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Photo courtesy of pleiade.org Slide 2 Photo courtesy of apod.nasa.gov Slide 3 First Night Intro to Astronomy Video PPT Section 1 Proper Clothing, Safe Observing, First Aid Light & Air Pollution Tools of the Trade Types of Telescopes Instruments Used With Telescopes Proper Care and Storage of Telescopes Stars & Constellations Observation Session Slide 4 Second Night PPT Section 2 Sun Moon Planets Observation Session Slide 5 Third Night Careers Star Party!!! Slide 6 Proper Clothing Frequently below freezing Thermal Underwear Warm Pants and Shirt Heavy Socks Hat Gloves (Not to limit Dexterity) Winter Coat Slide 7 Safe Observing Methods for Safe Solar and Solar Eclipse Viewing Glass or film style filters block 99.999% of light Pinhole Projection Solar Eclipse Glasses NEVER LOOK AT OR NEAR THE SUN, WITH OR WITHOUT A TELESCOPE OR BINOCULARS, WITHOUT PROPER SOLAR FILTERS IN PLACE!! NEVER POINT LASERS AT EYES OR FACE! Slide 8 Hypothermia Due to Being Poorly Clothed Frostbite Dehydration Snake Bites for Desert Areas Damage to Eyes Slide 9 Hypothermia is a medical emergency that occurs when your body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature. Normal body temperature is around 98.6 F (37 C). Hypothermia (hi-po-THUR-me-uh) occurs as your body temperature passes below 95 F (35 C). When your body temperature drops, your heart, nervous system and other organs cannot work correctly. Left untreated, hypothermia eventually leads to complete failure of your heart and respiratory system and to death. Hypothermia is most often caused by exposure to cold weather or immersion in a cold body of water. Primary treatments are methods to warm the body back to a normal temperature. Be aware of conditions likely to lead to hypothermia. Know the symptoms of hypothermia. Get the victim into a warm room or shelter. Slide 10 Symptoms Shivering Clumsiness or lack of coordination Slurred speech or mumbling Stumbling Confusion or difficulty thinking Poor decision making, such as trying to remove warm clothes Drowsiness or very low energy Apathy, or lack of concern about one's condition Progressive loss of consciousness Weak pulse Shallow breathing Treatment and Prevention Be gentle. When you are helping a person with hypothermia, handle him or her gently. Limit movements to only those that are necessary. Don't massage or rub the person. Excessive, vigorous or jarring movements may trigger cardiac arrest. Move the person out of the cold. Move the person to a warm, dry location if possible. If you're unable to move the person out of the cold, shield him or her from the cold and wind as much as possible. Remove wet clothing. If the person is wearing wet clothing, remove it. Cut away clothing if necessary to avoid excessive movement. Cover the person with blankets. Use layers of dry blankets or coats to warm the person. Cover the person's head, leaving only the face exposed. Insulate the person's body from the cold ground. If you're outside, lay the person on his or her back on a blanket or other warm surface. Monitor breathing. A person with severe hypothermia may appear unconscious, with no apparent signs of a pulse or breathing. If the person's breathing has stopped or appears dangerously low or shallow, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately if you're trained. Share body heat. To warm the person's body, remove your clothing and lie next to the person, making skin-to-skin contact. Then cover both of your bodies with blankets. Provide warm beverages. If the affected person is alert and able to swallow, provide a warm, nonalcoholic, non-caffeinated beverage to help warm the body. Use warm, dry compresses. Use a first-aid warm compress (a plastic fluid-filled bag that warms up when squeezed), or a makeshift compress of warm water in a plastic bottle or a dryer-warmed towel. Apply a compress only to the neck, chest wall or groin. Don't apply a warm compress to the arms or legs. Heat applied to the arms and legs forces cold blood back toward the heart, lungs and brain, causing the core body temperature to drop. This can be fatal. Don't apply direct heat. Don't use hot water, a heating pad or a heating lamp to warm the person. The extreme heat can damage the skin or induce cardiac arrest. Slide 11 Astronomical observing seldom ever requires great physical exertion. Thus dehydration for astronomers likely will be caused by neglecting the need for drinking hydrating liquids. Still, You Should Know The Following: Symptoms: Dry, sticky mouth Sleepiness or tiredness children are likely to be less active than usual Thirst Decreased urine output no wet diapers for three hours for infants and eight hours or more without urination for older children and teens Few or no tears when crying Dry skin Headache Constipation Dizziness or lightheadedness Treatment and Prevention: If any symptoms are discovered rehydrate immediately. Remember to drink plenty of fluids during extended observing sessions. Slide 12 Symptoms Immediate Often none. No pain, vision loss Within Days Difficulty reading Bending of straight lines A dark patch in the vision Changes to the way colors are seen Long Term Dark patches persist 10% have significant loss Total loss does not occur Treatment and Prevention Always use safe observing methods when viewing eclipses or the sun No treatment can improve or speed-up recovery. http://web.archive.org/web/20011109090415/http://moorfields.org.uk/ef-solret.html Slide 13 Symptoms A slightly painful, prickly or itching sensation Red, white, pale or grayish- yellow skin Hard or waxy-looking skin A cold or burning feeling Numbness Clumsiness due to joint and muscle stiffness Blistering, in severe cases Treatment and Prevention Protect your skin from further exposure. Gradually warm frostbitten areas. Don't walk on frostbitten feet or toes if possible. Depending on severity see a doctor Dress in several layers of loose, warm clothing rather than a single layer. Wear a hat that fully covers your ears. Wear mittens rather than gloves Slide 14 Light Pollution What is it? The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) defines light pollution as: Any adverse effect of artificial light including sky glow, glare, light trespass, light clutter, decreased visibility at night, and energy waste. Slide 15 Light Pollution Slide 16 Slide 17 Slide 18 Telescopes and Light Paths Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21 Slide 22 Slide 23 Slide 24 Aquarius Abbreviation: Aqr Genitive: Aquarii Translation: The Water Bearer Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 23 hours Declination: -15 degrees Visible between latitudes 65 and - 90 degrees Best seen in October (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars SADALMELIK (Alpha Aqr) Sadalsuud (Beta Aqr) Sadalachbia (Gamma Aqr) Skat (Delta Aqr) Albali (Epsilon Aqr) Ancha (Theta Aqr) Situla (Kappa Aqr) Messier Objects M2 (globular cluster) M72 (globular cluster) M73 (system or astrerism of 4 stars) Slide 25 Aries Abbreviation: Ari Genitive: Arietis Translation: The Ram Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 3 hours Declination: 20 degrees Visible between latitudes 90 and -60 degrees Best seen in December (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars HAMAL (Alpha Ari) Sharatan (Beta Ari) Mesarthim (Gamma 2 Ari) Botein (Delta Ari) Slide 26 Cancer Abbreviation: Cnc Genitive: Cancri Translation: The Crab Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 9 hours Declination: 20 degrees Visible between latitudes 90 and -60 degrees Best seen in March (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars Acubens (Alpha Cnc) Altarf (Beta Cnc) Asellus Borealis (Gamma Cnc) Asellus Australis (Delta Cnc) Tegmen (Zeta 1 Cnc) Messier Objects M44 Praesepe, The Beehive Cluster (open cluster) M67 (open cluster) Slide 27 Capricornus Abbreviation: Cap Genitive: Capricorni Translation: The Sea Goat Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 21 hours Declination: -20 degrees Visible between latitudes 60 and -90 degrees Best seen in September (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars Prima Giedi (Alpha 1 Cap) Secunda Giedi (Alpha 2 Cap) Dabih (Beta Cap) Nashira (Gamma Cap) Deneb Algedi (Delta Cap) Alshat (Nu Cap) Messier Objects M30 (globular cluster) Slide 28 Gemini Abbreviation: Gem Genitive: Geminorum Translation: The Twins Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 7 hours Declination: 20 degrees Visible between latitudes 90 and - 60 degrees Best seen in February (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars CASTOR (Alpha Gem) POLLUX (Beta Gem) ALHENA (Gamma Gem) Wasat (Delta Gem) Mebsuta (Epsilon Gem) Mekbuda (Zeta Gem) Propus (Eta Gem) Propus (Iota Gem) Tejat Posterior (Mu Gem) Alzirr (Xi Gem) Propus (1 Gem) Messier Objects M35 (open cluster) Slide 29 Leo Abbreviation: Leo Genitive: Leonis Translation: The Lion Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 11 hours Declination: 15 degrees Visible between latitudes 90 and -65 degrees Best seen in April (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars REGULUS (Alpha Leo) DENEBOLA (Beta Leo) ALGIEBA (Gamma 1 Leo) Zosma (Delta Leo) Ras Elased Australis (Epsilon Leo) Adhafera (Zeta Leo) Chort (Theta Leo) Al Minliar al Asad (Kappa Leo) Alterf (Lambda Leo) Ras Elased Borealis (Mu Leo) Subra (Omicron Leo) Messier Objects M65 (spiral galaxy) M66 (spiral galaxy) M95 (spiral galaxy) M96 (spiral galaxy) M105 (elliptical galaxy) Slide 30 Libra Abbreviation: Lib Genitive: Librae Translation: The Beam Balance Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 15 hours Declination: -15 degrees Visible between latitudes 65 and -90 degrees Best seen in June (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars Zuben Elgenubi (Alpha 2 Lib) Zuben Elschemali (Beta Lib) Zuben Elakrab (Gamma Lib) Zuben Elakribi (Delta Lib) Brachium (Sigma Lib) Slide 31 Ophiuchus Abbreviation: Oph Genitive: Ophiuchii Translation: The Serpent Holder Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 17 hours Declination: 0 degrees Visible between latitudes 80 and -80 degrees Best seen in July (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars RASALHAGUE (Alpha Oph) Cebalrai (Beta Oph) Yed Prior (Delta Oph) Yed Posterior (Epsilon Oph) Sabik (Eta Oph) Marfic (Lambda Oph) Messier Objects M9 (globular cluster) M10 (globular cluster) M12 (globular cluster) M14 (globular cluster) M19 (globular cluster) M62 (globular cluster) M107 (globular cluster) Slide 32 Pisces Abbreviation: Psc Genitive: Piscium Translation: The Fishes Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 1 hour Declination: 15 degrees Visible between latitudes 90 and -65 degrees Best seen in November (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars Alrisha (Alpha Psc) Fum al Samakah (Beta Psc) Torcularis Septentrionalis (Omicron Psc) Messier Objects M74 (spiral galaxy) Slide 33 Sagittarius Abbreviation: Sgr Genitive: Sagittarii Translation: The Archer Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 19 hours Declination: -25 degrees Visible between latitudes 55 and -90 degrees Best seen in August (at 9:00 PM) Messier Objects M8 The Lagoon Nebula (diffuse nebula) M17 The Omega, Swan, or Horseshoe Nebula (diffuse nebula) M18 (open cluster) M20 The Triffid Nebula (diffuse nebula) M21 (open cluster) M22 (globular cluster) M23 (open cluster) M24 Milky Way Patch (star cloud with open cluster) M25 (open cluster) M28 (globular cluster) M54 (globular cluster) M55 (globular cluster) M69 (globular cluster) M70 (globular cluster) M75 (globular cluster) Slide 34 Scorpius Abbreviation: Sco Genitive: Scorpii Translation: The Scorpion Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 17 hours Declination: -40 degrees Visible between latitudes 40 and -90 degrees Best seen in July (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars ANTARES (Alpha Sco) Graffias (Beta 1 Sco) Dschubba (Delta Sco) Sargas (Theta Sco) SHAULA (Lambda Sco) Jabbah (Nu Sco) Grafias (Xi Sco) Alniyat (Sigma Sco) Alniyat (Tau Sco) Lesath (Upsilon Sco) Messier Objects M4 (globular cluster) M6 The Butterfly Cluster (open cluster) M7 Ptolemy's Cluster (open cluster) M80 (globular cluster) Slide 35 Taurus Abbreviation: Tau Genitive: Tauri Translation: The Bull Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 4 hours Declination: 15 degrees Visible between latitudes 90 and -65 degrees Best seen in January (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars ALDEBARAN (Alpha Tau) ALNATH (Beta Tau) Hyadum I (Gamma Tau) Hyadum II (Delta 1 Tau) Ain (Epsilon Tau) ALCYONE (Eta Tau) Celaeno (16 Tau) Electra (17 Tau) Taygeta (19 Tau) Maia (20 Tau) Asterope (21 Tau) Sterope II (22 Tau) Merope (23 Tau) Atlas (27 Tau) Pleione (28 Tau) Messier Objects M1 The Crab Nebula (supernova remnant) M45 The Pleiades (The Seven Sisters), or Subaru (open cluster) Slide 36 Virgo Abbreviation: Vir Genitive: Virginis Translation: The Maiden Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 13 hours Declination: 0 degrees Visible between latitudes 80 and -80 degrees Best seen in May (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars SPICA (Alpha Vir) Zavijah (Beta Vir) Porrima (Gamma Vir) Auva (Delta Vir) VINDEMIATRIX (Epsilon Vir) Heze (Zeta Vir) Zaniah (Eta Vir) Syrma (Iota Vir) Rijl al Awwa (Mu Vir) Messier Objects M49 (elliptical galaxy) M58 (spiral galaxy) M59 (elliptical galaxy) M60 (elliptical galaxy) M61 (spiral galaxy) M84 (elliptical galaxy) M86 (elliptical galaxy) M87 Virgo A (elliptical galaxy) M89 (elliptical galaxy) M90 (spiral galaxy) M104 The Sombrero Galaxy (spiral galaxy) Slide 37 Andromeda Abbreviation: And Genitive: Andromedae Translation: Princess of Ethiopia or the Chained Lady Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 1 hour Declination: 40 degrees Visible between latitudes 90 and - 40 degrees Best seen in November (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars ALPHERATZ (Alpha And) MIRACH (Beta And) ALMAAK (Gamma 1 And) Adhil (Xi And) Messier Objects M31 The Andromeda Galaxy (spiral galaxy) M32 Satellite galaxy of Andromeda (elliptical galaxy) M110 Satellite galaxy of Andromeda (elliptical galaxy) Slide 38 Canes Venatici Abbreviation: CVn Genitive: Canum Venaticorum Translation: The Hunting Dogs Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 13 hours Declination: 40 degrees Visible between latitudes 90 and -40 degrees Best seen in May (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars COR CAROLI (Alpha 2 CVn) Chara (Beta CVn) Messier Objects M3 (globular cluster) M51 The Whirlpool Galaxy (spiral galaxy) M63 The Sunflower Galaxy (spiral galaxy) M94 (spiral galaxy) M106 (spiral galaxy) Slide 39 Cassiopeia Abbreviation: Cas Genitive: Cassiopeiae Translation: Queen of Ethiopia or Andromeda's Mother Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 1 hour Declination: 60 degrees Visible between latitudes 90 and - 20 degrees Best seen in November (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars SHEDIR (Alpha Cas) Caph (Beta Cas) Ruchbah (Delta Cas) Segin (Epsilon Cas) Achird (Eta Cas) Marfak (Theta Cas) Marfak (Mu Cas) Messier Objects M52 (open cluster) M103 (open cluster) Slide 40 Coma Berenices Abbreviation: Com Genitive: Comae Berenices Translation: Berenice's Hair Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 13 hours Declination: 20 degrees Visible between latitudes 90 and - 60 degrees Best seen in May (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars Diadem (Alpha Com) Messier Objects M53 (globular cluster) M64 The Blackeye Galaxy (spiral galaxy) M85 (elliptical galaxy) M88 (spiral galaxy) M91 (spiral galaxy) M98 (spiral galaxy) M99 (spiral galaxy) M100 (spiral galaxy) Slide 41 Cygnus Abbreviation: Cyg Genitive: Cygni Translation: The Swan or the Northern Cross Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 21 hours Declination: 40 degrees Visible between latitudes 90 and - 40 degrees Best seen in September (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars DENEB (Alpha Cyg) ALBIREO (Beta 1 Cyg) Sadr (Gamma Cyg) Gienah Cygni (Epsilon Cyg) Azelfafage (Pi 1 Cyg) Ruchba (Omega 2 Cyg) Messier Objects M29 (open cluster) M39 (open cluster) Slide 42 Orion Abbreviation: Ori Genitive: Orionis Translation: The Great Hunter Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 5 hours Declination: 5 degrees Visible between latitudes 85 and -75 degrees Best seen in January (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars BETELGEUSE (Alpha Ori) RIGEL (Beta Ori) BELLATRIX (Gamma Ori) MINTAKA (Delta Ori) ALNILAM (Epsilon Ori) ALNITAK (Zeta Ori) Nair al Saif (Iota Ori) SAIPH (Kappa Ori) Meissa (Lambda Ori) Tabit (Pi 3 Ori) Tabit (Pi 2 Ori) Tabit (Pi 4 Ori) Tabit (Pi 1 Ori) Thabit (Upsilon Ori) Messier Objects M42 The Great Orion Nebula (diffuse nebula) M43 part of the Orion Nebula, de Mairan's Nebula (diffuse nebula) M78 (diffuse nebula) Slide 43 Perseus Abbreviation: Per Genitive: Persei Translation: The Hero Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 3 hours Declination: 45 degrees Visible between latitudes 90 and - 35 degrees Best seen in December (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars MIRPHAK (Alpha Per) ALGOL (Beta Per) Miram (Eta Per) Menkib (Xi Per) Atik (Omicron Per) Gorgonea Secunda (Pi Per) Gorgonea Tertia (Rho Per) Gorgonea Quarta (Omega Per) Messier Objects M34 (open cluster) M76 The Little Dumbell, Cork, or Butterfly (planetary nebula) Slide 44 Ursa Major Abbreviation: UMa Genitive: Ursae Majoris Translation: The Greater Bear Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 11 hours Declination: 50 degrees Visible between latitudes 90 and -30 degrees Best seen in April (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars DUBHE (Alpha UMa) MERAK (Beta UMa) PHAD (Gamma UMa) MEGREZ (Delta UMa) ALIOTH (Epsilon UMa) MIZAR (Zeta UMa) ALKAID (Eta UMa) Messier Objects M40 Winecke 4 (double star) M81 Bode's Galaxy or Bode's Nebula (spiral galaxy) M82 The Cigar Galaxy (irregular galaxy) M97 The Owl Nebula (planetary nebula) M101 The Pinwheel Galaxy (spiral galaxy) M108 (spiral galaxy) M109 (spiral galaxy) Slide 45 Ursa Minor Abbreviation: UMi Genitive: Ursae Minoris Translation: The Lesser Bear Position in the Sky Right Ascension: 15 hours Declination: 70 degrees Visible between latitudes 90 and -10 degrees Best seen in June (at 9:00 PM) Named Stars POLARIS (Alpha UMi) KOCAB (Beta UMi) Pherkad (Gamma UMi) Yildun (Delta UMi) Pherkad Minor (11 UMi) Slide 46 Slide 47 Photo in H-alpha By: Alan Friedman The Sun Slide 48 Slide 49 The Sun...Still Continued... Effects on Electrical and Comm. Systems Electrical Surges Blown Transformers GPS Disruption Other Satellite Malfunctions Effects on Weather Increased intensity of Storms Aurora Borealis Cloudiness Solar Cycle: 11 year cycle in which sunspots are either increasing to a maximum or decreasing to a minimum. The number of sunspots relates to the increase or decrease of solar storms. Slide 50 Slide 51 The Moon Average Distance from Earth English: 238,855 miles By Comparison: 0.00257 x Earth's Distance from the Sun Equatorial Radius English: 1079.6 miles By Comparison: 0.2727 x Earth Minimum/Maximum Surface Temperature English: -387/253 F Orbit: Factors which keep Moon in Orbit: Orbital Velocity Earths Gravity Transfer of energy occurring during tides Slide 52 Slide 53 Slide 54 Slide 55 Average Distance from the Sun English: 35,983,125 miles Equatorial Radius English: 1,516.0 miles Equatorial Circumference English: 9,525.1 miles Mass Metric: 330,1040,000,000,00 0,000,000,000 kg By Comparison: 0.055 x Earth's Equatorial Surface Gravity English: 12.1 ft/s 2 By Comparison: If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 38 pounds on Mercury. Minimum/Maximum Surface Temperature English: -279/801 F Atmospheric Constituents By Comparison: Earth's atmosphere consists mostly of N 2, O 2 Slide 56 Average Distance from the Sun English: 67,238,251 miles Equatorial Radius English: 3,760.4 miles Equatorial Circumference English: 23,627.4 miles Mass Metric: 4,867,320,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg By Comparison: 0.815 x Earth Equatorial Surface Gravity English: 29.1 ft/s 2 By Comparison: If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 91 pounds on Venus. Minimum/Maximum Surface Temperature English: 864 F Atmospheric Constituents Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Scientific Notation: CO 2, N 2 By Comparison: Earth's atmosphere consists mostly of N 2 and O 2. CO 2 is largely responsible for the Greenhouse Effect and is used for carbonation in beverages. N 2 is 80% of Earth's air and is a crucial element in DNA. Slide 57 Average Distance from the Sun English: 141,637,725 miles Equatorial Radius English: 2,106.1 miles Equatorial Circumference English: 13,263 miles Mass Metric: 641,693,000,000,000,000,000,00 0 kg Equatorial Surface Gravity English: 12.2 ft/s 2 By Comparison: If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 38 pounds on Mars. Minimum/Maximum Surface Temperature English: -125 to 23 F Atmospheric Constituents Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Argon Scientific Notation: CO 2, N 2, Ar By Comparison: CO 2 is responsible for the Greenhouse Effect and is used for carbonation in beverages. N 2 is 80% of Earth's air and is a crucial element in DNA. Ar is used to make blue neon light blubs. Slide 58 Average Distance from the Sun English: 483,638,564 miles Equatorial Radius English: 43,440.7 miles Equatorial Circumference English: 272,945.9 miles Mass Metric: 1,898,130,000,000,000,0 00,000,000,000 kg Equatorial Surface Gravity English: 81.3 ft/s 2 By Comparison: If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 253 pounds on Jupiter. Effective Temperature English: -234 F Atmospheric Constituents Hydrogen, Helium Scientific Notation: H 2, He Slide 59 Average Distance from the Sun English: 886,489,415 miles Equatorial Radius English: 36,183.7 miles Equatorial Circumference English: 227,348.8 miles Mass Metric: 568,319,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg Equatorial Surface Gravity English: 34.3 ft/s 2 By Comparison: If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh about 107 pounds on Saturn (at the equator). Effective Temperature English: -288 F Atmospheric Constituents Hydrogen, Helium Scientific Notation: H 2, He By Comparison: Earth's atmosphere consists mostly of N 2 and O 2.