Rhode Island Convention Center • Providence, Rhode Island

Phase Change Material for Building Envelope

Session: Track 2 Energy Technology Session 4

Reyad Sawafta, Ph.D. Chief Scientific Officer

Phase Change Energy Solutions www.phasechange.com

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 2

US Buildings

In the US, the commercial real Estate Market 84 billion ft2 total 7 billion ft2 retail 70,000 bank branches 380,000 mobile buildings and many other types…

41% of the total U.S energy is consumed by the residential and commercial building sectors (“Monthly Energy Review” 2016).

Heating and cooling requirements alone account for 58% of that value (Annual Energy, 2016)

Some targets cannot be met with the existing materials.

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

Architects, designers, engineers and owners are demanding additional energy savings and enhanced comfort.

• Lower HVAC expense • Lower peak (high $$$) electricity demand • Consistent, comfortable temperature even during

peak loads • Reasonable Up-Front Cost and Rapid ROI • Long lifetime and low / no maintenance • Sustainable • Resilience

3

Demand for Energy Savings

Phase Change Materials (PCMs) for thermal regulation and thermal energy storage in buildings provides an elegant solution for more efficient energy use.

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 4

Phase Change Materials (PCMs) at Work

144 BTU/ lb

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

PCMs to be used for latent heat storage should: 1. Have a melting point which matches the

application, 2. Have a high value of heat of fusion and specific

heat per unit volume and weight, 3. Have a low vapor pressure at the operational

temperature, 4. Have a chemical stability and non-corrosiveness, 5. Not be hazardous, highly inflammable or poisonous, 6. Have a reproducible crystallization without

degradation, 7. Have a small super-cooling degree and high rate of

crystal growth, 8. Have a small volume variation during solidification, 9. Have a tunable thermal conductivity, 10. Be of abundant supply and at a low cost.

Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

PCMs are solid at room temperature, as the temperature becomes warmer they liquefy or become a gel, absorb and store heat, and when the temperature drops they solidify and give off heat.

How PCMs Work?

6

Simply, PCMs operate like a thermal sponge to help maintain Temperature at the designed set point (i.e. 70 or 73 or 77ºF or any desired temperature ).

Ambient Hotter Than Set Point

90-120 BTU / lb.

Ambient Colder Than Set Point

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

PCMs have a higher heat storage capacity than conventional thermal mass, and provides excellent heat transfer. It demands no extra structural support and any added installation cost is minimal.

Because the exposed surface in building products is so large and the PCMs absorb heat over a narrow temperature range, the building products need not receive direct sunlight.

Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

PCMs can smooth daily fluctuations in room temperature by lowering the peak temperatures resulting from extreme external daily temperature changes.

Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

Two identical buildings tested in Asheboro, NC

Both buildings had standard fiberglass insulation

One with ENRG BlanketTM, the other used as control

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

PCMs reduce home heating or cooling loads, thereby producing energy savings for the consumer by as much as 20-40% depending on climate.

Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

PCMs are not binary systems

In a mechanically controlled building 8-12 air changes per hour

PCMs go through many partial transitions that can total 3-7 full transitions resulting to 300-840 BTUs/lb.

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 10

Bio-based PCMs can be used to reduce Internal Load

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 11

Office Space ready for a new day

Commercial Office – 8:00 AM

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 12

Heat load from numerous sources absorbed by BioPCM®

Commercial Office – Business Hours

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 13

Heat load being released by BioPCM® to nighttime air

Commercial Office – Nighttime

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 14

Mechanically Controlled Space – Cooling

Tstat Setpoint is @ ~70-73ºF

When an HVAC system is in cooling mode the temperature of the cool air coming from the air registers is ~55F.

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 15

Mechanically Controlled Space – Heating

Tstat Setpoint is @~68-70ºF

When an HVAC system is in heating mode the temperature of the warm air coming from the air registers is ~90ºF

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

Commonly used PCMs are: 1. Plant and Bio Based 2. Salt hydrates 3. Paraffin and paraffin waxes 4. Polymers 5. Metals

Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

The main limitations of salt hydrates are: 1. They absorb moisture, which decreases their

effectiveness, 2. They are unstable, following dehydration in the

process of thermal cycling; losing some water content every heating cycle.

3. Some are chemically aggressive towards structural materials

4. They have a low heat conductivity 5. They have a relatively high degree of supercooling 6. They require costly and impractical encapsulation

with a semi-impermeable coating for improved performance.

Salt Hydrates

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

1. Paraffins are waxes 2. They are readily available 3. They melt at different temperatures

relating to their carbon-chain length, so they have a wide range of the phase change temperatures

4. They have a low heat conductivity 5. They are based on Petroleum and

flammable 6. Toxic and Not Readily Biodegradable

Paraffins

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

Among organic materials, fatty acids and their derivatives are attractive for the following reasons:

1. Readily available and cost effective. 2. Renewable: they come from vegetable oils and their

by-products. 3. Widely used in different areas such as food, medicine,

cosmetics, shipping and others. 4. Melting temperature varies from −50 to 150°C 5. Latent heat of fusion varies from 150-250 kJ/kg 6. Non-Toxic and Readily Biodegradable

Bio-Based Phase Change Materials

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

Phase Change Material Types

Environment

Impact

Energy Density

(BTU/lb)

Lifetime

(years)

Cost of Production

($/sq ft)

Super-cooling

Volume

Change

Corrosive Flammable

BioPCM

Paraffin

Salt Hydrates

Positive Negative

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 21

Company Background

Established in 2008 75K ft2 manufacturing facility in Asheboro,

NC Focused on Reducing HVAC Energy

Consumption for Commercial, Industrial, and Government Customers

More than 1M ft2 deployed World Wide Patents:

Formulation Applications

Solar Powered HQ and

Manufacturing Facility

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

Interior: Ceiling, Wall & Floor Exterior: Roof & Wall Retrofit or New Build Straightforward Installation: Install 1,000 ft2 per hour with 2 ladders and 4 person crew!

22

Bio-based PCM Installation

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

• 2000 Sq. Ft. of BioPCM®® installed • Covering 70% of the surface area above

the ceiling tiles • No disruption to normal operations

23

JP Morgan Chase Bank - Retrofit LOCATION: Elmhurst, NY

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 24

JP Morgan Chase Bank - Retrofit

Financial Summary - First Year Results Daily kWh Reduction…………………………………..109* kWh Cost ………………………………………….….$.1847 Daily Savings …………………….……………….….$20.13 Annual Savings ……………………………………...$7,347 Cost of BioPCM® @ $4.69 Sq. Ft.**…………….….$9,380 Payback BioPCM® ……………………………….…..1.28 Yr. * Independent Testing: Noveda Technologies

LOCATION: Elmhurst, NY

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

• Construction in 2012 • Building uses BioPCM® for passive cooling • 98% HVAC Energy Savings

25

U of Washington – New Construction LOCATION: Seattle, WA

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

• Expected ROI <12 months (cost avoidance on HVAC plus energy usage reductions)

• 43,800 ft2 BioPCM® installation • Bob Easton Architect, Kiewit Corporation

26

Easton Archery Center LOCATION: Chula Vista, CA

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade

27

Fort Irwin - California

A multi-solution approach including BioPCMs was used in 20 buildings at Fort Irwin Initial Results showed 37% energy reduction Continuous data collection through a 12-month M&V cycle is ongoing to

demonstrate the effect in different seasons and to quantify different component contributions.

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 28

PhaseStor Case Study- Scope Description

Provide thermal storage to support

server room cooling in event of loss of power

Provide minimum 15 mins at approx. 58°F

Provide equivalency of 87,000 Btu (14.5 tons) of cooling

Chiller to charge PCM -45°F PCM freeze temperature set -49°F Chilled water return temperature

from server room to inlet of BioTess –average 68°F

Chilled water outlet temperature leaving BioTess to server room -average 58°F

Average Δ10°F

Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 29

Phase Change Energy Solutions

Huge demand for further energy savings Commercial, Industrial, Government Target market is billions of ft2

Bio-based PCM can complement insulation to create additional HVAC energy savings of 20% to 40%

ROI estimated to be between 1 to 5 years without tax credits or other government incentives

Effectiveness and ROI have been demonstrated with marquis customers

Phase Change Energy Solutions 120 E. Pritchard St. Asheboro, NC 27203 1-800-283-7887 www.PhaseChange.com

30

Questions?