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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY

ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION

GHAZAL FATEH

ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT FACTORS OF TOURISM SERVICES CENTERS OF SEMNAN REGION IN IRAN

Abbreviated Thesis to confer The degree of Ph. D in Architecture

18.00.01

YEREVAN 2013

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

Tourism is a relatively complicated activity involving several parts of society and economics. If done without any planning, it may lead to unwanted and unexpected damages. Nowadays, tourism is regarded as a relatively new activity in many countries. Some governments, and often private sectors, have no or little experience on how to properly develop tourism. In countries in which tourism has not flourished, planning provides necessary guidelines for its development and in regions welcoming tourists traditionally, planning is often necessary to revitalize this sector and maintain its efficiency.

One of the most important planning and design factors for sustainable tourism development is architecture. From a tourism point of view, architecture plays two main roles: necessity and attraction. Necessity lies within the context of infrastructures of tourism industry, while attraction is part of cultural attractions of tourism. Therefore, the issues proposed in both categories of architecture are directly related to tourism development in each region on one hand; and tourism, as one of the most profitable industries, today plays an effective role in design of new buildings and contemporary architecture and is considered as an influential factor in its development and progress, on the other hand.

The State of Art: For a clear understanding of general system of tourism industry and position of

architecture and its various forms, it is necessary to identify its components such as cultural, economic, social backgrounds of tourists, cultural, historical, social resources, the environment and relationship between these two main bases of tourism.

Although Tourism is discussed as a profit-making and job-creating industry, it is in no way a merely economic phenomenon, but it is a social phenomenon with different aspects. From this point of view, it is necessary to build a mutual and innovative cooperation between tourism planning on one hand and architectural design, on the other. Such cooperation covers various dimensions such as properly locating and equally distributing the services and aesthetic aspects. Building coordination between tourism resources and architectural and urban development projects by using visual characteristics of the environment and the factors (aesthetics organization) influencing qualitative promotion of related plans are among other dimensions in this regard.

Therefore, this research is important not only for building a mutual cooperation between tourism aspects and architectural design, but also for its initiative in integrating different aspects of tourism planning and architectural factors for achieving practical solutions in designing, organizing a space of good quality, creating diversity and distinctness in architectural design of tourism functions, which are not existing in current tourism service facilities of the region.

Theme of the Study: Main theme of the study is comparison of basic tourism studies (economic,

social, cultural, historical, natural and …) with main aesthetic factors in architectural planning and design of the buildings required for development of tourism in unknown regions of high tourism potential, mainly including tourism service centers as the most important architectural infrastructure of tourism, which is influenced by spatial quality of tourism functions.

The discussed space is a conceptual tool that is organized by describing and organizing the realities with the help of experiences. Space is a reference and guide for the actions related to it. In production and reproduction of tourism spaces, its functions are emphasized with respect to physical and social space considering the tourist's travel and behavior. Lack of a model based on which appropriate planning and design are implemented in architecture and urban development fields will bring about detrimental and negative aspects of tourism, leading to irrecoverable losses. Unplanned tourism is therefore such an unbridled development that may destroy aesthetic perspective of the region and cities.

The Subject of the Study: Concerning development of architectural infrastructure, one has to

identify trends and elaborate their profitability. The topics of architecture, culture of construction and

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design are attracting the attention of the public. However, the innovative potential which lies within contemporary architecture is still hardly used in the tourism industry, although it could benefit the process of creating the corporate identity and market position of businesses, villages or destinations. Regarding the subject of study, it should be mentioned that today in most places of the world, tourism development policies, structural plans, facility standards, organizational factors and other economic and social factors related to tourism development are considered in large-scale planning, but what is addressed less is architectural planning and design at various levels (especially local-regional) as well as customizing and fitting the existing constructed and/or historical spaces as the fundamental guarantee in implementing the plan.

Geographical and historical boundaries: Geographical and historical architecture boundaries of the

study is widely spread. Given the climatic diversity of the sample region and presence of various tendencies in the existing natural tourism potentials, geographical area of the study can extensively include the similar regions such as mountainous, foothill, semi-desert and desert regions in various places in the world. Regarding the historical area of the study, considering presence of various tourism resources belonging to historical eras in Semnan Region (from Paleolithic Age to Qajar era), no distinct historical area can be defined for the studies, and scope of the work in each design region is determined based on historical background of the area and the cultural- historical resources existing in the area.

Goal after Study: Present study provides practices of designing regional and urban tourism services

centers based on scientific-analytic method by using sustainable architecture tools for realizing sustainable development of tourism, while introducing the factors influencing development of tourism from spatial (environmental and architectural) aspects. The main goal is to work out an orientation guide for decision making units in tourism project development. Creative and innovative entrepreneurs should be supported and motivated to use “architecture and design” as an economic success tool in tourism industry.

Objective of the Dissertation: The most fundamental objective of this research is to determine

factors for architectural planning and design of tourism zones in order to build an appropriate aesthetic space, maintaining environmental, historical and cultural resources and inducing the least damage to them and simultaneously developing sustainable tourism industry, extending various services, infrastructure and creating job opportunities in the region, which include:

1. Integration of tourism potential into sustainable policies of the country and the region; 2. Architectural design and development of tourism so that its cultural and natural resources

are maintained for an unlimited period of time for present and future use; 3. Architectural optimization and adjustment of environmental, social and tourism interests by

achieving appropriate distribution and aesthetic design in the region and decreasing the probable problems arising from tourism;

4. Enabling coordinated architectural development of components of tourism sector; in other words, linking the tourism attractions, activities, facilities and services with various sectors through appropriate architectural design at different levels;

5. Providing an appropriate physical structure that guides location, types and scope of sustainable architecture development of tourism through attractions, facilities, services and infrastructure;

6. Determining appropriate architectural design factors for preparing architectural and urban development projects with respect to sustainable development of tourism so that they are in compliance with and reinforce each other.

7. In the long term, the objective is to bring about sustainable architectural development of tourism as well as positioning of tourism through contemporary architecture and design. Monuments are still important signatures as well as highly valued objects; however, contemporary

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architecture is able to extend the cultural offers of the region continuously.

Methodology of the Study: Studies of this research are based on completion of existing information by integrating results of the studies conducted in specialized fields such as architecture, urban development, urban planning, environment, humanities and trying to establish consistency between the information and scientific research method, which are conducted in two phases as Comparative studies and Status quo studies.

In the analytic procedure, SWOT model were used. On the basis of this model, an appropriate strategy increases strengths and opportunities to the maximum level and decreases weaknesses and threats to a minimum one, providing procedures and determining factors of architectural design and suitable design methods considering the analysis made based on theoretical bases of research in the conclusion part.

Novelty of the Research: This study collected the data that directly related tourism to architecture in order to integrate those interfaces with conceptual, theoretical and scientific approaches. Generally, studies on tourism are designed and planned separately at large- and small-scales in different fields. In this study, it was tried to consolidate the information of various fields and levels in order to achieve a middle level as core of architectural planning and design.

And also for the first time this research provides appropriate conditions for identifying and classifying the existing tourism potentials in Semnan region that are based on environmental-climatic and historical-cultural features in order to review, analyze and provide practical approaches for sustainable architectural development and design of tourism services center.

Review of the References: The resources of this study are classified into two main categories. The

first category generally includes tourism studies at national and regional levels in Iran and also local information of Semnan Region, which are in Persian language. The second category includes the references related to large-scale studies in the field of tourism including internet resources, books and papers published in English and Persian languages.

The resources in first category may be classified into three groups with respect to type of information: - Books and papers published in relation to the characteristics and architecture of Semnan Region. - Large-scale plans such as approved national- regional plans in the field of tourism in Semnan

Region, and approved regional plans related to large-scale planning in the region. - Local information including architectural tourism projects, approved thematic tourism plans in

Semnan Region, approved comprehensive and detailed plans of the cities of the region, approved rural conductive plans in the region, drawings and reports of the respective departments, studies conducted by MS students at Faculty of Geography and Urban and Regional Planning in Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch.

For general studies, definitions and basic concepts, Internet resources were used because the available published resources of the study were outdated and the libraries containing valid and up-to-date information were not accessible. Alternatively, internet libraries, papers and books were used.

Also regarding specialized library resources, the studies conducted in Iran were mainly translation of international books and papers because tourism is a new scientific major that is recently added to the official fields of higher education of the country. Therefore, enough library studies are not formed on theoretical fundamentals of tourism architecture in Iran, as well as the resources are limited to case studies and projects. Hence, in comparative studies such as studies of Chapter 1, abstract or body of papers were used in order to introduce the selected architectural design and planning methods at each tourism level, which was in line with the main objectives of the study in order to compile architectural design factors at middle levels.

Implementation of results and Approbation: Implementation and approbation of the main concepts

of the dissertation are due to articles published in different professional and scientific issues. The results of

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the dissertation are useful for restoration, regeneration and conservation purposes which are related to undertaking of the urban and regional zones (historical textures and buildings, nature areas…) as well as modern use of the indicated buildings or new architecturally designed facilities related to tourism purposes. All the mentioned concepts could be reflected in appropriate architectural studies, architectural developments and pedagogical programs

Logic Criterion of the Study: Given the very nature of tourism involving extensive related sciences,

this study was provided in three chapters. In first chapter, it was tried to provide an appropriate ground for identification and evaluation of

architectural features of tourism and contemporary tourism architecture of Semnan Region as the first step, and definitions and practical aspects of work was reviewed by presenting and analyzing parallel examples in order to formulate theoretical bases and main policies of architectural design process of the research as the second step. In next chapter, tourism attractions of study model have been introduced, classified and categorized and status quo study of all tourism resources and the factors influencing tourism industry has been reviewed. The results have been presented in the form of determination of visual- physical and cultural features affected by tourism elements and also determination of the tourism trends existing in the region, which are necessary to prepare appropriate guideline in architectural planning and design of tourism service centers in Semnan Region. In third chapter, final summarization and evaluation were performed by SWOT Analysis and finally architectural design and planning factors in tourism were chosen and performed by designing 5 sample tourism service center projects in Semnan Region, which in turn suggests method of work to achieve general conclusion of the study. Considering the main objective of the study including identification and utilization of environmental and spatial features of tourism resources in architectural design of tourism service centers as the most important structural and physical representation of tourism industry, general conclusion and recommendation has been provided.

Work Assay: The main provisions of the thesis were presented and discussed at: 1) Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Problems in Architecture and

Construction – Sustainable Building Industry of the Future. –Czestochowa, Polytechnic University, Czestochowa, Poland, 2012.

2) 6th Science Conference of Youth Armenian Art Historian, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. - Yerevan, Armenia, 2012;

3) 5th Science Conference of Youth Armenian Art Historian, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. - Yerevan, Armenia, 2011;

4) 4th Science Conference of Youth Armenian Art Historian, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. - Yerevan, Armenia, 2010;

5) 3th Science Conference of Youth Armenian Art Historian, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. - Yerevan, Armenia, 2009.

Publications: Related to the topic of dissertation, ten scientific papers were published. A list of publications is presented at the end of the abstract.

The Compound and Amount of the Work:. The main text of the thesis consists of the introduction, three chapters, main conclusions, recommendations and the bibliography, which includes 119 titles

. The thesis is written in Russian and established on 137 pages of main text and 139 pages of appendix, which includes a list of abbreviation and 133 figures and tables.

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BRIEF OF THESES In the forward, state of art, subject, main goal and objectives of the research were presented as well as methodology, scientific novelty and practical aspects of the work. Following part introduces summary of the work. Chapter one nominates General Studies on Semnan & Tourism Architecture to formulate theoretical bases and policies of architectural design process.

General Specifications of Iran &Semnan: Iran /officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The 18th largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq. mi), Iran has a population of about 78 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations. Iranian post-Islamic dynasties and empires expanded Persian language and culture throughout the Iranian plateau.

Semnan Province with the area of about 97492 Km2 accounts for 5.9 percent of the total country’s land area. Thus, it is the seventh biggest province. This province includes 0.84% of the total 589742 country’s population. Special geographical features of this province have made it famous to Four-season Province In addition, its age that dates back to 5th millennium BC in archeological studies as well as historical records on being located in the main route of Silk Road connecting Far East to Europe in ancient times are among historical-cultural features of Semnan Abundance of historical-cultural monuments remained from different eras are witness to this claim.

With an area of 22192 km2, Semnan Region is located between southern hillside of Alborz Mountains and northern side of Central Desert of Iran. It is limited to Mazandaran and Tehran Provinces from north, Esfahan Province (Kavir Desert) from south, Damghan City from east and Garmsar City from west. According to the records of 2006, being populated by 191618 people, this region has two townships (Semnan and Mehdishahr), 5 cities (Semnan, Mehdishahr, Shahmirzad, Sorkheh, and Darjazin), 3 counties, 5 rural districts, and inhabited 206 villages, urban population being 168639 and rural population being 22988 people.

Review of Tourism Status of Iran in General &Architectural Fields: The first effective step

towards tourism was taken in 1962 by establishing Tourists Attraction Organization. Upon victory of Islamic Revolution and multilateral change in political, economic, social and cultural structures of the country and 8-year war between Iran and Iraq, tourism industry faced very serious loss that continued up to 1989.

After ending the war between Iran and Iraq, tourism sector was again addressed by the Government as one of the most profit-making industries in the world .By considering long-term objectives at national, regional and local levels, Iranian Tourism Organization has proceeded to plan in the country and tried to organize tourism programs of the country and establish a single procedure in tourism industry of Iran. But most of the papers in tourism are not rich enough in terms of literature and they are mostly descriptive paying little attention to analysis and practical conclusion. Generally these plans represented social, economic and some functional topics without addressing architectural and structural tourism aspects at all.

At planning levels, architectural projects have been defined as tourism development plans for special regions and/or tourism attractions. But in no plan, no special instruction has been provided for determination of architectural design process and method of combination of the data obtained from tourism studies with basic requirements in architectural design such as functional, climatic and environmental requirements. Therefore, in many cases, tourism-related contemporary architecture has been formed generally without addressing special conditions of this function, and lacks visual and aesthetic values in relation to the related tourism attractions or site.

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Present Condition of Tourism &Tourism Architecture in Semnan: Semnan Province has a trivial share from tourism incomes. In 2002, 478 foreign tourists (adding 60% of those not resided in hotels) (0.06% of whole country) and about 30,000 domestic tourists (entered active residential places in the province) visited attractions of the province. Share of tourism sector of the province from its gross domestic product is 0.52% and share of employed people is 0.41% (about 540 persons). This is while Semnan Province enjoys a lot of known and unknown capacities in the field of national and international tourism. Existence of diverse natural ecosystems, unique natural resources and biodiversity, 2 biosphere reserves from total 7 biosphere reserves existing in the country, about 360 cultural and historical attractions, location in the route of transit of goods and travelers of eastern-western road of Iran and other geographical and historical characteristics of the province all indicate its high potential in providing diverse attractive products to domestic and foreign tourists.

Architecturally, tourism attractions and monuments are of high visual and aesthetic quality, but they need more revision and attention with respect to statics and structural quality, and contemporary architecture does not have a desirable quality, whether functionally or visually and aesthetically, in the context of infrastructures of tourism industry.

Review of Existing Related Plans to Tourism and Tourism Architecture: For coordination with

various levels of planning and design, it is necessary to introduce national- regional and local plans affecting or affected by the subject of study. The most important large-scale plan in the field of tourism is Tourism Development and Management Master Plan for the Islamic Republic of Iran. The plan provided short-term, midterm, and long-term plans partially in social, economic, political and other fields and presented independent physical strategies in each region.

Among the most important regional plans that include middle levels of planning, Semnan Province Land Development Document, National Development of Semnan Province Document and Regional Plan of Semnan and Comprehensive Plan of Semnan Township can be named. In all said plans, tourism resources of the province were emphasized as an important potential in development of the region. Comprehensive and detailed plans of the cities of the region, conductive rural plans, and Chashm Exemplary Village Improvement Plan are among the case plans compiled in line with urban and rural development plans. Although these plans did not directly deal with architectural design and planning in the field of tourism, they played an effective role in identification of tourism potentials and determination of architectural design factors, making this study to prepare appropriate guideline in architectural planning and design of tourism service centers in Semnan Region.

Brief Look at Status of Today's World Tourism& World Tourism Architecture: The studies

include accurately reviewing the records and the results obtained till now in specialized fields of tourism and tourist through conducting library studies and reviewing the results of related studies as well as reviewing architectural design factors including urban and regional design factors for tourism architecture, planning models of urban and regional tourism service centers and architectural factors for designing tourism service centers in order to combine basic information for meeting main objectives of the research besides gathering architectural design codes and regulations within the territory of research subject. Regarding to mentioned topics different parallel example studied in territory of Geographical and historical research boundaries.

Considering the conducted studies and analyzing parallel examples, architectural planning and design policies have been selected as follows: 1. Respecting human right in tourism development 2. Reducing affection of capitalist globalization and standardization in tourism industry 3. Respond to tourism impacts as following knowledge-based attitude 4. Following sustainable tourism development principles and regulations

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Furthermore, due to selected policies, architectural design of urban and regional tourism service centers are affected by various factors that can be included in design as follows. This method, which is the result of integration of architectural planning and design at middle level (urban and regional tourism plans) with micro levels (design of tourism service centers) can provide specific factors for the architect in design of tourism service centers and/or renovation of historical buildings as part of a tourism service center while preservation of sustainability of the environment, especially in the vicinity of natural resources.

Step 1: includes identification of physical (architectural, urbanism, environmental), cultural, historical, Eco social and other features.

Step 2: includes review of opportunities, threats, weaknesses and strengths of the existing features for aesthetic and functional planning.

Step 3: includes site location of tourism service centers in tourism routes and hubs while determination of architectural design factors in each center

Step 4: Being regarded as the last step before construction and operation of the building, this step will be the full representation of the said studies in reality and includes full architectural design of tourism service centers.

Since Semnan Region was selected as the study model, in chapter 2 we deal with introduction of

Tourism Resources & other Tourism Factors Related to Tourism Architecture in Semnan Region, in order to determine visual (aesthetic) – physical (architectural & environmental) & cultural (material & immaterial) features affected by tourism elements and also the form of the tourism trends existing in the region.

Classification and Introduction of Tourism Resources/Attractions in Semnan Region:

Considering the geographical, historical, climatic and cultural conditions of the region, existing tourism resources are of high diversity. There are various categories for classification of various tourism resources. Tourism resources can be reviewed and analyzed from three viewpoints including: Type and nature of resources, function level in attraction of tourist or its main tourism market, and location besides area in which they are located. In this study, the resources were classified by type and location which is necessary for determination of architectural design factors and specific tourism trends as in following points:

1. Natural Resources/Attractions of Semnan Region are in two main types : A. Special attractions including: - Flora and fauna resources: including Parvar Protected Area, Chah Shirin No Hunting Area, Khonar

No Hunting Area, desert region in south - Rock resources: including Darband Cave and Neizova Summit. - Water resources: including hot springs (sulfur springs) of Semnan. B. Other attractions - Natural attractions in villages such as the villages adjacent to northern mountainous and protected

areas, villages adjacent to southern desert and semi-desert areas (Hassan Abad, Rokn Abad, Kheir Abad, Alae, Sofi Abad, Mehdi Abad, Delazian, and Biabanak), villages that are located in the vicinity of special natural topologies (Chashem Village in the vicinity of Nizova Summit, Kamrood Village, adjacent to Kamrood River and Zereshk Dareh Pass, Khatirkooh Village: located in unique Iranian- Tourani unique region, Arvaneh Village: adjacent to Arvaneh River and Spring, Imamzadeh Abdollah Village: adjacent to Imamzadeh Abdollah River and Spring, Aftar Village: adjacent to Aftar Cave, Lasjerd Village: adjacent to Taklhab Spa, and Jam and Dozhir Village: adjacent to Ahovan Pass

- Natural attractions in cities: Among the cities, Shahmirzad has the most natural attractions related to Alborz Mountains due to its location as the most northern region, and Sorkheh has desert attractions due to its location at the margin of Central Desert of Iran. Basically, Sorkheh, Semnan and Darjazin Cities are the

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cities classified as the cities located at foothill and desert, and Mehdishahr and Shahmirzad Cities are mountainous cities with cold and humid climate.

2. Cultural- Historical Resources/ Attractions which include the followings A. Cultural- Intellectual (Immaterial) Attractions: such as elites, ceremonies and traditions,

traditional medicine, dramatic arts (dance & play & music), game and sport chronography (local calendar)

B. Cultural- Material Attractions - Historical buildings and textures

Historical textures and buildings existing in the cities: o in Semnan: old texture and valuable houses, Pachenar Castles, Chehel Dokhtaran Tower, Abbasi

Caravansary, Soltani Mall, Nasar Mall ,Darolhokoomeh, Soltani Mosque (Imam Mosque), Cathedral Mosque, Hesar Naderi, Zavoghan Mosque, Holy Court of Yahya Ebne Mousa, Shrine of Alavis, Pir Najmeddin Tomb, Bazaar of Semnan, Sheikh Alaoldoleh Bazaar, Pahneh Bathhouse, Nasar Bathhouse, Gholi Bathhouse, Nasar Water Reservoir, Kohneh Dej Water Reservoir, Pars Factory Water Reservoir, Tavoos Mill, Darvazeh Arg of Semnan, Icehouses

o in Shahmirzad: old texture and valuable houses, Sheikhi Castle, Shir Ghaleh (lion castle), Emamzadeg Yahya shrine

o in Mahdishahr: old houses, Pamanar Mosque, Imamzadeh Ghasem Ziarat Sar Shrin, Almahdi Warehouse, Sangsar Hotel (Hejabr House)

o in Sorkheh: old texture and valuable houses, Chehel Sotoon Mosque, Imam Hadi Mosque, Biroon Dej Water Reservoir, Biroon Dej Bathhouse, Pir Gharib Shrine, Imam Hassan Mosque, Sorkheh Water Reservoir and Icehouse , Fourth Mill from windmills of Sorkheh

o in Darjazin: Seydoon Castle, Imamzadehs Chehel Tan Shrine , water reservoirs and 6 qanats

Historical textures and buildings spread in the region such as Ahovan Caravansary, Lasjerd, Caravansary, Aala Bastion and Sheikh Alaoldoleh Semnani Shrine, which are located in the old route of Silk Road, as well as Saroo Castles, Ebrahim Khan House (Molla Deh Palace) and Peighambaran Shrine and Qanats which are located in desert or mountainous regions

Ancient sites such as Mirak Hills, Delaziyan Hills, Kharand Historical Area Valuable texture in such villages as Biyabanak and Chashm

- Other attractions including : handicrafts and manual arts, clothes, food and confections Man-made (artificial) Resources/Attraction - Display places including History Museum of Semnan (Pahneh Bathhouse), Museum of Sangsar

Tribe, Natural History Museum of Semnan - Sport-cultural places including sport clubs, cultural- sport complexes, pools, sport fields,

educational camps, cultural complexes, cultural educational centers and cultural research centers; - Shops offering cultural products including bookstores, audio product stores and newsstands. Review of other Factors Related to Tourism Architecture: In order to evaluate the general tourism

potentials available in Semnan Region we reviewed the status of tourism facilities and services including residential places, information centers, tour and travel services as architecture-related subjects as well as the status of infrastructures, transportation, human resources and organizational structure as service-related subjects.

Considering the diversity of the existing tourism resources, Semnan Region has the potential to

attract domestic and foreign tourists who set off tourism with different motives, and the region will be directly affected by architectural design factors of tourism service centers in each tourism hub or route. The following can be summarized in this regard:

- Tourism for resting (leisure tourism) - Tourism for visiting natural resources (Ecotourism) - Tourism for visiting topologies (Geotourism)

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- Tourism for Sport - Tourism for treatment (medical tourism) - Tourism for visiting cultural and historical places (cultural & heritage tourism) - Tourism for pilgrimage (religious tourism) - Other cases include adventures tourism, pop-cultural tourism, etc. In addition to the existing diverse tourism resources, two completely different typologies in the field

of architecture and urban development and even culture are among other features of this region. Difference in climate of north and south of the region as well as difference culture and social life created special criteria in view, architecture and urban development, which is indicative of identity of each climate, introduced in the research as the most important artistic results.

Furthermore, following visual and spatial concepts, Iranian architecture and urban development in different historical periods was of special diversity and beauty. Considering the reviews made in this Chapter, there are numerous buildings remained from different historical periods. Regarding to the introduction provided on structure of historical textures of cities and villages of the region and also architectural samples of monuments, principles of predominant architectural design and urban design in the region are summarized in two spatial and structural (plan, façade and volume) fields.

Considering the provided tables and analysis of function level of the tourism attractions existing in the region, the highest potential is related to function at local/ provincial level. All man-made attractions, as infrastructural architecture, and most natural attractions attract local and regional tourists and there are few natural and cultural tourism resources such as some architectural attractions that are remarkable at national level and somewhat at international level. Although such attractions are few in number, they are of high value for their importance. Among them, Parvar Protected Area, Nizova Summit, and such places as Cathedral Mosque of Semnan, Semnan Market, Shanmirzad City and etc. can be named.

Furthermore, due to the tourism- residential infrastructures, services and facilities existing, the region is at moderate and good levels with respect to hygienic and public infrastructures (access road, electricity, water, energy and etc.) in main areas but in case of increasing consumption load such as increase of visitors (non-local tourists), the infrastructures should be strengthened for access and energy. In remote rural regions and special environmental and historical areas, the region is relatively poor in all (public and hygienic) infrastructures (access road, electricity, water, energy and etc.) and with respect to tourism services and facilities in main residential centers (cities); the region is relatively supplied only at local level and most of these buildings are of low aesthetic and visual quality. In sum, regardless of local needs of the residents and students of the regions, there are very few suitable facilities for attraction of tourist in the region, especially at levels higher than local and they are limited to 3 star hotels of the region. Furthermore, architecturally, it is necessary to renovate and reconstruct old buildings and design new facilities considering the architectural and aesthetic factors of tourism.

In chapter three it was tried to nominate Analyzes & Practical Aspects of Sustainable Architectural

Development of Tourism Service Centers in Semnan Region by using SWOT methodology, it was investigated the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities in each aspect related to the subject study, including architectural and aesthetic factors, geographical factors, environmental factors, cultural and social factors, economic and marketing factors, infrastructural and transportation-related factors

Theoretical Aspects of Sustainable Architectural Development of Tourism in Semnan Region:

For sustainable development of tourism architecture in line with large-scale objectives (improvement of the region and comprehensive tourism plan and etc.) and considering evaluation of the factors influencing tourism industry of the region, the following have been achieved as the scientific results of the study:

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Practical Solutions for Tourism Sustainable Development of Semnan Region:

- Desirable organization of various tourism functions and attractions in order to determine necessary functions of each tourism service center in architectural design through development of detailed executive plan for development of tourism in this region

- Promotion of urban and rural tourism architecture and aesthetic contexts existing in the region through development of detailed executive plan for development of urban and rural tourism

- Determination of main tourism functions and their complementary functions in each tourism hub and route in order to meet multipurpose spatial function in architectural design;

- Paving the way for activation of historical buildings through revitalizing, regenerating and equipping the required infrastructures and facilitating their usage by tourists;

- Operational planning for development of Parvar Protected Area and Khonar and Chah Shirin No Hunting Areas, emphasizing on environmental sustainability through sustainable architectural design;

- Paving the way for activation of the exiting unique natural and historical attractions and facilitation of their usage by tourists through equipping the required architectural infrastructures;

- Supply of accommodation services and other facilities required by tourists with sustainable architectural development approach;

- Determination of usages of the lands based on regional improvement attitude in architectural design;

- Design of the required access roads through the least intervention in natural environment; - Attraction of contribution of local societies for investment and supply of workforce or through

creation of independent job opportunities - Strengthening the information system and tours in architectural projects; - Using social-cultural and physical (house) capacities in architectural design for development of

social-cultural tourism attractions - Benefiting from the capacities existing among the tribes for development of tourism architecture. Factors Influencing Determination of Tourism Potentials of Resources and Their

Priorities: Diversity of tourism resources in the region emphasizes necessity of classification of the resources by their tourism context and their strength in attraction of tourists in order to determine performance level of each tourism service center in architectural design. For this purpose, main tourism resources including natural resources and cultural- historical resources are addressed and evaluated as the basic potentials for attraction of tourists and manmade resources are identified as complementary potentials in provision of tourism services and facilities in order to strengthen main resources.

Tourism potentials of the resources and their priority are influenced by numerous factors that directly or indirectly play key roles in attraction of tourists and in competition with other tourism attractions, leading to determination of performance level of the resources and type of tourism context and type of tourists, which are all necessary information in architectural design of tourism service centers. Such factors are categorized into historical background, scientific status, sustainability in environment, uniqueness of resources, and access to resources.

Factors Influencing Determination of Urban and Regional Tourism Hubs and Routes: One

of the most important issues in sustainable architectural development of tourism is determination of tourism hubs and routes at different architectural design and planning levels. Continuity of visitable resources, diversity of hubs and routes are among the most important achievements of this issue that can not only be effective in introduction and promotion of tourism potentials of a region but also play a key role in appropriate spatial organization and distribution of tourism services and facilities on the other hand. Determination of tourism hubs and routes is discussed from two

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environmental aspects which are determined based on objectives of sustainable development of tourism in the region and are mainly affected by environmental conditions and tourism potentials of the existing resources. Such factors include: Number and method of spread of the existing tourism resources, tourism potentials and priority of the existing resources, extent of provision of a special experience to tourists, priority of organization of active tourism resources, compliance with the existing infrastructures and environmental conditions, existence of complementary resources.

Factors Influencing Determination of Tourism Potentials of Urban and Regional Tourism

Hubs and Routes: Identification of tourism potentials of the suggested hubs and routes directly affects site location and architectural design of tourism services centers .Thus, performance level, tourism context and planning priority should be determined and considered in the form of tourism potentials of each suggested tourism hub or route. The factors influencing determination of tourism potentials introduced in three above-mentioned fields:

- Factors influencing determination of tourism context including: Dominant tourism context based

on tourism potential of the existing resources, evaluation of regional conditions and investigation of the existing functional potentials, paying attention to the competition among active and inactive tourism resources in the adjacent tourism hubs and routes at all performance levels

- Factors influencing determination of performance level including: Dominant performance potential based on tourism potential of the existing resources, upstream plans policy in sustainable development of tourism, influential social, cultural and economic factors.

- Factors influencing determination of priority of tourism hubs and routes including: Status of the existing active tourism resources, extent of compliance with the existing infrastructures and environmental conditions, status of the existing complementary resources, performance level and tourism potential determined for each tourism hub and/or route, extent of contribution in realization of the objectives of upstream plans, if executed.

Factors Influencing Site Location of Tourism Services Centers by Architectural Design:

Site location of regional tourism services centers is the first step of architectural design. Determination of appropriate location limit as first level of evaluation and determination of exact location for execution of the project as the second level of evaluation should be considered.

In this study, initial site location has been performed by using AHP Method and ArcGIS Software and compiling architectural evaluation criteria based on performance level of the suggested tourism services center, appropriate distance from main population centers and the existing tourism services, appropriate access radius of the main tourism resources existing in the suggested hub or routes, status of access to the suggested tourism hub or routes, status of the existing infrastructures and facilities and complementary tourism resources in the area, evaluation of the existing nature and ecological situation for supplying sustainability, evaluation of the existing physical potentials for supplying part of the required equipment such as revitalization and change of usage of historical buildings while prioritizing the procedures on revitalization, preservation and promotion of the existing tourism resources.

In the second phase of site location, the architectural sub-factors related to site design and architectural design solutions have been addressed, which include exact site location of the project proportionate to the area required for execution of the project. In this study, final site location has been performed by using site analysis method and evaluation of the most important environmental factors, including status of usage of lands, status of ownership of lands, social- cultural status, aesthetic factors, effective climatic factors in architectural design such as appropriate lighting direction, dominant wind direction, temperature, humidity

In urban tourism routes and hubs, site location of urban tourism service centers has been

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performed with respect to social, cultural, economic and urbanism characteristics. Considering the priority of reviewing main factors and limitation of area in urban tourism routes and hubs comparing to regional tourism routes and hubs, appropriate site location has been determined in one level including evaluation of the effective factors in urbanism and architectural design. Such factors are categorized into architectural and urbanism factors, aesthetic factors, economic factors, sociocultural factors, effective climatic factors in architectural design.

Factors influencing determination of physical plan and functions required for

Architectural Design of tourism services centers: The effective and sustainable tourism centers should include these elements: identifying the need and function of any new center before they are constructed, understanding the audience(s) to ensure that tourism centers meet visitor, management and community needs, clearly identifying resources and whether the visitor center is to be self-, partly-, or fully funded, fostering effective partnerships to provide support and referral, considering ongoing operational and maintenance costs and those who will provide the resources.

Factors Influencing Determination of Aesthetic Organization in Architectural Design of

Tourism Service Centers: In order to follow the aesthetic organization existing in the urban spaces and monuments of the region, the following principles should be considered in design of urban spaces, accesses and new buildings. Obviously, compliance with these principles does not mean repetition of historical and/or existing architectural style of the region. But, observance of the concepts and spatial and structural (plan, façade, volume) organization is concerned, which may act as the main factor in linking new spaces and buildings with the existing environment and texture.

1. Observance of harmony through axial arrangement of elements, observance of hierarchy and coordination in sizes of elements and selection of appropriate composition cater;

2. Creation of appropriate aesthetics organization by using features of main visual properties such as color, texture, background, skyline, chiaroscuro in spatial- structural design;

3. Observance of regularity by using proportion concepts, observance of grading and scale, ratio of architectural elements and structure and repetition of elements in three themes of meter and rhythm.

Elements for Creating Diversity and Distinctness in Architectural Design of Tourism

Service Centers: Interpretation also needs to be provided in different ways and offer alternative experiences to ensure it appeals to as wide an audience as possible. In addition, interpretation and other interactive experiences can foster social capital and provide an opportunity for respecting the diversity of a community’s values. This study found that interpretive experiences need to be:

- Authentic, credible, clear and related to the essence of that place. - Entertaining, funny and enriching. - Personal, because visitors remember experiences that appeal directly to them. - Learning experiences, where messages are clear and related to the type of place you wish to

present to others. - Community focused, as interpretation will always be stronger with local involvement. As conclusion of this chapter, all tourism zones including regional and urban tourism routes

and hubs are introduced in order to prepare related factors as well as main factors in architectural design of tourism service centers in Semanan Region, and in compliance with the existing tourism resources, applied samples for design tourism services center at each level are presented. These results were obtained from combining basic studies and the results obtained from review of the study literature with solutions, strategies, the findings of the performed analysis and main principles of practice in planning and design of tourism zones and tourism service centers which were

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summarized as follows: 1. In order to determine performance level and type of each tourism service center in

architectural design, tourism hubs and routes of Semnan Region have been classified at three functional levels and two regional and urban categories by mentioning the related tourism contexts. It is necessary to note that dominant functional level was concerned in this introduction and other suggested functional levels together with priority of execution of each tourism hub and route which have been provided by tables.

2. In order to achieve proper site location of each regional tourism service center in architectural design, in the first phase of site location, through AHP method, several places and extensive spatial area larger than the space required for the project were suggested for each regional tourism services centers. In the second phase of site location, by considering the sub-factors related to site design and architectural design, final site locations were determined. The results have been provided in, including the first and second priorities of site location (first phase) and also final site location (second phase) of tourism services centers in each regional tourism routes or hub. Local routes and hubs have not been mentioned due to the low priority of their tourism potentials.

3. In order to achieve proper site location of each urban tourism service center in architectural design, site location of tourism services centers has been performed with respect to social, cultural, economic, architectural and urbanism characteristics. Appropriate site location has been determined at one level, including evaluation of the effective factors (site analyses)

4. Considering the determination of urban and regional tourism hubs and routes, various type of tourism service centers required in the region have been introduced according to the suggested functional level and the usages proportionate thereto.

5. The architectural functions are determined based on the needs of three groups of users including tourists, local settlers and adjacent cities, and personnel of tourism sector in various tourism services centers

6. As success criteria contributing to effective visitor tourism are complex and there is no prescriptive formula by which to plan or construct them, the sample architectural projects were planned for on a case by case basis. Facilities also need to be part of a comprehensive, collaborative, cross-agency strategy to ensure they are built within a regional vision, brand and position. Before building a center.

7. To observance of general architectural design principles for tourism centers, assessment of building should be under the following eight headings: Land properties, materials subjects, energy supply , water supply , other resources, transportation, waste issues, interior design

8. In order to follow the aesthetics organization, existing in the urban spaces and monuments of the region, Observance of harmony Creation of appropriate aesthetics organization Observance of regularity as main principles should be considered in design of urban spaces, accesses and new buildings.

9. Special structural, environmental and/or cultural elements that can be used in architectural design for preservation of the region identity were determined in three fields and have been provided whit details.

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GENERAL CONCLUSION Considering the main objective of the study including identification and utilization of

environmental and spatial features of tourism resources in architectural design of tourism services centers as the most important structural and physical representation of tourism industry, general conclusion of the study in the fields of architectural design and planning may be summarized as follows:

1. Considering the studies conducted on basic tourism architecture concepts and also studying the existing similar architectural samples, studies should be conducted and architectural plan should be provided in a systematic method including identification, analysis, planning and design. Therefore, following the main policies compiled in architectural planning and design including sustainable architectural development of tourism, observance of human rights, decreasing standardization and globalization effects and also following a knowledge-based attitude, the suggested plans provides necessary ground for adaptation of architectural designs with large-scale plans of the region and the country at various levels.

2. Review of the existing tourism resources and the factors influencing tourism industry in Semnan Region indicates high potential of this region in attraction of tourists in various fields. Results obtained from evaluation of the existing tourism resources in the form of historical background, scientific position, environmental sustainability, uniqueness and accessibility is the main factor in determination of tourism hubs and axes of the region in order to specify performance level and type of each tourism service center in architectural design, so that necessary balance is provided between preservation of main cultural and natural resources and their appropriate utilization while architectural development of tourism.

3. Executive solutions are determined in order to utilize and protect main tourism resources and guarantee their sustainable architectural performance through evaluation of each suggested tourism hub and axis within main criteria including predominant tourism attraction, executive priority, predominant and suggested performance level, so that the problems arising from concentration of tourism industries on some resources and places of Semnan Region (such as Semnan and Shahmirzad) is decreased while appropriate distribution of services in the region.

4. Types of tourism services centers in tourism hubs and axes of Semnan Region are categorized into the following four groups, which are determined in order to achieve coordinated architectural development of elements of tourism sector and correlate various elements such as main resources (attractions), tourism services and facilities and other related activities, and architectural design policy and the physical elements influencing the architectural design are specified while determination of required functions and services.

5. For sustainable architectural development of tourism services centers of the region, firstly, the required architectural functions are determined considering the needs of the users and their classification, and secondly, physical and environmental elements influencing architectural design are specified considering the cultural- historical and social features of each location, so that necessary diversity is provided in architectural design of tourism services centers of Semnan Region.

6. In order to determine architectural design and urban development factors in three fields of plan, façade and volume, while valuation of features of each area in Semnan Region, basic principles in architectural design and urban development underlie the work, and special architectural design factors are added to them for preservation of environmental, cultural and social features of each site, as required.

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Recommendations:

1. In architectural design and planning, site location of tourism services centers of Semnan Region is to be performed by AHP and site analysis in each suggested tourism hub and axis considering the priority and tourism potential.

2. In architectural design and planning, improvement of infrastructural utilities and facilities is to be realized in line with the defined tourism attraction for each suggested tourism hub and axis of Semnan Region, which may be effective in decreasing the load imposed on populated regions and decreasing the expenses by using sustainable architecture and sustainable energy supply methods, especially in remote areas.

3. In architectural design of tourisms services centers of Semnan Region, the provided services is to be concentrated according to the needs of the concerned tourists and/or the settlers of the region, considering the marketing results in each place.

4. Reconciliation of some local and regional services required for the settlers with the services required for the concerned tourists such as health, commercial- cultural services may be considered for decreasing the expenses and achieving sustainable architectural performance in these centers.

5. Localization of architectural design and construction methods is recommended for sustainable cultural development and also achievement of diversity in construction of the similar tourism services centers in Semnan Region.

6. Considering the historical textures existing in cities and villages of the region and also architectural monuments, following the principles of predominant architectural design and urban design is recommended not only in architectural design of new buildings in mentioned area but also in architectural design of buildings which are related to other tourism attractions.

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THE MAIN RESULTS OF THE THESIS WERE PUBLISHED IN THE FOLLOWING PAPERS:

1. Fateh, GH. مقدمھ ای بر ارزیابی طرح ھای احیا و مرمت بافت تاریخی سمنان, (Evaluating Revitalization and

Restoration Urban Plans of Semnan Historical-Cultural District ) // Abadi Magazine. - Ministry of Urbanism and Structure of Iran. - 2004. – 45. – P. 62-69 (in Persian).

2. Fateh, G.H. لزوم مناسب سازی فضاھای شھری بھ منظور دسترسی کم توانان جسمی و حرکتی, (Appropriation of Urban Environment for Proper Access of Disabled Citizens) // Saraa Magazine, Semnan Engineering Order of Building Organization. – 2005. - First year, issue 2. – P. 30-33 (in Persian).

3. Fateh, GH. ارزشھای پایدار در معماری بافت تاریخی سمنان ,(Sustainable Values of Semnan Historical Architecture) // Abrokh Pob. - Semnan, Iran, 2006. - 254 pages and illustrations (in Persian).

4. Fateh, GH. بافت ھای تاریخی مقدمھ ای بر احیا و مرمت ,(Glance of Rehabilitation & Renovation of Historical Textures) // Saara Magazine, Semnan Engineering Order of Building Organization. – 2007. - Third Year, issue 3. – P. 21-17 (in Persian).

5. Fateh, GH. سیمای شھری نمایانگر ھویت ملی در معماری, (Urban Façade , Distinctness of National Identity in Architecture) // Saraa Magazine, Semnan Engineering Order of Building Organization. – 2009. - Issue 8. - P. 13-15 (in Persian).

6. Fateh, GH. Forgotten Historical Monuments of Iran-A Review of Approaches to Strengthen Tourism Features in Semnan Region of Iran // Third Science Conference of Youth Armenian Art Historian, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. - Yerevan, Armenia, 2009. – P. 201-208 (in English).

7. Fateh, GH. Rural Tourism- A Review of Approaches to Strengthen Tourism Features in Semnan Region of Iran // Forth Science Conference of Youth Armenian Art Historian, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia, 2010. – P. 229-243 (in English).

8. Fateh, GH. Urban Tourism-A Review of Approaches to Strengthen Tourism Features in Semnan Region of Iran // Fifth Science Conference of Youth Armenian Art Historian, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. - Yerevan, Armenia, 2011. - P. 283-292 (in English).

9. Fateh, GH. Design of Tourism Services Centers according to Sustainable Tourism Development-A Review of Approaches to Strengthen Tourism Features in Semnan Region of Iran // Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Problems in Architecture and Construction – Sustainable Building Industry of the Future. - Czestochowa Polytechnic University, Czestochowa, Poland, 2012. – V. 1. – P. 31-40 (in English).

10. Fateh, GH. Magnificence of Cultural Heritage in Tourism Development-A Review of Approaches to Strengthen Tourism Features in Semnan Region of Iran // Sixth Third Science Conference of Youth Armenian Art Historian, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. - Yerevan, Armenia, 2012. – P. 92-102 (in English).

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ՂԱԶԱԼ ՖԱՏԵՀ

ԶԲՈՍԱՇՐՋՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՍՊԱՍԱՐԿՈՂ ԿԵՆՏՐՈՆՆԵՐԻ ՃԱՐՏԱՐԱՊԵՏԱԿԱՆ ԳՈՐԾՈՆՆԵՐԻ ԶԱՐԳԱՑՈՒՄՆ ԻՐԱՆԻ ՍԵՄՆԱՆ ՏԱՐԱԾԱՇՐՋԱՆՈՒՄ

ԱՄՓՈՓԱԳԻՐ

Զբոսաշրջությունը համարվում է աշխարհի երկրորդ ամենամեծ, տարաբնույթ

ծառայություններ մատուցող արդյունաբերություն: Շատ երկրների համար այս դինամիկ զարգացող արդյունաբերական ճյուղը եկամուտի, զբաղվածության, մասնավոր հատվածի և ենթակառուցվածքի զարգացման աղբյուր է: Բացի այդ, զբոսաշրջական ինդուստրիան ահռելի գումարներ է ներդնում շինարարության և նախագծման մեջ, ընդ որում` հաճախ առանց ճարտարապետական մտահղացման առկայության: Պետք է հաշվի առնել, որ այդ ձևով կառուցված շենքերը ձևավորում են երկրի միջավայրը, լանդշաֆտը, ազդում այնտեղ ապրող մարդկանց վրա, և անմիջապես ազդում աշխարհընկալման վրա: Չնայած ճարտարապետական և տվյալ բիզնեսների սերտ համագործակցությանը՝ այստեղ չկա որևէ համաձայնեցում, նպատակ կամ ռազմավարական զարգացում: Այս բնագավառի բարգավաճումը, բացի վերը թվարկած դրական կողմերից, ունի սոցիալական, տնտեսական, բնապահպանական բացասական հետևանքներ, որոնց տևական ազդեցությունը կարող է հանգեցնել անդառնալի կորուստների: Այսուհետ, զբոսաշրջության կայուն զարգացումը խիստ անհրաժեշտ ու անխուսափելի է: Բրամվելն ու Լեյնը (Bramwell and Lane, 2002) համարում են, որ տուրիզմի կայուն զարգացումը կարող է ապահովվել այն կարգի նախագծերի մշակմամբ, որոնց իրականացմամբ հնարավոր կլինի շրջակա միջավայրի երկարաժամկետ վերականգնումն ու մարդկային ռեսուրսների ներգրավումը զբոսաշրջության ոլորտի գործունեության մեջ:

Զբոսաշրջության զարգացման վերաբերյալ ամենակարևոր որոշումներից մեկը տուրիստական ծառայություններ մատուցող կենտրոնների նախագծումն ու կառուցումն է, ինչը կապահովի նվազագույն բացասական ազդեցություն ոլորտին վերաբերող հիմնական ռեսուրսների և շրջակա միջավայրի վրա: Այսպիսով, ճարտարապետական նախագծման եղանակի համաձայնեցումը զբոսաշրջության համար համապատասխան տեղանքի ստեղծման գործում կարևորում է վերջինիս զարգացման և ճարտարապետական նախագծի մշակման անմիջական կապը:

Ուսումնասիրելով համանման հետազոտություններն ու բերված հիմնավորումները՝ եզրակացություն է արվել, որ թեմային վերաբերող հարցերը կարևորվում են աշխարհի գրեթե բոլոր երկրներում: Զարգացած երկրներում զբոսաշրջության զարգացման և դրա իրականացման գործում համապատասխան ճարտարապետական նախագծերի մշակման կարևորումը համարվում է տուրիզմի զարգացման և ճարտարապետության միջև կապի սկզբնակետը:

Տվյալ ուսումնասիրությունը ներկայացնում է զբոսաշրջության գոտիների (կենտրոնների և հիմնական երթուղիների) պլանավորման և նախագծման գործնական մոտեցումը` որպես հետազոտության առաջին փուլ, իսկ երկրորդը` ծառայություններ մատուցող կենտրոնների

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գիտական վերլուծական մոտեցմամբ պլանավորումն ու ճարտարապետական նախագծումը` նշված տարածաշրջանում զբոսաշրջությունը զարգացնելու նպատակով: Բացի այդ, աշխատանքում ներկայացված են այն գործոնները, որոնցով պայմանավորվում է Իրանի Սեմնան շրջանում զբոսաշրջության զարգացումը տարածական տեսանկյունից (շրջակա միջավայրի և ճարտարապետական):

Ատենախոսական աշխատանքը բաղկացած է երեք գլխից, որոնց նախորդում է զբոսաշրջության բնույթի և այդ ոլորտի հետ առնչվող մի շարք գիտությունների նկարագիրը:

Առաջին գլխում, ներկայացնելով Սեմնան շրջանը, որպես գործնական ուսումնասիրությունների անցկացման համապատասխան մոդել, տրվում է ներածությունը, որտեղ ներկայացված է աշխատանքի ընդհանուր բնութագիրը, Իրանում և Սեմնան շրջանում զբոսաշրջության արդյունաբերության վիճակը և ուսումնասիրվող ոլորտում առկա արդյունավետ նախագծերը: Այստեղ համապատասխան հիմնավորում է ներկայացվել Սեմնան շրջանում զբոսաշրջության առանձնահատկությունները որոշելու և գնահատելու համար` աշխատանքում բերված սահմանումների հիման վրա և գործնական տեսանկյունից: Ուսումնասիրության տեսական հիմնադրույթներն ամփոփված են այս գլխի եզրակացությունում` ներկայացնելով տվյալ ոլորտին վերաբերող կառույցների նախագծման սկզբունքները, ինչպես տարածաշրջանի, այնպես էլ քաղաքի մակարդակով` ըստ ճարտարապետական և քաղաքաշինության ուղղությունների:

Երկրորդ գլխում, ելնելով նախորդ գլխի ուսումնասիրություններից, բերված է զբոսաշրջության գրավիչ կողմերի ուսումնասիրության մոդելը, որտեղ վերջինիս բոլոր ռեսուրսները բաժանվել են ըստ դասերի ու տարակարգերի, ներկայացված է դրանց առկա վիճակը (status quo) և արդյունաբերության զարգացումը պայմանավորող գործոնները: Աշխատանքի այս գլխում ներկայացված ուսումնասիրությունների արդյունքները ընդգրկում են տարածաշրջանում գոյություն ունեցող այն առանձնահատկությունները, որոնք անհրաժեշտ են Սեմնան շրջանում զբոսաշրջության այդ սերվիս-կենտրոնների ճարտարապետական նախագծմանն ուղղված որոշակի դիրեկտիվների մշակման համար:

Աշխատանքի երրորդ գլուխը նվիրված է փորձարարական մոդելի SWOT վերլուծությանն ու գնահատմանը` առաջին և երկրորդ գլուխներում ներկայացված տեղեկատվության և ուսումնասիրությունների արդյունքում ստացած տվյալների ինտեգրացման հիման վրա: Զբասաշրջության օբյեկտների նախագծման համար ընտրվել են Սեմնան նահանգի կենտրոնների հինգ տիպարային նախագիծ և արվել են համապատասխան ընդհանուր եզրակացություններ: Բոլոր ճարտարապետական սկզբունքները բաժանված են երկու հիմնական խմբի՝ զբոսաշրջության քաղաքային և տարածաշրջանային հիմնական երթուղիների վրա ազդող գործոններ, որոնք կարևոր են ճարտարապետական նախագծման համար, և հանգամանքներ, որոնք ազդեցություն ունեն սպասարկման կենտրոնների տեղի և ճարտարապետական նախագծման որոշման, ձևավորման ու մշակման վրա` որպես ուսումնասիրության գլխավոր թեմա:

Աշխատանքի ընդհանուր եզրկացությունները, ինչպես նաև Սեմնան շրջանում զբոսաշրջության զարգացման վերաբերյալ առաջարկությունները կատարվել են ըստ ուսումնասիրության հիմնական նպատակի, որը ներառել է զբոսաշրջության ներուժի բնապահպանական և տարածական հատկությունների նույնացումն ու դրանց կիրառումը զբոսաշրջային ծառայություններ մատուցող կենտրոնների նախագծման գործում:

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ГАЗАЛ ФАТЕХ

ФАКТОРЫ АРХИТЕКТУРНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ТУРИСТИЧЕСКИХ

ЦЕНТРОВ ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ РЕГИОНА СЕМНАН В ИРАНЕ

РЕЗЮМЕ

Туризм считается второй в мире по величине и разнообразию предоставляемых услуг индустрией. Для многих стран эта отрасль динамично развивающейся индустрии – источник доходов, занятости, развития частного сектора и инфраструктур. Кроме того, туристическая индустрия вкладывает огромные суммы в проектирование и строительство, притом часто – без особого архитекурного замысла. Нужно учесть, что построенные таким образом здания формируют среду страны, её ландшафт, действуют на живущих в ней людей, непосредственно влияя на их восприятие окружающего пространства. Несмотря на тесное сотрудничество архитектурного и туристического бизнесов, здесь нет никакого согласования, цели или стратегического развития. Процветание этой отрасли, помимо вышеперечисленных положительных сторон, имеет также социальные, экономические, природоохранные отрицательные последствия, длительное воздействие которых может привести к безвозвратным потерям. Тем не менее устойчивое развитие туризма крайне необходимо и неизбежно. Брамвелл и Лейн (Bramwell and Lane, 2002) считают, что устойчивое развитие туризма можно обеспечить разработкой таких проектов, осуществление которых обеспечит долгосрочную ревитализацию окружающей среды и вовлечение человеческих ресурсов в сферу туристичекой деятельности.

Одно из самых важных решений относительно развития туризма – проектирование и строительство таких туристических центров обслуживания, которые обеспечат наименьшее воздействие на основные ресурсы отрасли и окружающую среду. Таким образом, согласование метода архитектурного проектирования в деле создания соответствующего пространства туристической деятельности обуславливает непосредственную связь развития туризма и архитектурного проекта.

Изучая сходные исследования и приведёныне обоснования, приходим к выводу, что вопросам, касающимся данной темы, придают большое значение почти во всех странах мира. В развитых странах осознание важности развития туризма и разработки соответствующих для его осуществления архитектурных проектов является основополагающей отправной точкой связи между развитием туризма и архитектурным проектированием.

Данный труд представляет практический подход к планированию и проектированию туристических зон (центров и основных маршрутов) в качестве первого этапа исследования, а вторым этапом - планирование и архитектурное проектирование центров обслуживания по научному подходу и в целях развития туризма в указанном регионе. Кроме того, в работе

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представлены факторы, которые обуславливают развитие туризма в районе Ирана Семнан с пространственной точки зрения (окружающей среды и архитектуры).

Диссертационная работа состоит из трёх глав, которым предшествует характеристика сущности туризма и ряда соприкасающихся с ним смежных наук.

В первой главе, представляющей регион Семнан, как соответствующую модель проведения практических исследований, имеется введение, где даются основная характеристика работы, состояние туристической индустрии в Иране и районе Семнан и имеющиеся результативные проекты в исследуемой сфере. Здесь сделана попытка дать соответствующее обоснование для определения и оценки особенностей туризма в регионе Семнан – на основе приведённых в исследовании характеристик и с практической точки зраения. Основные теоретические тезисы исследования, обобщённые в заключении этой главы, представляют принципы проектирования относящихся к данной сфере сооружений – как на уровне региональном, так городском, согласно архитектурному и градостроительному направлениям.

Во второй главе, исходя из изложенного в первой главе, представлены модель исследования привлекательных сторон туризма, в которой все ресурсы разделены по классам и категориям, показано их нынешнее состояние (status quo) и факторы, обуславливающие развитие индустрии. Результаты исследований, изложенные в этой главе, включают те существующие в регионе особенности, которые необходимы для разработки определённых директив, направленных на осуществление архитектурного проектирования сервис-центров в регионе Семнан.

Треться глава работы посвящена анализу и оценке экспериментальной модели SWOT на основе интегрции информации и полученных в результате исследования данных, представленных в первой и второй главах. Для проектирования туристических объектов были избраны пять типовых проектов центров в провинции Семнан и сделаны соответствующиее общие выводы. Все архитектурные принципы делятся на две основные группы: важные для архитектурного проектирования факторы, влияющие на городские и региональные туристические маршруты, и факторы, которые влияют на определение места расположения сервис-центров и их архитектурное решение, оформление и разработку – в качестве главной темы исследования.

Общие выводы исследования, так же, как и рекомендации по развитию туризма в регионе

Семнан, выполнены в соответствии с основной целью исследования, которая включает изучение

экологических и пространственных особенностей туристического потенциала и его

использование в деле проектирования туристических обслуживающих центров, как

наиболее важных структурных и физических представителей индустрии туризма