is good enough for CMS and ATLAScollaborations to discover (or exclude) the Higgs bosons. The dataare also very valuable in search for dark matter. With such adiscovery, the present knowledge of particle physics (i.e., theStandard Model) will be revolutionized since the discovery of the topquark in 1995. Especially, supersymmetry (SUSY) allows for theconstruction of models of particle physics building up to the grandunification scale and linking to early universe. This course isdesigned for graduate students to cover broad and advancedconcepts of particle physics, collider complex, and experimentalapparatus. I will also cover how to probe physics beyond theStandard Model. The most up-to-date results from the LHC will beused.

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sed.http://faculty.physics.tamu.edu/kamon/teaching/phys823wcu/

What I am going to teach …

1) LHC … The world’s largest particle accelerator2) TeV … Trillion (1012) electron-Volt (1eV = 1.6 X 10��19 J)3) SM … The current theory of particle physics4) Higgs … A missing piece in the SM5) SUSY (beyond the SM) … A new theory of particle

physics with a dark matter candidate6) GUT … Unification of three fundamental interactions7) Early Universe … ~10-7 sec after Big Bang

Key Words

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Textbooks:Review articles and current literature will be provided. Since mylectures cover the on-going research program at the LHC, I will usemy research papers along with contents in several populartextbooks:

1) “Introduction to High Energy Physics,” D. Perkins (Cambridge);2) “Particle Physics,” B.R. Martin and G. Shaw (Wiley);3) “Quarks & Leptons,” F. Halzen and A.D. Martin (Wiley);4) “The Higgs Hunter’s Guide,” J.F. Gunion, H.E. Haber, G. Kane, and S.

Dawson (Addison Wesley);5) “Weak Scale Suppersymmetry,” H. Baer and X. Tata (Cambridge)

Grade:100% based on aat least 4 homework assignments (Reports written inEnglish)

Textbooks and Grade

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My Office: Room 220 (Feel free to see me even without appointment!)

WCU Office: Room 201 (Ms. JiHye Kwon and Ms. JungEun Choi)

E-mail: kamon@tamu.edu

Contact Information

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PPlease ssend me e-mail from your account.So I have your contact information andkeep you informed.

Any questions?

Natural Units

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Natural Units

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Units of Mass, Momentum, Energy are eV/c2, eV/c, eV, where 1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J

In physics, natural units are physical units of measurementdefined in such a way that certain selected universalphysical constants are normalized to unity; that is, theirnumerical value becomes exactly 1.

In particle physics, the phrase"natural units" generally means:

1B ���� kc �

[Q] Where are you from?[A] Japan

[Q] What is your job?[A] Faculty at Texas A&M

[Q] Oh, Aggies! What do you teach?[A] Physics

[Q] Oh, I took a physic course. Then whatis the value of speed of light?

[A] 1

[Q] What???[A] What is wrong with “1”, Sir?

Be Careful at Passport Control!

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[Q] ?[A]

[Q] ?[A] A & M .

[Q] ?[A]

[Q] .?

[A] 1

[Q] ???[A] 1 ?

!

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Department of Physics and Astronomy,

Texas A&M University

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Department of Physics and Astronomy

Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy

Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy

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Dept. of Physics and Astronomy93 (Faculty, Adjunct Faculty, Emeritus & Lecturers)

As of June 2011

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LHC SuperCDMS AMS-2 GMT2009 2012 2011 2016

Switzerland USA ISS Chile

pp collisions DM-proton elastic collisions

DM annihilation Dark matter & Dark energy, Black hole, Galaxy formation

14 TeV (design) 24.5-meter primary mirror

Giant Magellan TelescopeCryogenic Dark Matter SearchLarge Hadron Collider Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

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My CV

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High School

Junior High School

Elementary School

Texas A&M University –Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy

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TTexas A&M Univ. (TTAMU)

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0 Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy

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SFB ProgramWCU Program

Teruki Kamon BEST 16

II feel like a Backpacker …

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2

3

0 Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy

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SFB ProgramWCU ProgramDe-evolution

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Tevatron

Tevatron (proton-antiproton collider)

(USA, near Chicago)

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6.3 km ringCenter-of-mass energy= 2 TeV

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CERN

LHC (proton-proton collider)

(Switzerland, near Geneva)

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27 km ring

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Center-of-mass energy= 14 TeV

~

3

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hhttp://wcu-ccp.knu.ac.kr/

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http://wwwiexp.desy.de/sfb676/

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B2: Supersymmetry at the Large Hadron Collider

Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

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My Research

hhttp://faculty.physics.tamu.edu/kamon/research/Cosmology_at_Colliders/hhttp://faculty.physics.tamu.edu/kamon/research/LHCpheno/

Phys. Lett. B 505 (2001) 161Phys. Lett. B 538 (2002) 121Phys. Lett. B 611 (2005) 223Phys. Lett. B 618 (2005) 182Eur. Phys. J. C46 (2006) 43Phys. Lett. B 639 (2006) 46Phys. Lett. B 649 (2007) 73Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008) 231802Phys. Rev. D 79 (2009) 055002Phys. Rev. D 82 (2010) 115009arXiv:1104.2508, to be published in Phys. Lett. B (2011)

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[Research] Search for Dark Matter at LHC

a) What are we made of?b) Is the dark matter a new elementary particle?c) how to detect the dark matterd) Interconnection between particle physics and cosmology

(early universe)

[Funding] a) US Department of Energy (DOE)b) National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea

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PPC Cube

Cosmological ConnectionTeruki Kamon

Feynman Diagram

Dark Matter

LHC

pp Collision at CMS

• What are we made of?• Is the dark matter a new particle?• How to detect the dark matte• Interconnection between particle physics and

cosmology

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© Premiere Props

Dark Particle Hunters

SSM Particles Dark Matter

“Cube” Evolution“Cube”

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Focus: Dark Matter

� What are we made of?� Is the dark matter a new particle?

How to detect the dark matterInterconnection between particle physics and cosmology

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HHistory: Particle CClassification

The Quark Idea

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Elementary Particles –– Building BBlocks

Hadrons, MesonsScale

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Standard Model

All masses in MeV.ANIMAL MASSES SCALE WITH PARTICLE MASSES

g’s (gluons) �� string interaction

�’s (photons) � electromagnetic interaction

W’s (weak bosons) � weak interaction

G (graviton) � gravitational interaction

12 elementary particles and 4 fundamental interactions

g � W G

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What Are We Made Of?

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10 cm

What Is The Universe Made Of?

Dark Matter(23%)

[4]

[2] Earth [3] galaxy NGC 4414[1] Human

Dark Energy(73%)

~17,000 parsecs in diameter (1 pc = 30.857×1015 m)

[5]

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23% Is Dark Matter

Ordinary Matter

3 Elements

Is dark matter a new particle?

Can be explained by the SM35 February 9, 2008 Dark Particle Hunters

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3

2

1Splitting ordinary matter and dark matter

– Another Clear Evidence of Dark Matter –(8/21/06)

Dark Matter(Gravitational Lensing)

Ordinary Matter(NASA’s Chandra XObservatory)

tim

e

Approximately the same size asthe Milky Way

Dark Matter in the Universe

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Is Dark Matter a SM Particle?Dark matter particles:(1) Weakly interacting(2) Neutral(3) Heavy … relativistically slowly moving

[A] Quarks, electron, muon, and tau cannot be dark matter,because they are interacting via strong and/or electromagneticforces. Neutrinos are too light.

What should we do?A new idea based on symmetry

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[Ref.] Symmetry in SM

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Supersymmetry (SUSY)

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01�~

Nature loves symmetry!

SUSY

SM

Neutral-ino s-leption s-quark

Dark Matter Particle

SUSY

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What are we made of?Is the dark matter a new particle?

� How to detect the dark matterInterconnection between particle physics and cosmology

41 Dark Particle Hunters

E = mc2

Collider and Physics Magic

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Fast ping-pong balls �� Slow steel balls

In proton-(anti-)proton collisions, top quarks as well as new heavyparticles (e.g., dark matter) can be created.

My DreamPossible to create really heavy new particles.

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CMS

ALICEATLAS

LHCb

pp

CERN, LHC, 4 Detectors

The LHC at CERN (known as European Organization for Nuclear Research in Geneva, Switzerland) provides the proton-proton (pp) collisions. The smashing power is 3.5 times larger than that of the Tevatron at Fermilab (Batavia, IL, USA).

GenevaAirport

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[Ref.] World Wide Web (WWW)TTwenty year ago, an event at CERN changed the worldforever …

Tim Berners-Lee We learned Englishfrom WWW.

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LHC

27 km ring

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[[LHC] Each proton can be accelerated up to 99.999999% ofspeed of light, using 1232 14.3m-long dipole magnets and8000 other types of magnets. Equivalently, we need1,200,000,000,000 (1.2 ) 12-V car batteries for itsoperation.

Magnets, Magnets & Magnets

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14 TeV Proton-Proton Collisions

Proton Collisions 1 billion (109) Hz

Bunch Crossing 40 million (106) Hz

7.5 m (25 ns)

One “discovery” event in

10,000,000,000,000

14,000 x mass of proton (14 TeV) = Collision EnergyProtons fly at 99.999999% of speed of light

2808 = Bunches/Beam100 billion (1011) = Protons/Bunch

Parton Collisions

New Particles 1 Hz to 10 micro (10-5) Hz(Higgs, SUSY, ....)

Welcome to Physics Casino

10 trillion collisions48

Luminosity Parameters

Parameter Value in 2010 Value in 2011 Ratio

N 9 � 1010 11 � 1010 11/9 = 1.22

�* 3.5 m 2 m 3.5/2 = 1.75

��T ~4…7 µm 3.5 µm 4…7 / 3.75 = 1 … 2

kb 35 1225 1225/35 = 35 !!

using �T =3.5 m , N=1011 , kb=35 , �*=3.5 m

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][Hz/cm104

231

T

2

���� *

b NkfL

The CMS (21 m x 15 m x 15 m, 12,500 tonnes) is one of two super-fast & super-sensitive detectors,consisting of 15 heavy elements, collecting debris from the collision and converting a visualimage for us. “Particle” Telescope at CERN vs. Hubble Space Telescope in outer space

e.g., Compact Muon Solenoid

Hubble Space Telescope

Teruki Kamon

pPPC at the LHC 50

AnalysisHST

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Prof. Steve Hawking, visiting the CMSexperimental site.

79 ft high x 173 ft longLowering the 1st heavy element of theCMS detector

Detector – Where?

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Detector – How Big?

21 m x 15 m x 15 m, 12,500 ton

Me!

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“HEP” Equation

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�� � ALdtdtALNTT

� �

����

������ ��

00

��

1 cm2 1 cm-2

1 barn = 10-24 cm2 1 b-1

1 pb = 10-12 b 1 pb-1

(inverse pico barn)

Nobs = (cross section) x (luminosity) x (acceptance)

“Ph.D.” View

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ALdt

NT

� �

����

���

�0

exptheory ��

Experimental Ph.D.Theory Ph.D. Accelerator Ph.D.Total efficiency for accepting two muonsin any pp collision :

Ageom() * Akin() * �trig * (�ID)2

“Dimuon” View

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� ALdtXBrXppNT

� �

����

����� ���

0

)()(

Re-Discovery : Dimuon Resonances

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(~80 x 109 ppp collisions)

1977 � � +–

1974 J�� � +–

1983 Z� +–

LHC is powerful enoughto re-discover thoseparticles in 4 months.

Aug. 9, 2010Re-Discovery : Dimuon Resonances

(~70 x 1012 ppp collisions)

Jun. 14, 2011

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““Trigger” does matter.

M() at CDF, D0, and CMS

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What are we made of?Is the dark matter a new particle?How to detect the dark matter

� Interconnection between particle physics and cosmology

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CBS comedy “Big Bang Theory”(Season 1 Episode 15)

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SummaryInterconnection between Particle Physics and Cosmology

PPC 2011 at CERN, June 14-18PPC 2012 at ???

About “PPC” Cube

PPC Cube62

[Example] Top Quark Discovery in 199543 candidates in 3.4 x 1012 collisions

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DMp

Dark Matter Discovery in 20**(10-10,000) x 1012 Collisions

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SSnapshots of

Discoveries

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Observation of an e–e+ pairin 0�� e–e+ decay mode

–

p

n

e+

e–

–

0

�

�

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Elementary Particles

Liquid-hydrogen bubble-chamber photograph of antiprotoncolliding with a proton, producing � and anti-�.

d s s��=1.64x10�10 s

___

u d s��=2.6x10�10 s

_ __

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p + p � 8’s–

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The first �– event (Barnes et al., 1964) in K– + p interaction.

69 Feynman Diagrams

AA Neutral Current (Z00 BBoson) Reaction

�

q

Z0

q

�

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Feynman Diagrams

A Neutral Current (Z00 Boson) Reaction

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1) LHC … The world’s largest accelerator2) TeV … Trillion (1012) electron-Volt (1eV = 1.6 X 10��19 J)3) SM … The current theory of particle physics4) Higgs … A missing piece in the SM5) SUSY … A new theory of particle physics with a dark

matter candidate6) GUT … Unification of three fundamental interactions7) Early Universe … ~10-7 sec after Big Bang

Recap

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REMARKSYOU relax and enjoy the

topics.

[ 4%] Can be explained by the SM[23%] New particle(s)? Expected to be studied at the LHC[73%] Still major puzzle

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Resonances & Quantum Numbers

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Mesons vs. Quarks

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bbccJss

dduu

dduu

XBrJX PC

)%05.048.2(1)S1()%06.093.5(1)S1(/

10)19.087.2(1)1020(2

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210)28.055.4(1)770(

nDescriptioQuark

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Quantum Numbers

“Resonance” Particles

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Parity Operation

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bosonantiboson

fermionantiferimion

proton 1

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�&�

PPPP

PPPP duu

)()()()()(

)()(:Parity

rrPrrPrP

z,y,xz,y,x

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0)-spinfor scalar -psudo(e.g.,odd""10)-spinfor scalar (e.g.,even""1

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�'�(

PP

PP

Parity of Two-Particle System

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�)1()( �� ff PPffP

Exercise 1: Find the parity of a system of two spin-0particles.

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Parity of Three-Particle System

Example

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2003��(3S)

�(2S)

J/�(1S)

0�� 1�� 2��

(5)

P(J/�(1S) ) = )

1)1)(1)(1()1()1()( 0 ���������� ccff PPPPffP �

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Detectors in Movies [Part 1]

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Detectors in Movies [Part 2]

83 Dark Particle Hunters

Solution will be posted at URL:http://faculty.physics.tamu.edu/kamon/research/talk/

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