Pure Geography (Syllabus 2235) Preliminary RevisionPart II: Human GeographyWhat you need to know:Contents:Those in Grey came out in 2009 O Level Geography Paper.1. Plate Tectonics and the Resulting Landforms2. Weather and Climate3. Natural Vegetation4. Rivers and CoastsChapter 1: Plate Tectonics and the Resulting Landforms1. Structure of the Earth (Crust, Mantle, Core)

2. Plate Tectonics Theorya. Plates are pieces of land floating on the mantle.b. How do plates move?c. Distribution of tectonic plates (7 major plates, where mountains located)d. Movement of plates [6]i. Continental Continental / Oceanic Oceanic / Continental Oceanic plate divergenceii. Continental Continental / Oceanic Oceanic plate convergenceiii. Transform plate movementsiv. Learn process, resulting landforms and examples of those landforms.

3. Tectonic Landforms [3]a. Fold Mountainsi. Caused by folding when 2 plates collide and bend/foldii. Found along convergent plate boundaries (e.g. Himalayas)b. Rift Valley / Block Mountainsi. Formed by faulting when 2 plates are subjected to tensional/compressional forceii. Depending on the force and shape of fault, a rift valley/block mountain will be formed.iii. Examplesc. Volcanoes i. Formed by vulcancity, upward movement of magma to form volcanoes.ii. Classification based on time scale/shapeiii. Advantages [4] and Disadvantages [5]

4. Tectonic Phenomena: Earthquakesa. Earthquake: Sudden vibration of Earths crust; caused by transform plate movements.b. Factors affecting impact of Earthquake [5]c. Consequences of Earthquakes: Economic [3], Social [3], Environmental [3] [Learn Examples!]d. Measures of Earthquakes [5] [Learn Examples]Chapter 2: Weather and Climate1. Weather: Conditions of the atmosphere at a particular place at a particular point of time.Climate: Conditions of the atmosphere at a particular place over a long period of time (>30 years).

2. Factors constituting weather and determining climate patterns [4]a. Temperature: Can be affected by 4 factors [4]b. Relative Humidity: Note: Only the capacity of the air changes increases when temp. increases.

c. Rainfall: Convectional Rain and Relief Rain.d. Air Pressure: Force exerted on a unit area of the Earths surface by the weight of a column of air above it.i. Affected by temperature, altitude/density.ii. Leads to winds (air in motion)e. Types of Winds (Note: Winds blow from high pressure to low pressure)i. Land/Sea breezes (local scale) ii. Monsoon Winds (regional scale)

3. Climatic Conditions (add more info from teachers notes)a. Enhanced Greenhouse Effect caused by human activities Global Warmingb. Impacts of Global Warming [2]c. Attempts to slow down global warming [3]

4. Climate types [3]: Tropical Equatorial, Tropical Monsoon, Cool Temperatea. Location, temperature, temperature range, total annual rainfall.b. Note: Know how to describe a climograph!!!

5. Severe Weather Phenomena: Floods and DroughtsCausesConsequencesMeasures

NaturalPhysicalEconomicSocialEnvironmental

Floods342424

Droughts122336

Chapter 3: Natural Vegetation1. Comparison of Forestsa. Type of Forests [4]: Tropical Rainforest, Mangrove, Tropical Monsoon, Tropical Coniferousb. Things to compare [8]: Density, Diversity, Structure, Roots, Leaves, Barks/Branches, Fruits, Location/E.g.

2. Uses of Forests [10]a. Maintaining water supplyb. Replenishing oxygen/removing carbon dioxidec. Maintaining nutrients in the soild. Natural treatment of waste watere. Preventing floodsf. Protecting coastsg. Habitat for Flora and Faunah. A source for useful materialsi. Recreationj. Research and Education

3. Deforestation (get info from teachers notes)a. Causes [6]b. Consequences [6]c. Measures [5]Chapter 4: Rivers and Coasts1. The River System: 3 Courses, watershed, drainage basin, tributaries, distributaries, confluence, river mouth, river delta.2. Factors affecting Energy of Rivera. Speed [3]: Gradient, Roughness of Channel, Wetted Perimeterb. Volume [5]: Permeability of Rocks, Vegetation Cover, Climate, Drainage Basin, Type of Soil3. River Processesa. Erosion [4]: Corrasion/Abrasion, Attrition, Solution/Corrosion, Hydraulic Actionb. Transportation [4]: Traction, Saltation, Suspension, Solution.c. Depositiond. Learn dominant process at different parts of river course!4. River Landforms [5] a. Erosional: Valleys/Gorges, Waterfallsb. Depositional: Floodplains, Leeves, Deltas/Distributariesc. Both: Meanders, Oxbow Lakes5. River Management Strategies6. Coasts: Coasts, Waves, Tides, Currents.a. Factors affecting Wave energy [3]b. Constructive and Destructive Waves7. Costal Processesa. Erosion: Factors affecting Erosion [4], Processes [4]b. Transportation: Longshore drift.c. Deposition: Factors affecting deposition [3]d. Coastal Landforms and Featuresi. Erosional: Headlands and Bays, Cliffii. Depositional: Beaches, Spit/Tombolos.e. Coastal Managementi. Hard Engineering [4]ii. Soft Engineering [4]

Pure Geography (Syllabus 2235) Preliminary RevisionPart I: Physical Geography

Copyright 2010. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission from the author.What you need to know:Contents:5. Development6. The Industrial World7. Tourism8. Geography of FoodChapter 5: Development1. Definitions: Development is regarded as the process aimed at achieving economic growth, creating an environment for individuals to enjoy a good standard of living and quality of life.

2. Indicators of Development:Economic [2]Demographic [3]Social [2]

GDP/CapitaEmployment StructureLife ExpectancyInfant Mortality RateUrban PopulationAdult Literacy RateAccess to water/sanitation

HDI [3]Advantages: Can be used as a guide to determine how developed a country is.Limitations: Fails to take into account the measurement of rights and freedom (QOL), time lag, more accurate in DCs compared to LDCs due to lack of data.

3. Core Periphery Model

4. Reasons for uneven development: HistoricalColonialism

Physical ClimatePresence of raw materials

EconomicCumulative Causation

SocialEducationPopulation Growth Rate

PoliticalPolitical ConflictLeadership

5. Strategies to Alleviate Uneven DevelopmentNational LevelInternational Level

Improving water supply and sanitation facilities Improving education standards Population Control Job Creation and Financial Assistance International Organisations (World Bank, Asian Development Bank) International Agreements (United Nations Millennium Development Goals, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)

Chapter 6: The Industrial World1. Types of Industries (Primary Quaternary)

2. Factors affecting Industrial Location [9]a. Physical: Land, Raw Materials, Energy b. Human: Government, Labour, Transport, Capital, Technology, Market

3. Changing Industrial Trends (Industrial Transference, Deindustrialization)

4. Reasons for Trends of Transference:a. Competitive Advantageb. Outsourcingc. Space-shrinking Technology

5. Newly-Industralizing Economiesa. Characteristics: Considerable level of Industralization, Shift in Employment Pattern, Exporter of manufactured products, Wealthier Population, Increase proportion of population in urban areas.b. Case Study: The electronics industry of Malaysiai. Factors influencing location: Historical, Availability of Infrastructure, Government Policies, Skilled Labour Pool, Political Stabilityii. Challenges: High Level of Competitiveness, Competition from other countriesiii. Strategies: Economically Viable industrial development, Environmentally Compatible Industrial Development, Socially Compatible Industrial DevelopmentChapter 7: Tourism1. Definitions: Tourism refers to the activities of tourists and the industry that cater to their needs.

2. Reasons for the Growth of Tourism: [12]a. Demand Factors: Disposable Income, Leisure Time, Changing Lifestyleb. Supply Factors: Amenities, Accessibility, Affordability, Ancillary/Subsidary Services, Quality Service.c. Prevalence of Media (Attractive Advertising, Availability of Information)d. Ease of making Travel Bookingse. Meetings/Conventionsf. Reduction in Political Barriers

3. Impact on the Growth of TourismPositiveNegative

Economic1. Contribution to Revenue2. Development of Infrastructure3. Creation of Jobs4. Contribution to local economies5. Diversification of local economies6. Increase in Foreign Investments7. Loss of income/ employment opportunities8. Enclave Tourism9. High Infrastructure Cost10. Unequal Development of Industries11. Increase in Prices12. Vulnerability to Seasons/Unforeseen Events

Social13. Exchange of Values14. Preservation of Heritage15. Loss of local identity/values16. Conflict for resource use17. Economic Inequality18. Clash of Values19. Crime Generation

Environmental20. Conservation of Natural Areas21. Environmental Degradation

4. Managing the Impacts of Tourisma. Principles of Sustainable Tourismb. People involved: Planning Authorities, Businesses, Tourists, Non-Governmental Organisations

Chapter 8: Geography of Food1. Trends in Food Production and Distributiona. DC: Increase in Consumption of healthy/organic food.b. DC: Increase in Consumption of larger variety of foodc. LDC: Decrease in Consumption of carbohydrates due to larger variety of non staple food

2. Variations in Food Consumption between DCs and LDCsa. Affordability/Economic Powerb. Stability of Food Supply/Food Securityc. Natural Factors/Eventsd. Accessibility of Foode. Socio Political Eventsf. Technologyg. Provision of Future Needs

3. Impact of Variations in Food Consumptiona. LDC: Starvationb. LDC / DC: Malnutritionc. DC: Obesity

4. Factors affecting intensity of Food Productiona. Physical: Relief, Fertility of Soil, Climateb. Social: Land Fragmentation / Land tenurec. Economic: Demand, Capitald. Political: Government Policiesi. Financing/Building Infrastructureii. Subsiding Food Productioniii. Controlling Tradeiv. Providing Low-cost loans/grants/tax advantagesv. Setting up agricultural training collegese. Technological: Green Revolution / Blue Revolutioni. High-Yielding Varietiesii. Modern Irrigation Methodsiii. Use of Chemicals: Pesticides/Insecticides/Herbicidesiv. Advantages/Disadvantages of Blue/Green Revolution

5. Developments in Food Productiona. Effects of increased use of irrigation: Salinisation, Waterlogging.b. Effects of increased use of chemicals: IMBA in soil nutrients, eutrophication in water bodies, water pollutionc. Development of GM Crops:i. Benefits: Increase food supply, improve nutritional value of food, reduce environmental pollution (can reduce reliance on chemicals)ii. Threats: Potential health risks, (allergies), loss of biodiversity, loss of natural species.