Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 12, 2001

Photograph from CAMNET web site (http://hazecam.net)

PM2.5 concentration at this time in the 9-11 g/m3 range

Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 8, 2001

PM2.5 concentration at this time in the 55-65 g/m3 range

Photograph from CAMNET web site (http://hazecam.net)

PM10 - causes and featuresPM10 - causes and featuresPM10 - causes and featuresPM10 - causes and features

Total acidity, tarTotal acidity, tar

Nitrates, sulphates (?Nitrates, sulphates (?))

Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, As, Hg, ...)Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, As, Hg, ...)

Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Nitro Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons Nitro Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Sooth / Elemental Carbon (EC)Sooth / Elemental Carbon (EC)

Speciation of particulate matterSpeciation of particulate matter

Fonte: ARPA

Fonte: ARPA

urban orig in

r e g i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d

Tra ffic

PM [µg/m ³]

3

1

2 2

1. near tra ffic station ( 2. urban background stations (N ansenstrasse ; Fasanenstraße) 3. reg ional background sta tions (Wa ldho f; N euglobsow )

Frankfurte r A llee )

Berlin agg lom eration

Scaling Scaling selecting representative sites selecting representative sites

origin of PM10 in the urban background in Berlin

data of 1998

organic material

20%

elementary carbon

14%

secondary PM

imported26%

secondary PM of urban origin18%

rest22%

Local Traffic27%

All other Sources in Berlin

(urban background)37%

All sources outsideof Berlin

36%

Origin of fine particle concentrations (PM10) measured on a busy traffic spot

Sectors contributing to

Nature11%

Industry17%

Households8%

Agriculture3%

Other(construction

etc.)8%

Traffic53%

Traffic70%

Other (construction

etc.)11%

Nature6%

Households8%

Industry5%

motor+tyres, incl. resuspension47%

resuspension of the rest

23%

...PM10 on a busy traffic spot from all sources within the citywithin the city

...PM10 on a busy traffic spot from all sources

PM10-source attribution PM10-source attribution summary summary(i)(i)

PM10 emissions by constructionconstruction contribute to more more than 5%than 5% of the urban PM - background

70%70% of urban backgroundof urban background PM10 can be attributed to transporttransport sources

more than half of traffic related PM10 stems from tyre tyre abrasionabrasion and resuspended particulates, resuspended particulates, which depends on the number of vehicles

We need to tackle exhaust and non-exhaust emissions by traffic

PM10-source attribution PM10-source attribution summary summary(ii)(ii)

More than 1/31/3 of roadside PM10 - pollution can be traced back to sources outsideoutside of the Greater BerlinBerlin agglomeration

more than 40%40% of PM10-pollution are secondarysecondary particles

PM10-episodesPM10-episodes are often dominated by regional/large scale transportregional/large scale transport of PM

We need a fare balance between efforts on EU-level and local measures

when reviewing the preliminary PM-limit values for 2010

select monitoring sitesmonitoring sites representative for local, local, urban & regionalurban & regional background

calculate calculate PM-pollution originating with each of these scale categories

take urbanurban (Berlin) and nationalnational (German) emissions for PM, SO2, NOx, VOC and NH4 per sector for attributing pollution of urbanurban background background and regional regional backgroundbackground origin, respectively

distribute PM emissions among EC (elemental carbon), OC (organic carbon)- components and “rest”

attach VOCVOC-related ‘component’ to OCOC

PM-source apportionment PM-source apportionment approach approach (i)(i)

apply weighting factorsweighting factors to “resuspension” and high sources, so as to account for different dispersion characteristic

calculate each sector’s percentage sharesector’s percentage share on the total emissions

for measured PM-components originating in urban & regional background: use these percentages as a keypercentages as a key for apportionmentapportionment among sectorsamong sectors

for local (traffic) scale: allocate “rest” to resuspended road dust, EC & OC to exhaust and tyre emissions

PM-source apportionment PM-source apportionment approach approach (ii)(ii)

Trend and projection of emission Trend and projection of emission of particulates in Berlinof particulates in Berlin

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

1994 1999 2005 2010

[To

nn

es p

er y

ear]

other sources (smallbusiness, othertransport)

resuspension by traffic

transport (cars only)

domestic heating

plants subject tolicensing

Control measures already on the wayControl measures already on the way

National Emission Ceilings

cleaner vehicles (Dir 98/69)

cleaner fuels (Dir 98/70)

particle filter for all public buses

further substitution of coal by gas, oil and district-heating

total: needed:

~ 2%

~ 5%

~ 3%

~ 2 %

~ 2%

~14%

~25%

Expected total PM10

reduction by 2005

Control measures Control measures possible further actionspossible further actions

accelerated turnover of car fleet tax incentives for EURO III-V gas-driven vehicles in captured fleets (taxis, driving

schools, refuse collection,...)

full supply of sulfur free diesel no more coal heating strong reduction (50%) of PM emission by

construction reduction (50%) of resuspension in main roads

~ ?%

~ 3%~ 2%

~ 3%~ 7%

Expected total PM10

reduction by 2005

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

g/m

3

WP6 ECRHS II

I

I

I

B

B

E

E

EEE

S S

S

UKUK F

FCH

D

IS

Concentrazione media di PM 2.5 in invernoConcentrazione media di PM 2.5 in invernoPanoramica sulla salute respiratoria nella Comunità Europea Nov 2000 Panoramica sulla salute respiratoria nella Comunità Europea Nov 2000

- Feb 2001- Feb 2001

Concentrazione media di PM 2.5 in invernoConcentrazione media di PM 2.5 in invernoPanoramica sulla salute respiratoria nella Comunità Europea Nov 2000 Panoramica sulla salute respiratoria nella Comunità Europea Nov 2000

- Feb 2001- Feb 2001

E

Papa è a letto

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1lug

8lug

15lug

22lug

29lug

5ago

12ago

19ago

26ago

2set

9set

16set

23set

30set

7ott

14ott

21ott

28ott

4nov

11nov

18nov

25nov

2dic

9dic

16dic

23dic

30dic

6gen

13gen

20gen

27gen

Co

nce

ntr

azio

ne

PM

10

(µ

g/

m

3

)

PM10 via Messina (Gravimetrico) PM10 via Juvara (TEOM)

Soglia di attenzione50 µg/m3

Soglia di allarme75 µg/m3

Superamento soglia di allarme PM10Superamento soglia di allarme PM10Luglio 2001 – Gennaio 2002 Luglio 2001 – Gennaio 2002

TEOM: 0.98 giorni su 4 Gravimetrico: 0.93 giorni su 2TEOM: 0.98 giorni su 4 Gravimetrico: 0.93 giorni su 2

Superamento soglia di allarme PM10Superamento soglia di allarme PM10Luglio 2001 – Gennaio 2002 Luglio 2001 – Gennaio 2002

TEOM: 0.98 giorni su 4 Gravimetrico: 0.93 giorni su 2TEOM: 0.98 giorni su 4 Gravimetrico: 0.93 giorni su 2

UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO-BICOCCA AGENZIA REGIONALE PROTEZIONE AMBIENTALE-LOMBARDIA

Importance for Northern Italy

• Short-term effects of air pollution locally confirmed

• Very high pollution levels, compared to rest of Europe

• High density of major sources of pollution: traffic!

• some effects appear to be stronger in Italy: interaction with other high level pollutants such as Ozone !

Cambridge1.ppt

Conclusion • Air pollution has adverse effects on health

• Evidence is strongest for short-term effects; long-term effects should be better investigated, in Europe

• PM’s are an important aspect of air pollution, but other pollutants and the mixture may be relevant, too

• The impact on public health is substantial, in Italy and Europe

• Some ‘experimental evidence’ that improvements in air quality lead to health benefits very fastly (short-term effects)

Cambridge1.ppt