philosophy - validity of knowledge

Chapter 3:Man and His Knowledge

Continuation

The Validity of Knowledge


• What should be the basis for validity of true knowledge?

• What is Truth?

• In Philosophy, there are four ways on testing the validity of human knowledge.


• Conformity Theory of Truth

• Coherence Theory of Truth

• Pragmatic Theory of Truth

• Marxist Theory of Truth


• Conformity of Truth

-maintains that truth is what corresponds or conforms to existent facts of nature, the actual state of affairs and objective realities.


• Coherence Theory of Truth

-knowledge is valid if it is consistent and is in harmony with other ideas, statements or concepts.


• Pragmatic Theory of Truth

”Everything in the world is relative, the worth of ideas, doctrine, principles, and practices depends on how they function in a given situation. If they work well, they may be judged as true, good, right, and beautiful; if they do not work well, they may be judged as false, evil, wrong, ugly, etc.”

-William James


• Marxist Theory of Truth

“Truth is not in what it is, but in what it ought to be.”

-Herbert Marcuse

-Truth is achieved as a matter of practice or praxis.

Truth and Reality

Truth and Reality

Opinions we hold are true when they assert that which is, is, or that that which is not, is not, and that our opinions are false when they assert that that which is, is not, or that is not, is.

-Plato and Aristotle

Truth and Reality

• According to Plato and AristotlePlato: True knowledge must be something

that is real , permanent, unchanging, nor is capable of being changed, since truth always remains the same. True knowledge constitutes the rel, not the physical things of the universe, and is known only through one's reason, not through one's senses or perception.

Truth and Reality

• According to Plato and Aristotle

Aristotle: The ultimate nature, or essence of material things are also real, as well as their concepts, and, therefore, the study of the physical, material or tangible world could also reveal true knowledge.

Truth and Reality

• Rationalist view

Descartes: Considered reason to be superior to sense perception as source of true knowledge.

Truth is regarded as static, inert, and unchanging.

Truth and Reality

• Empiricist view

F. Bacon, J. Locke, G. Berkeley, D. Hume:

Measurement for testing what was true knowledge was that it must be based upon sense perception. Things which are not verifiable by the senses become unknowable.

Truth and Reality

• Idealist view

Emerson: Although the truth of the physical world is learned through the senses, the truth of the spiritual world is found through the power of reason.

Hegel: reality and all of man's experiences, originated in the Mind of the Absolute, giving reality its rational and spiritual concept that it is knowable through reason.

Truth and Reality

• Phenomenologist view

Husserl: Reality is the consciousness of the mind, by which one is aware of his sensations, emotions, thoughts, ideas and all that he perceives.

Truth and Reality

• Pragmatist view

William James: Reality is determined by one's beliefs at a particular time, and that beliefs determine one's action.

True Ideas are those that can be assimilated, validated, corroborated,and verified.

Prepared by:

• BEA JANELLE M. MACALALAD

III-4 BEEd

Philosophical Analysis

• (Report Presentation)

philosophy - validity of knowledge

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