Using and creating each

*Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences

*Phrases

*Phrases are a group of words that lacks a subject, predicate, or both.

*Phrases can take many different forms:

*Prepositional phrases

*Verb phrases

*Adjective phrases

*Adverb phrases

*Noun phrases

*Verbial phrases

*Phrases

*Prepositional Phrases

*Begin with a preposition (a word that shows position, location, or direction)

*Ends with an object of the preposition (noun or pronoun)

*Can be used as adjectives (words that describe a noun or pronoun). Adjectives answer what kind, how many, which one

*Can be used as Adverbs (words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs). Adverbs answer where, when, how, or to what extent

*Phrases

*Verbial phrases

*Verbs that act as other parts of speech

*Types:

*Gerund phrase = Verb ending in ING and is used as a noun. Example: Swimming is a fun exercise.

* Participle phrase = Verb ending in ING or ED is used as an adjective. Example: 1. Rattling in the cabinets, the dishes were about to crash to the floor. 2. Why didn’t the tired boy just stand still?

* Infinitive phrase = Verb that starts with to and is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Example: I am afraid to swim.

*Clauses

*A clause is group of related words that has both a subject and a predicate. They DO NOT have to form a complete thought.

*Types:

*Independent

*Dependent

*Clauses

*Independent Clauses:

*Have a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentence.

*When standing alone, an independent clause is ALWAYS a simple sentence (ONE subject and ONE predicate only)

*Example: This ancient oak tree may eventually be cut down.

*Clauses

*Dependent Clause:

*Have a subject and a predicate, but will NEVER express a complete thought.

*These clauses can not be a sentence by itself.

*A dependent clause depends on being connected to an independent clause to make sense.

*These clauses are also known as SUBODINATING CLAUSES because of the words that start them (subordinating conjunctions: AFTER, ALTHOUGH, BECAUSE, BEFORE, IF, SINCE, WHEN, etc.)

*The following words can also start a dependent clause: who, which, whose, that

*Sentences

*A sentence has at least one subject, at least one predicate, and expresses a complete thought.

*A sentence ALWAYS begins with a capital letter

* A sentence ALWAYS ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation mark

*Sentences

*Simple sentences:

*A simple sentence is one independent clause.

*Simple sentences may contain a simple or compound subject

*Simple sentences may contain a simple or compound predicate.

* John and his friend played basketball after school.

* Icebergs form glaciers and float in the ocean.

*Sentences

*Compound sentences:

*Happen when two or more simple sentences (independent clauses) are combined with each other.

*When making a compound sentence, you must use the words For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

*Use the acronym FANBOYS to help you remember.

*The FANBOYS cannot begin a sentence (They are COMBINING words)

*Sentences

*Complex sentences:

*Combine a dependent clause and an independent clause together.

*When making a complex sentence, you must use a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun.

*See page 710 and page 744 for a complete list of these words

*Sentences

*Complex sentences:

*If a dependent clause comes first, a comma is used after the clause.

*Example: When I left for home, my aunt stood teary-eyed in the doorway.

*If a dependent clause comes last, no comma is needed.

*Example: My uncle Louis died soon after I left for home.

*Sentences

*The four types of sentences include:

* Imperative = giving a command

* Interrogative = asking a question

*Declarative = making a statement

*Exclamatory = showing emotion

*Each sentence ends with a different type of punctuation.

*The imperative sentence can have what is known as an understood “you”. This means the subject is not explicitly stated, but must be interpreted.