Ministry of Health Protection of the Ukraine

Zaporozhye state medical university

Department of skin and venereal diseases

LESNITSKY A.I., KOVALYOVA T.D.

Anatomy, phtsiology & hystology of the skin.Primary & secondary morphological elements

2007

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Skin

Hypodermis(subcutaneous

fatty tissue)

Dermisthe true skin

sskin

Epidermis

Str

atu

mp

apil

lare

Str

atu

mre

ticu

lare

Ger

min

atin

ne

laye

rS

trat

um

bas

ale

Pri

kle

– c

ell l

ayer

Str

atu

m s

pin

osu

m

Gra

nu

lar

laye

rS

trat

um

gra

nu

losu

m

luci

d la

yer

Str

atu

m lu

cid

um

Hor

ny

laye

r S

trat

um

cor

neu

m

Am

orp

hou

sIn

test

inal

Su

bst

ance

Cel

lE

lem

ents

Fib

rou

sS

ub

stan

ce

Fig.1. Structures of the skin.3

Epidermis

Layer consistence function1.Stratum basale

(germinative layer)1. keratinoblastis (1 layer, like a polisade).2. Melanoblastis (their ratio is

1:11 to keratinoblastis).

1. young cells, are devided by mitosis, and form all the structures of epidermis.

2. Melanin is formed in the melanoblastis and protects the skin from ultraviolet rays.

2. Stratum spinosum (pricle-cell layer

1. Dendritic epidermocytis (5-7 layers)

2. Langhan’s cells3. Hrenstayin’s cells

1. Cytoplasmatic dentricals akanthos provide the connection of cells with the other cells. Intercellular fluid cerculates through these canals. This cells produce interleukins.

Immunological (protective) cells.

3. Stratum granulosum (granular layer)

1-2 layers of elongated cells. There are keratohyalinis granuls in the protoplasm of these cells.

The beginning of hornysation (keratinisation) but mitosis is present.

4. Stratum lucidum (lucid layer)

These cells contain eleidin. Str. lucidum contains glycogens, lipoids, fatty acids.

Protective function. This layers does not allow water mild acid solution, alkalines, electrolites to penetrate in.

5. Stratum corneum (horny layer)

It is composed of fine, anuclear keratinised elongated cells containing keratin.

Keratinisation take an active part in the skin protection from penetration into the it microorganisms and harmful substanses.

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Dermis (the true skin)

Layer Consistence Function

Papillary and reticular layers

I. Structural amorphous interstitial substance:1. collagenous fibres2. elastics fibres3. argyrophile fibres4. vessels5. nerves an nerve endings

Provides turgor, dencity, nutrition, sencitivity of the skin.

II. True homogeneous membrane1. Lipoids 2. Mucopolysaccharides (mainly, hyaluronic and

chondroitin – sulfuric acids) 3. Albuminis4. Water

Protection due to immunoglobulins. Normalization of the water level.

III. Cells structure1. Fibroblasts2. Histiocytes3. Lymphocytes4. Mast cells5. Plasma cells6. Melanophages7. Epithelial appendages of the skin

CollagenFormation, and immunity.

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6

SubacuteAcute Chronic

Inflammation

Exudation Proliferation Alteration

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Exudation

The escape of fluid and formed elements from the vessels because of increased permeability of the vascular walls

(alteration cavities)in which vacuoles forming in the protoplasm of the cells of the malpighian layer are arranged in the vicinity or around the nucleus and displace into the periphery.

Statussprongioises

Necrobiotic and degenerative changes in the cells of the malpighianlayer is a combination of vacuolar degeneration and status spongioides.

Vacuolardegeneration

In which the oedematous fluid separates the intercellular spaces of the malpighian layer and ruptures the intercellular bridges.

Ballooningdegeneration

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AcanthosisParakeratosis Granulosis

The thickening of the horny layer without changes in the structure of the cells.

The presence in the horny layer of the epidermis of cells with stained rod – shaped nuclei (the granylar and clear layer are absent in

such cases).

Is intensified by proliferation оf the priclecell

layer in the form of progections into the dermis to this or that

dept.

Is thickening of the granular

layer of the epidermis

Hyperkeratosis

Proliferationis the multiplication of

tissue elements

Hialinis degeneration

Presence of hialini in the cells

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AlterationIs the manifestation of tissue damage

(dystrophy and necrosisof the tissue elements)

Acantholysis is melting intercellular epithelial bridges, the impairment of firm connections between epithelial cells as the result that cells are easily separated and form more or less large layers of the desquamating epidermis. Such process is observed in pemphigus.

Nucleolous reaction is degeneration of the cells

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11

12

pete

chia

e

Spot(macula)

vascular Haemorrhagic Pigmental spots

inflammatory Noninflammatory

vasculitis Hyperpigmental spots

Hypopigmental spots

eryt

hem

a

roze

ola

Em

otio

nal

spot

s

purp

ura

cong

enit

al

acqu

ired

cong

enit

al

acqu

ired

Sec

onda

ry

syph

ilis S

carl

et f

ever

mea

sles

Typhoid fever

ecch

ymos

is

vibe

x

Nev

us, (

mol

e)

sunb

urn

chlo

asm

a

frec

kle

albi

nism

viti

ligo

leucoderma

Tele

angi

ecta

siae

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papula

inticular miliary hypertrophicnummular

epidermal epidermodermal

wart Lichen planus psoriasisdermal

syphilis inflammation

Infiltrationin a papillary

layer

Noninflammation

Parakeratosishyperkeratosis

war

t

call

osit

y

II siphilis

acanthosis

hype

rker

atos

is

Par

aker

atos

is

gran

ulos

is

papi

lom

atos

is

Poi

nted

co

ndil

oma

neur

oder

mat

itis

psor

iasi

s

Myc

osis

hy

perk

erat

otiv

e fo

rm psor

iasi

s

Lic

hen

plan

us

ecze

ma

neur

oder

mat

itis

Lic

hen

plan

us

Con

dilo

ma

latu

m

Vir

us p

apil

oma

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Nodule(nodus)

Is situated in the subcutaneous fat (for infiltration and proliferation)

inflammation Congestion of calcium,cholesterol

tumour

Vas

culi

tis

nodu

lar

hydr

aden

itis

tube

rcul

osis

III

syph

ilis

lepr

osy

Ben

ign

and

mal

igna

nt

new

gro

wth

s

xant

hom

as

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Vesicle (vesicula)

Vacuolar and ballooning degeneration Status spongioides

herpes eczema

Bli

ster

for

ms

Lye

ll’s

ne

crol

ysis

Bli

ster

for

ms

of th

e po

rphy

ria

cuta

nea

tard

a

Blister (bulla)

Acantholysis

Blister dermatosis

Tru

e pe

mph

igus

Dyu

ring

’s

derm

atos

is

Ery

them

aex

udat

ivum

mul

tifo

rme

Toxi

code

rmia

med

icam

enta

tion

al

Bli

ster

der

mat

itis

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Pustule(pustula)

Pustule

Staphyloccal impetigo(connected with hair follicles)

Phlyctena

Stretococcal impetigo

proliferation

Tubercle (tuberculum)

Infectionus granuloma

infiltration

Tub

ercu

losi

s

III

siph

ilis

lepr

ozy

leis

hman

iasi

s

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Wheal(urtica)

Acute edema of dermis in the papillary skin layer

Urticaria hives, Nettle rash

The bites of mosquito and midge

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Skin physiology

Protective(barrier)

function of the skin

Skin as an organ of sense

Skin is the organ of

immunity

Respiratory function of the skin

Resorptionfunction of

the skin

Metabolic function of

the skin

Secretory and excretory functions

of the skin

Thermoregulatoryfunction of the skin

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Protective (barrier) functions of the skin

Protects the organism from the damaging effect of sun rays

Physiologydesquamation

Protect the underlying

tissuefrom drying

Homogeneoustightness of substanal

protects from mechanical effects

(blows, friction, compression)

Resistance to electric current

An acid (pH5.0-6,0) water-lipid mantle

which attenuatus or neutralizis the

damaging effect of chemical substances.

Bactericidal properties of

sweat (lisocini) and sebum (squaleni)

Immynological function. Skin

associated limphoid tissue. Salt

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Salt

Keratinocytes

Langhan’s cells

Hrenstayin’s cells

T-lymphocytys

Neutrophyle granulocytes

Mast cellstissue

basophyly

Monocytes tissue histiocytes

Vessels endothelial cells

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