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GVI Costa Rica

Coastal Rainforest and Wildlife Expedition

Phase Report 073

11th

July – 20th

September 2007



GVI Costa Rica Coastal Rainforest and Wildlife Expedition Report

Submitted in whole to:Global Vision International

The Canadian Organisation for Tropical Education and Rainforest Conservation(COTERC)

Steven Furino, Waterloo University, Canada

Submitted in part to:The Ministry of Environment and Energy of Costa Rica (MINAE)

Produced byRebeca Chaverri - Country Director James Lewis - Expedition Manager

Julie Jackson - Expedition Staff Jennifer Christie – Expedition Staff

Hannah Mountain – Expedition Staff David Jones – Expedition Staff Brett King – Expedition Staff

And

Edited byBritt Larsen - Regional Director

Anne Benaroya Expedition Member Alex Whiscombe Expedition Member

Alexandra Achkar Expedition Member Anna Deasey Expedition Member

Charlotte Foale Expedition Member Ryan Price Expedition Member

Lowri Watkins Expedition Member Kylie Pinfold Expedition Member Amy Whetstone Expedition Member Anne Pardoe Expedition Member

Thomas Padfield Expedition Member Michael Andrew Horvath Expedition Member

Claire Blyghton Expedition Member Alex Stannard Expedition Member

Melissa McKell Expedition Member Alexander Sykopetritis Expedition Member

Rebecca Hale Expedition Member Stephen Hadley Expedition Member

Gina Harper Expedition Member Rosalind Archer Expedition Member

Annelise Miller Expedition Member Ariane Whitehead Expedition Member

Darren Watts Expedition Member Laura Buckley Expedition Member

Lisa Stasio Expedition Member Alice Melotte Expedition Member



Executive Summary

• Jaguar Predation on Marine Turtles. In collaboration with the Costa Rica Ministry of

Environment and Energy (MINAE).

• Camera Trapping in Tortuguero National Park (TNP). In collaboration with MINAE.

• Marine Turtle Monitoring Programme. In collaboration with the Canadian

Organization for Tropical Education and Rainforest Conservation (COTERC), MINAE

and the Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC).• EBCP Resident Bird Project. In collaboration with Steven Furino, Waterloo

University, Canada.

• Tourist Impact Assessment on Caño Palma canal.

• Local Reforestation Project. In collaboration with COTERC.

• EBCP Incidental species recording.

• English Language Lessons. In collaboration with the San Francisco community and

Tortuguero Canopy.



Table of Contents

Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 3 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 8 2 Jaguar Predation on Marine Turtles ......................................................................... 9

2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Aim ................................................................................................................ 10 2.3 Methodology .................................................................................................. 10

2.3.1 Study Site ............................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 Data Collection ....................................................................................... 11

2.4 Results ........................................................................................................... 12 2.5 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 14

3 Camera Trapping ................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 17 3.2 Aim ................................................................................................................ 18 3.3 Methodology .................................................................................................. 18

3.3.1 Study site ............................................................................................... 18 3.3.2 Location of cameras ............................................................................... 18 3.3.3

Setting the cameras ............................................................................... 19

3.3.4 Checking the cameras ............................................................................ 20 3.3.5 Data entering and analysis ..................................................................... 20


4 Marine Turtle Monitoring and Conservation Programme ........................................ 21 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 21 4.2 Aim ................................................................................................................ 22 4.3 Methodology .................................................................................................. 23

4.3.1 Study site ............................................................................................... 23 4.3.2 Pre-season preparations ........................................................................ 24 4.3.3 Daily track census and nest surveys ...................................................... 24 4.3.4 Night surveys ......................................................................................... 25 4.3.5 Nest fate, nest survivorship and hatching success ................................. 26 4.3.6 Disguising nests ..................................................................................... 27 4.3.7 Collection of human impact data ............................................................ 27

4.4 Results ........................................................................................................... 27 4.4.1

General .................................................................................................. 27

4.4.2 Daily track census .................................................................................. 27 4.4.3 Nest status based on morning census .................................................... 29

4.5 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 30 5 EBCP Resident Bird Project .................................................................................. 31

5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 31 5 2 Aim 32



6.3 Methodology .................................................................................................. 38 6.4 Results ........................................................................................................... 39 6.5

Discussion ..................................................................................................... 39

7 Reforestation ......................................................................................................... 39

7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 39 7.2 Aim ................................................................................................................ 40 7.3 Methodology .................................................................................................. 40

7.3.1 Seed collection ....................................................................................... 40 7.3.2 Sapling collection ................................................................................... 41 7.3.3 Bagging seeds and saplings................................................................... 41 7.3.4 Replanting .............................................................................................. 41 7.3.5 Nursery maintenance ............................................................................. 42


8 EBCP Incidentals ................................................................................................... 44 8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 44 8.2 Aims .............................................................................................................. 44 8.3 Methodology .................................................................................................. 45 8.4 Results ........................................................................................................... 45 8.5

Discussion ..................................................................................................... 46

9 Mammals ............................................................................................................... 48

9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 48 9.2 Aims .............................................................................................................. 49

9.2.1 General objective ................................................................................... 49 9.2.2 1.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................ 50

9.3 Methodology .................................................................................................. 50 9.4 Results ........................................................................................................... 51 9.5 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 52

10 Teaching Community Report ................................................................................. 54 10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 54 10.2 Aims .............................................................................................................. 55 10.3 Methodology .................................................................................................. 55 10.4 Results ........................................................................................................... 55

10.4.1 Children’s Environmental Class .............................................................. 55 10.4.2 Children’s English Class ......................................................................... 56 10.4.3 Adults’ English Classes .......................................................................... 56

10.5

Discussion ..................................................................................................... 57

11 References ............................................................................................................ 59 12 Appendices ............................................................................................................ 64

12.1 Appendix A .................................................................................................... 64 Appendix B ................................................................................................................ 65 12.2 Appendix C .................................................................................................... 66 12 3 Appendix D 67



List of Figures

Figure 2-1 Spatial distribution of jaguar tracks, jaguar high activity areas, turtle

carcasses, and full green turtle tracks (x100 for scale) along the 14.5 miles of beach in

Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica. .......................................................................... 13 Figure 2-2 Temporal distribution of number of dead turtles, full green turtle tracks (÷100

for scale) and number of jaguar tracks between 11th July and 20th September, 2007.

Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica. .......................................................................... 14 Figure 4-1 Seasonal distribution of green turtles from 12th June to 14th September,

Playa Norte, Costa Rica. ............................................................................................... 28 Figure 4-2 Spatial activity of green turtles from mile 0 to mile 3 1/8 from 12th June to

14th September, Playa Norte, Costa Rica. .................................................................... 29 Figure 4-3 Nest status of green turtle nests from mile 0 to mile 3 1/8 from 12th June to

14th September, Playa Norte, Costa Rica. .................................................................... 30 Figure 5-1 Total number of species and surveys on aquatic trails, Caño Chiquero, Caño

Harold and Caño Palma, Costa Rica. ............................................................................ 34 Figure 5-2 Number of key species recorded during surveys of Caño Chiquero aquatic

trail, Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica. .................................................................. 35 Figure 5-3 Number of key species recorded during surveys of Caño Harold aquatic trail,

Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica. .......................................................................... 36 Figure 5-4 Number of key species recorded during surveys on Caño Palma, Costa Rica.

...................................................................................................................................... 37



Table 9-2 Speciec specific data for phase 073 .............................................................. 52



1 Introduction

The Coastal Rainforest and Wildlife Conservation Expedition at the Estacion Biologica

Caño Palma (EBCP) in Tortuguero, Costa Rica has now completed its nineth phase

(nine x ten weeks).

The expedition to date has assisted in collecting a substantial amount of scientific data.

Although these data are already helping to identify potential future research areas and

providing important data to the national and international scientific communities, projects

are still at the preliminary stage. As experience is gained in data

collection,methodologies continue to be improved and focused. A full Annual Report for

2007 (to be initiated in January 2008) will collate and summarize all data and enable

more descriptive and accurate analyses.



2 Jaguar Predation on Marine Turtles

2.1 Introduction

Tortuguero National Park (TNP), located along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, is the

most important nesting ground for the Atlantic population of green turtles (Chelonia

mydas) (Bass et al., 1998). In addition to the green turtle, a significant number of

leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) as well as the occasional hawksbill

(Eretmochelys imbricata) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) turtles nest in TNP (Haro &Harrison 2006). The nesting turtle population has been monitored on the park’s beach

since 1955 (Carr 1980, Carr & Carr 1972) and it continues to be monitored today by the

Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC).

The only animals that are known to kill adult marine turtles are sharks, killer whales, and

jaguars (Hirth, 1997; Oritz et al., 1997 cited by Troëng 2000). Because of this, any turtlecarcasses on the beach that showed no signs of being poached were presumed to have

been killed by a jaguar. Nevertheless, information on jaguar (Panthera onca) predation

of marine turtles is sparse, but has been recorded sporadically in many areas of the

world, although the first records appear to come from Suriname, where 82 green turtles

were identified as being predated by jaguars from 1963-1973 and Koford (1983)

mentions that jaguars prey on marine turtles in this country, although no specific speciesare mentioned. On the same beach in 1980 one individual jaguar killed 13 turtles within

only a few days (Autar, 1994).

On the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, jaguars have been recorded preying upon olive ridley

(Lepidochelys olivacea), black (Chelonia mydas agassizii ), and hawksbill turtles.

Although much research has been carried out on turtles in TNP, from 1956 to 1995 only

two green turtles were recorded as killed by jaguars, one in 1981 (Carrillo et al., 1994)

and another in 1984 (J. Mortimer pers. comm. in Troëng 2000).

Information on t rtles predated b jag ars as incl ded on the CCC’s eekl track



two years only fresh kills, i.e. killed within the last 24 hours, were recorded. In 1998, 25

dead green turtles were found and in 1999, 22 green turtles and two leatherback turtles

were recorded (Troëng, 2000).

In 2002 Magally Castro Alvarez, in conjunction with the Costa Rican Ministry of

Environment and Energy (MINAE) began a study on the predation of marine turtles by

jaguars in TNP, recording all kills - both fresh and old. In 2002, 60 turtle carcasses were

encountered, and 65 in 2003 (M. Castro Alvarez, pers. comm.). Though predation upon

turtles by jaguars is not a new phenomenon, data suggest that it has increased in the

past ten years within TNP (Troëng, 2000; M. Castro Alvarez, pers. comm.).

Due to a lack of human resources, MINAE invited Global Vision International (GVI) to

continue data collection on jaguar presence and predation of marine turtles in TNP. Data

collection has been conducted by GVI since 11th July 2005, modeling protocols after

those used by MINAE, adapted to our aims and resources. The study has found 60

turtles killed by jaguars from July to December 2005 and 131 turtles in all of 2006. This

data, in addition to the data previously collected by MINAE, is being used to develop a

more comprehensive understanding of jaguar impact on the nesting marine turtle

population of TNP, potentially aiding in management and conservation decisions.

2.2 Aim

This project aims to document the magnitude of jaguar predation on the nesting

population of marine turtles and increase knowledge of jaguar ecology in Tortuguero

National Park. This information can be used to help MINAE develop management

strategies which benefit both the turtles and the jaguars.

2.3 Methodology

2.3.1 Study Site



The study area is marked as mile 3½ at the south end of Tortuguero village and mile 18

at the Jalova river mouth. The length of the beach is divided and marked with mile

markers from at every 1/8 of a mile (approximately 200 meters) until mile five, and is

marked at every ½ mile thereafter. The mile markers run in ascending order from mile

zero at the Tortuguero River mouth to mile 18 at the Jalova river mouth.

As previously mentioned, the study site begins at the south end of Tortuguero village, a

growing touristic town of approximately 1,000 residents. During the leatherback and

green turtle nesting seasons, there is a high level of tourist activity at night, between mile

0 and mile five, and the CCC run nightly surveys covering this section of the beach as

well. At the South end of the study site is a large cattle and coconut farm, and a few local

residents live just South of the river mouth and National Park border.

2.3.2 Data Collection

Surveys were conducted over the 14.5 mile stretch of beach beginning at dawn,

alternating between a North start at mile 3½ and a South start at mile 18 when feasible.

At least four researchers conducted the survey once per week during the survey period,

when possible. General data, namely date, name of researchers, and start time, were

noted at the beginning of the survey. In addition to this, sand condition, general weather

data, and beach width were recorded every four miles (mile markers 4, 8, 12, and 16).

During the survey, researchers recorded the total number of fresh turtle tracks (from the

previous night) on the beach, including both half moons (not nested) and full tracks

(nested). It should be noted that during the peak of the green turtle season (late June to

September) these numbers may contain some error due to the high numbers of turtle

tracks present on the beach. During leatherback turtle season, the species of turtle is

distinguished, but during green turtle season all tracks are reorded as green turtles. The

other species (hawksbill and loggerhead) are so few in comparison to greens that the

statistical difference during analysis is not significant.



track was seen within 200m the mile marker and GPS coordinates were noted. The

researchers also noted whether the tracks were simply lost or if there was a clear

entrance or exit point to or from the beach. This information is used to help determine

common routes jaguars use to access the beach. Both daily and seasonal weather

conditions, such as intense and prolonged rain, sun exposure, high winds and tidal

movement influence the visibility of jaguar prints, therefore affecting the data collected.

Some areas with jaguar tracks are classified as “high activity”. These are defined as

sections of the beach with more than 4 tracks, over which it would be difficult to

distinguish between tracks.

The following data were collected on turtle carcasses that showed signs of jaguar

predation, i.e. bite marks, drag marks, or jaguar prints near the carcass:

• Species• Turtle ID number (assigned at time of encounter)• Location (distance from Northern mile marker and GPS coordinates)• Location of carcass relative to the vegetation• Estimated point of attack (only for fresh kills)• Parts of turtle eaten (only for fresh kills)• Estimated number of nights since kill (determined by signs of decay)• Curved carapace length (CCL) and curved carapace width (CCW), when possible• Whether the turtle was resting on its plastron or carapace• Any tag numbers if tags are present• Any other comments/observations

A photograph was taken a few meters from each turtle, including any vegetation in the

background to distinguish its position. Photographs of anything else relevant to the

carcass and track data were also taken.

For further and more specific methodologies see the GVI Jaguar Predation on Marine

Turtles Protocol.

2.4 Results



Phase 073 coincided with the peak of the green turtle season. Figure 2-1 shows the

number of full turtle tracks, dead turtles, jaguar tracks and high activity areas per half

mile of the beach. A total of 99 carcasses were observed, all of which were green turtles.

Many of the carcasses were attacked at the neck and/or dragged by the neck into the

vegetation. One very fresh male green turtle carcass was encountered on which only

one small hole was observed in the left shoulder (possibly a harpoon wound). This turtle,

therefore, was not included in analysis as jaguar predation was not certain. Green turtle

activity for this phase totalled an estimated 2,059 half moons and 21,767 nests. In

addition to six areas of high jaguar activity, 61 jaguar tracks were recorded.

0

5

10

15

20

25

31/2

4 41/2

5 51/2

6 61/2

7 71/2

8 81/2

9 91/2

10 101/2

11 111/2

12 121/2

13 131/2

14 141/2

15 151/2

16 161/2

17 171/2

Mile

N u m b e r

Green Tracks/100

Jaguar Tracks

Turtle Carcasses

Jaguar High Activity

Figure 2-1 Spatial distribution of jaguar tracks, jaguar high activity areas, turtle carcasses, and full

green turtle tracks (x100 for scale) along the 14.5 miles of beach in Tortuguero National Park, Costa

Rica.



tracks per week was 7.63. Turtle carcasses were observed each week, averaging 12.48

per week.

13

18 17

4

16

10 10 11139

2

9 10

3

8 7

27.78

50.38

38.21

49.72

53.22

60.62 59.33

89.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

29 30 31 32 33 35 36 37

Week of the Year

N u m b e r

Turtle Carcasses

Jaguar Tracks

Green Tracks/100

Figure 2-2 Temporal distribution of number of dead turtles, full green turtle tracks (÷100 for scale)

and number of jaguar tracks between 11th July and 20th September, 2007. Tortuguero National Park,Costa Rica.

2.5 Discussion

During phase 073 there was evidence of jaguar activity extending nearly the entire

length of the study site. The highest concentration of tracks was found in the area

between miles 8 and 10½. There were many locations on the beach which had several

sets of tracks simultaneously present, this may have been due to either multiple

individuals or a single individual travelling the same area multiple times. The majority of

tracks were first seen in the middle of the beach, though a few entrances and exits



not preferentially using the areas of the beach with the highest level of turtle nesting

activity. Neither was there a relationship between the number of jaguar tracks per half

mile and turtle carcasses per half mile, suggesting that jaguars may be using the beach

as hunting grounds for other prey or that green turtles are abundant enough that jaguars

encounter them even when jaguars are spending most of their times on a different area

of the beach.

Evidence of other jaguar potential prey were recorded during the surveys both on the

beach and in the bordering forest. More than 85 species have been reported as forming

part of its diet (Seymour 1989, Carrillo et al., 1994). The species registered during the

surveys included species such as white-nosed coati (Nasua narica), black river turtles

(Rhinoclemmys funerea), spider monkeys ( Ateles geoffroyi ), mantled howler monkeys

( Alouatta palliata), green iguanas (Iguana iguana), great curassows (Crax rubra), ocelot

(Leopardus pardalis), red brocket deer (Mazama americana), tayra (Eira barbara), andwhite-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari ). Therefore jaguars may be on the beach in search

of any prey species and not exclusively turtles.

The observable differences in frequency of jaguar tracks near to the Tortuguero and

Jalova ends of the beach could have been due to the survey methods used. The surveys

started from Tortuguero for the duration of the phase. Ideally, the surveys would havestarted from the Tortuguro and Jalova ends of the beach an equal number of times

because tracks found later in the day may be faded, washed away, or difficult to observe

by the time they are reached. It is also possible that there is a difference in the level of

jaguar presence on the two ends of the survey site. This could be due to several factors

such as differences in the natural geography of the two ends of the beach, or difference

in the amount of undisturbed habitat surrounding miles 3½ and 18.

Jaguar tracks were observed every week of the study period, as were green turtle tracks

and carcasses. Although the number of green turtle tracks increased fairly steadily

throughout the study period the number of jaguar tracks did not follow a similar pattern



Beach conditions affected the data during this phase. Many surveys were completed

during hot, dry conditions, which often caused both jaguar and turtle tracks to fade in the

sand. Such conditions could either erase the tracks completely or make them seem too

old to be recorded. Two surveys ended at mile 15 due to heat, limiting the observed

numbers of turtle carcasses, turtle tracks and jaguar tracks observed between miles 15

and 18. During a few surveys there was light to heavy rain, this could also have caused

tracks to disintegrate. Rain may have also made it more difficult to detect by smell any

dead turtles that were in the vegetation.

Previously collected data in TNP has shown that jaguars consume only a small

percentage of the turtle flesh. In most cases of jaguar predation of marine turtles, only

the neck muscle has been consumed (Troëng, 2000). All of the turtle carcasses

observed during the study period showed low rates of flesh consumption by jaguars.

Currently there is no evidence to strongly support any of the hypotheses for why such a

small amount of the turtle flesh is consumed by the however jaguars. One hypothesis

suggests that turtles may be used as a training tool for young jaguars, as they are easy

to approach and kill (Schaller 1972, Carrillo, pers. comm.). It is also hypothesized that

jaguars exert such a small amount of energy killing turtles that not much flesh is required

to replace the total energy expenditure of the kill (M. Castro Alvarez, pers. comm.;Carrillo, pers. comm.).

Though the number of marine turtles being killed in TNP by jaguars is clearly increasing,

more years of consistent data collection are needed in order to draw conclusions about

the reasons behind this trend. It is also important to not that according to the number of

nesting turtles recorded in Tortuguero, it is unlikely that jaguar predation is significantlyaffecting its numbers (Troëng, 2000).

There are several possible hypotheses concerning this trend. The local jaguar

population size may be growing (Troëng, 2000). The enforcement within park boundaries



Nicaragua, may have caused the jaguar population to become more concentrated in the

TNP area, thus causing an increase in observed turtle predation instances (Troëng,

2000).

Another possibility is that changes in jaguar behaviour and habits are contributing to the

increased turtle predation, rather than a change in the jaguar population size or

concentration. The poaching of other jaguar prey may have caused a heavier reliance on

marine turtles as a source of food, considering their plentiful supply during the nesting

season. Further research on jaguar predation of marine turtles is needed before

conclusions can be made (Troëng, 2000).

3 Camera Trapping

3.1 Introduction

The jaguar (Panthera onca) is the third largest felid in the world and the largest in all of

North and South America (Silver et al., 2004). Its range used to span from the

Southwestern United States of America, where is no longer found (Weber & Rabinowitz

1996) to Southern Argentina (Seymour, 1989). However, the current range is less than

50% what it was in 1900 (Sanderson et al., 2002), ranging from northern Mexico to

northern Argentina and are considered threatened across much of this range (Aranda2000, Sanderson et al., 2002).

The jaguar is an elusive animal that has been hunted greatly in the past for its pelt

(Weber & Rabinowitz 1996) but today the major threats to the jaguar are illegal hunting,

prey depletion, and habitat destruction and fragmentation (Silver et al., 2004, Miller &

Rabinowitz 2002) I since jaguars will occasionally kill farm animals, and are hunted byfarm owners when they are considered a problem (Navarro-Serment et al., 2005) and

also depend upon a variety of ecosystems and need a large home-range. Scientists

have started to focus on a range-wide approach to the conservation of the species.

Ho e er in order to aid f t re conser ation initiati es of the species a greater



cameras to estimate the population size of jaguars in TNP. In the future, the information

could potentially be used for a population study by identifying individuals and using

mark/recapture models. Cameras have been used before to study secretive carnivore

species such as tiger (Panthera tigris) populations in India (Karanth & Nichols 1998,

Karanth & Nichols 2000, Karanth et al., 2004), and jaguar populations in the Neotropics

(Silver 2004, Silver et al., 2004, Salom-Pérez et al., 2007). We have adopted similar

methods as used by Silver et al., (2004) and are currently undertaking field trials.

3.2 Aim

The aim of this project is to estimate the minimum number of jaguars using the coastal

habitat inside Tortuguero National Park. This requires the identification of individual

animals. In order to achieve this aim the objectives are 1) to determine the areas where

jaguars are present, 2) to record their hours of activity and other habits, 3) to compare

jaguar activity at different sites along the coastal forest.

3.3 Methodology

3.3.1 Study site

TNP beach is described in detail in section 2.3.1. There is a trail parallel to the beach

running from mile zero to mile 15. Along the trail close to Tortuguero there are many

paths that lead to the beach, slowly becoming more dispersed the further South you

travel. Tourists use the trail between miles zero and six frequently during green turtle

season (June to November). During off-season tourists and local people use the trail

much less.

3.3.2 Location of cameras

Camera sites were selected in the forest along the edge of the TNP beach based upon

data collected by GVI on location and number of jaguar tracks and marine turtle



pass through. When possible, cameras were placed on trails that are not used often by

humans, in order to avoid theft and photos of humans.

3.3.3 Setting the cameras

The cameras used were motion-activated Stealth Cam Model MC2-GWMV. The

cameras were set up off the trail, in a location where a jaguar might be expected to pass.

Trapping stations of two cameras per site were used, one camera was set on the time

function and the other one on the date function. Since the purpose is to use the animal’sflanks for identifications, both sides must be pictured (Silver et al., 2004, Karanth &

Nichols 2000). Cameras were secured to trees two to four meters apart, at a height of

30-60 cm above the ground (Silver et al, 2004).

The Stealth Cams have a time-out function. This means they can be programmed to

pause from one to 60 minutes between motion detection. Determining an appropriateamount of time depends on the level of activity in the given location. This function was

set for one minute, in order to “capture” as many animals as possible within a short

period of time.

The cameras also have a continuous capture feature. The cameras can be programmed

to take between one and nine pictures each time motion is detected. During this stage of

the study, most of the cameras were set to take three photos each time motion was

detected. As problems with the winding of film have been encountered, some cameras

were set to take one photo per activation instead of three.

Once a location was chosen, the camera was secured to a tree trunk using a strap. The

cameras were directed at each other and sticks were used to adjust the angle of the

camera sight to 30 to 60 cm from the ground. After setting the cameras, a tampon or

silica gel packet was placed inside the camera case to absorb moisture, and silicone

sealant used to close all seams and prevent water from entering. A few drops of feline



3.3.4 Checking the cameras

The cameras were checked at least once every two weeks to change the film and/or batteries if necessary and ensure they were still functioning correctly. When several

photos had been taken (minimum of 9 non-test photos), or the cameras were non-

functional, they were removed and replaced. The film was then removed in a dark room

in order to prevent any overexposure when films did not completely rewind. All films

were labelled with the camera location, name and date.

3.3.5 Data entering and analysis

The following was recorded for each camera site: site number, nearest mile marker or

trail marker, GPS coordinates, date first installed.

The following information was recorded when a camera site was checked, installed or removed: site number, date, team initials, camera numbers, number of photos on each

camera, actions taken with each camera, problems encountered, and any other relevant

information (e.g. three photos were taken of team while checking site).

3.4 Results

During phase 073 cameras were set up at eight sites. Three of these sites were

previously used, and five were new. The sites were centered closer to Tortuguero and a

trail at mile 15, as these two areas were more easily accessible for checking the

cameras. Not all camera sites were used for the entirety of the survey period. All of the

13 cameras were used at least once, and two were stolen. Many problems arose with all

of the cameras used in the study. Problems included the film not winding on, the LCDscreens functioning incorrectly, the LCD screens flashing on and off, the camera taking

the incorrect number of pictures, and the motion sensors not activating. Ten rolls of film

were developed, none of which contained animal photos. Four rolls of film (two of which



3.5 Discussion

The photos from phase 073 did not include jaguars nor any other animals. The cameraswere activated several times, but it is not clear why. Some reasons include that the

cameras reacted to changes in light filtering through the canopy or wind movement of

vegetation, that the time between activation and shutter release was too long, allowing

an animal to pass and not be photographed, or that the problems with film winding

prohibited the camera from taking photos at all.

As more data has been collected, much has been learned about site selection and

camera operation. As such, methods continue to be revised and the project further

developed.

4 Marine Turtle Monitoring and Conservation Programme

4.1 Introduction

Marine turtles have been nesting on the beaches of Tortuguero for hundreds of years.

Archie Carr began his studies of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Tortuguero in 1954

and since 1958 the Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC) has continued his work

on this species and others. Although Tortuguero and the Tortuguero National Park (TNP)

are best known for their populations of green turtles they also host populations of

leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata)

and the occasional loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta).

Located about 7km North of Tortuguero, inside the Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge, is

the Estacion Biologica Caño Palma (EBCP) which is owned by the Canadian

Organization for Tropical Education and Rainforest Conservation (COTERC) and is the

base of the project. Since its creation in 1990 COTERC has been interested in

developing a marine turtle monitoring programme on Playa Norte (North Beach), located

on the North side of Laguna Tortuguero.



programme, and a programme was initiated with the assistance of Global Vision

International (GVI).

Management of both TNP and the Barra del Colarado Wildlife Refuge is becoming

increasingly important because of the rise in tourism in the area. The numbers of tourists

visiting the national park has increased from about 49,000 in 2000 to over 103,000 in

2006 (Allan Valverde, written comm. 2007). Between 1988 and 2002, tourist numbers

visiting the park grew at an annual average rate of 16% (Tortuguero Conservation Area

data published by Tröeng, 2004). This increase in visitors to the TNP has had a trickle

down effect on the reserve and Playa Norte, development along Playa Norte has been

steady over the past few years with the creation of two hotels and several homes. It is

likely that the population of the local community of San Francisco will continue to grow

as will the tourism industry in the area.

It is hoped that with a greater understanding of the dynamics of Playa Norte and its

associated marine turtle population, this project will contribute to an informed approach

to the management of Playa Norte, the reserve and the area surrounding the town of

Tortuguero.

This report is a summary of the marine turtle activity from 12 th June to 14th September

2007 on Playa Norte, Tortuguero. A complete report on leatherback activity can be found

in the 2007 Leatherback Turlte Season Report while a complete report on green,

hawksbill, and loggerhead turtle activity can be found in the 2007 Green Turtle Season

Report.

4.2 Aim

The overall aims of this project are to be a leader in the long term conservation of marine

turtles in the area of Playa Norte and to ethically gather valuable scientific data on the

nesting marine turtles.



The project’s specific scientific aims are to 1) gather selected biometric data on nesting

marine turtles, 2) record the spatial and seasonal distribution of nesting females, 3)

monitor the number of nesting emergences, 4) determine the level of illegal poaching on

turtles and their nests, 5) record survival of the nests and hatchling success rates, 6)

monitor for the apparent physical health of nesting females, 7) track re-emergences to

the nesting beach and or migration between beaches, and 8) register tourist and human

development around the nesting site.

4.3 Methodology

The methodology used for the marine turtle monitoring programme follows the COTERC

and GVI protocols. This methodology was used for all of phase 073 (12 th June to 14th

September) and will be used for all of 2007. For further, more specific methodologies

please refer to the 2007 Marine Turtle Monitoring Programme Night and Day Protocols.

4.3.1 Study site

Playa Norte, which contains the study area, is 3 1/8 miles long (approximately 5 km),

and extends from the Tortuguero River mouth (10º36’36,9”N - 83º31’52,1”W) on the

Southern end of the beach to Laguna Cuatro (10º37’56,3”N – 83º32’25,7”W) at the

Northern end. Although this beach is not located within the TNP boundaries, it is situatedwithin the Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge, which, like the TNP, is managed by ACTo

(Area de Conservación Tortuguero) under MINAE – the Costa Rican Ministry of

Environment and Energy.

The study area is marked as mile 0 at the Tortuguero River mouth and mile 3 1/8 just

North of Laguna Cuatro. The length of the beach is divided and marked with mile

markers at every 1/8 of a mile (approximately 200 m). The mile markers run in ascending

order from the South to the North to allow for the documentation of spatial distribution

and density of nests along the beach.



The sand on Playa Norte is black and fine, typical of a high energy-beach. The width of

the nesting beach platform, or berm, varies from two to 38 meters, but the configuration

of its shape and size changes constantly in response to long shore drift and exposure

levels.

The dominant plants on the nesting beach are morning glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae), rea-

purslane (Sesuvium portulacastrum) and rush grass (Sporobolus virginicus). The berm is

bordered by a hedgerow of cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco) and sea grapes (Coccoloba

uvifera) with a mixture of coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) and various tropical

hardwoods behind.

The beach is littered with a variety of debris including logs, coconut husks and a large

amount of plastics, trash and bottles.

4.3.2 Pre-season preparations

Before the season began, each mile-marker was repaired or replaced if necessary.

Many beach cleans were completed with the hope of creating better nesting sites. Each

volunteer and patrol leader was trained thoroughly both in the classroom and in the field

in order to ensure competent data collection and ethical behaviour on the beach.

4.3.3 Daily track census and nest surveys

Morning census was conducted every day from 12 th June to 14th September. It started at

approximately 5:00 to 6:00 am and lasted for up to five hours depending on the volume

of data to collect. The survey involved walking the beach between mile 0 and 3 1/8,

recording and monitoring tracks and nests from the night before. The day team identifiedtracks as full tracks (turtle nested), half moons (non-nesting emergences), or a lifted

turtle (no tracks going back into the sea). The vertical position of the nest on the beach

was identified either as Open (O – area of beach which receives 100% sunlight), Border



4.3.4 Night surveys

Night surveys were conducted every night from 12th

June to 14th

September. Each nighta minimum of one survey team walked the beach between mile 0 and mile 3 1/8 for a

minimum of four hours each. If one team was on the beach they patrolled around 21:30

to 01:30. When two teams patrolled the first team patrolled the beach from

approximately 20:00 to midnight whilst the second team patrolled from 23:00 to 03:00.

When a turtle track was found the Patrol Leader (PL) determined whether or not theturtle was still on the beach. If not, then the PL determined if the track was a half moon,

nest, or lifted turtle. If it was deemed a half moon, the species, GPS coordinate, closest

Northern mile-marker, and time track was seen were all recorded. If deemed a nest, the

species, GPS coordinate, closest Northern mile-marker, time the track was seen, vertical

position, and nest status were recorded. If deemed a lifted turtle at the very least the

species, GPS coordinate, closest Northern mile-marker, time the track was seen and

vertical position (if it had nested), were recorded.

When a turtle was encountered, all efforts were made not to disturb her before

oviposition. All patrol members who were to come in contact with the turtle put on gloves.

Once the egg-laying process had started, the eggs were counted (yolkless and fertile

counted separately) and triangulation of the nest was completed. When the turtle

completed oviposition and began to cover her egg chamber, she was then checked for

tags, Old Tag Notches (OTNs) and Old Tag Holes (OTHs) and tagged if necessary.

Leatherback turtles were tagged in the thin skin between the rear flippers and the tail

using Monel #49 tags (National Band & Tag Co., Newport, USA). Green, loggerhead,

and hawksbill turtles were tagged on the front flippers before the first scale using Inconel#681 tags.

Once tagging was finished the minimum curved carapace length (CCLmin) and

maximum curved carapace width (CCWmax) were taken to the nearest millimetre, three



was taken from where the skin touches the carapace along the back until the posterior

notch (not the longest length of the carapace). For all species CCWmax was always

taken along the widest part of the turtle.

Once tagging and measurements were completed, the turtle was checked for

abnormalities and fibropapilloma tumors. All irregularities were recorded.

The GPS coordinates, closest Northern mile marker, phase the turtle was found in (1-

emerging from the sea, 2-selecting nest site, 3-digging body pit, 4-digging egg chamber,5-oviposition, 6-covering egg chamber, 7-camouflaging, 8-returning to the sea),

encounter time, direction while nesting, and vertical position were also recorded.

4.3.5 Nest fate, nest survivorship and hatching success

Nests were triangulated during oviposition whenever possible and triangulation wasattempted at times even when the egg chamber was not seen in order to gather as much

information about the poaching rate and hatchling success as possible (for leatherbacks

and hawksbills only). Triangulation was done in order to locate and excavate the nests

70 days after the nest was laid for green, loggerhead, and hawksbill turtles or 75 for

leatherback turtles. Triangulation was conducted using three pieces of flagging tape

(tags), that featured the date, direction (N, C, S) and station name. These were attachedto the vegetation behind the nest. The distance from the center of the egg chamber to

each of these tags was measured to the nearest cm whilst the turtle was laying eggs.

The distance to the most recent high tide line was also recorded. Triangulation is an

accurate method for locating the egg chamber when the nest is due to be excavated.

Three tags are used to compensate for the loss of any points of reference: if one tag is

lost it is still possible to locate the nest using the other two tags.

Triangulation was also used during beach cleans to clear a pathway for the hatchlings.

In addition to triangulated nests, all nests found because hatchlings or hatchling tracks



For all nests accurately marked and measured, the nest’s fate was determined. Nests

which were not marked or unable to be excavated were excluded from the analysis. The

following nest fate categories were applied: natural, poached, predated, eroded andunknown. Empty egg chambers were classified as poached nests. If there was any

doubt about the fate of a nest it was categorized as unknown.

During all excavations the distance from the top of the sand to the top of the eggs as

well as the top of the sand to the bottom of the egg chamber was measured.

4.3.6 Disguising nests

For all leatherback, hawksbill, and loggerhead nests considerable effort was put into

disguising the nests from poachers. Several strategies were used, such as erasing the

tracks with a long piece of wood, throwing dry sand all over the area, sweeping the sand

with a coconut leaf, placing logs and other debris on top of the nest and remove themlater, etc. At times the efforts were abandoned due to people approaching or dogs

barking.

4.3.7 Collection of human impact data

During each night survey, the number of red and white mobile lights, fires, locals andtourists on the beach were recorded. It was noted when there were tour groups of more

than ten on the beach. Each month during the new moon the number of stationary white

and red lights was recorded.

4.4 Results

4.4.1 General

Daily track censuses and night patrols were completed throughout the entire period of

12th June to 14th September 2007. A total of 667 hours and 57 minutes were spent on

night surveys during phase 073



Table 4-1 Number of nests and half moons by species from 12th

June to 14th

September, Playa Norte,

Costa Rica.

The seasonal distribution (from 12th June to 14th September) of green turtles nesting on

the Playa Norte is shown in figure 4-1. The peak week was the week of 2 nd September

with 110 nest and 196 half-moons.

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 J u n e

7 J u n e

4 J u n e

0 1 J u l y

0 8 J u l y

1 5 J u l y

2 2 J u l y

2 9 J u l y

0 5 A u g

1 2 A u g

1 9 A u g

2 6 A u g

0 2 S e p t

0 9 S e p t

N u m b e r o f n e s t s a n d h a l f - m o o n s

Nests

Half-moons

SpeciesNumber of

NestsNumber of Half-

moonsGreen

559 807Hawksbill9 12

Leatherback3 3

Loggerhead0 2

Total571 824



The spatial distribution of green turtles is shown below in figure 4-2. The high nesting

areas are miles 3/8, 6/8, 1, and 2 5/8. The highest green turtle activity in general

occurred between 3/8 and 1.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 1 / 8

2 / 8

3 / 8

4 / 8

5 / 8

6 / 8

7 / 8 1

1 1 / 8

1 2 / 8

1 3 / 8

1 4 / 8

1 5 / 8

1 6 / 8

1 7 / 8 2

2 1 / 8

2 2 / 8

2 3 / 8

2 4 / 8

2 5 / 8

2 6 / 8

2 7 / 8 3

3 1 / 8

Closest northern mile-marker

N u m b e r o f n e s t s a n d h a l f - m o o n

s

Nests

Half-moons

Figure 4-2 Spatial activity of green turtles from mile 0 to mile 3 1/8 from 12th June to 14th September,Playa Norte, Costa Rica.

4.4.3 Nest status based on morning census

Of the 559 green nests 397 were natural, 109 were found to be poached, 50 were

unknown, and three eroded as illustrated below in figure 4-3.



71%

19%

9%1%

Natural

Poached

Unknown

Eroded

Figure 4-3 Nest status of green turtle nests from mile 0 to mile 3 1/8 from 12th June to 14th

September, Playa Norte, Costa Rica.

Of the nine hawksbill nests seven were natural and two were poached. All three of the

leatherback nests were natural.

4.5 Discussion

This year marks the second season with night patrols on Playa Norte. Much knowledge

has been gained between last season and this season and what has been learned has

contributed to improvements in methodology, data collection and training. The protocol

for this season was reviewed and updated and much effort is being put into collaborating

with other turtle projects in order to discover what monitoring methods are best for Playa

Norte. The data are now being stored in a database, rather than spreadsheet, which

decreases human error and has made data analysis much easier. Finally, training this



(leatherbacks and hawksbills). It was decided that the programme would have teams on

the beach for as long as possible at night in order to deter poachers. From the beginning

of the season there were two teams on most nights. Also, for each leatherback andhawksbill nest seen, a considerable effort was put into disguising the nests, much more

than any disguising that occurred last season. At times, one to two hours was spent

disguising a nest.

Because the poaching rate was so high, the programme applied for a relocation license

that would enable the relocation of leatherback or hawksbill nests. The relocation licensewas awarded to the programme but not until towards the end of the leatherback season.

It is hoped that for next year, the project will have a license from the beginning of this

season as we are starting to better understand the beach and poaching activities.

Last season, triangulation was only completed for a couple of leatherback nests. From

the beginning of this season, all nests where the egg chamber was seen and many

others have been triangulated. This will give a better insight into the true nest status and

the hatchling success on Playa Norte.

The programme has also initiated ´hatchling watches´ this season. On each morning

census the team monitors nests that are expected to hatch in order to excavate and find

the true nest status of as many nests as possible. Thus far, one hatched nest has been

located specifically because of this reason.

In order to obtain better results from nesting female turtles, the aim of the project is to

continue collecting data throughout the entire leatherback, hawksbill, loggerhead and

green turtle nesting seasons. The final results will provide a better understanding of

nesting behaviour, nest success, and the level of poaching on Playa Norte.

5 EBCP Resident Bird Project

5.1 Introduction



the species which live and breed in the area of Caribbean Lowland Rainforest around

EBCP, 7km North of Tortuguero National Park.

The nature of Costa Rica’s bird life has meant that it has been a popular location to

study behaviour and diversity for many years. Much of this focus has been directed

towards migratory birds and the information on resident species is still in need of

considerable research.

The GVI protocol is modified from the original protocol created by Steven Furino of Waterloo University Canada. The modifications have been made to the protocol so that

data collectors with minimal field experience are able to collect high quality data suitable

for the study. This has involved reducing the number of species and study areas as well

as limiting the amount of technical data collected on species. In all other aspects the

research follows the original protocol.

5.2 Aim

This research programme is intended to accumulate data that will help researchers

answer the following questions:

•

How frequently do pelagic species visit the Caribbean Coast? Is there any pattern totheir visits?

• When, exactly, do resident birds breed in coastal areas and swamp forests?

• What can be learnt about the breeding and nesting behaviour of resident birds?

• Are breeding activities and climate correlated?

5.3 Methodology

This project has adopted standard survey techniques so that suitable comparisons can

be made with data sets gathered by other researchers.



• Start time (using a 24 hour clock)

• End time (using a 24 hour clock)

5.3.1 Area searches

An area search records all study species seen or heard while searching a predetermined

area. See appendix A for exact locations of each area.

Within each area, sectors have been selected to aid with data collection and analysis.

These sectors have been selected to include a broad variation of habitats within the

study areas.

For each area search only positively identified species were recorded. For each positive

record made the following data were collected:

• Station code at which species was observed

• Number seen or heard (S: seen only, H: heard only, SH: seen and heard)

• Any notes on breeding plumage or behaviour

5.4 Results

5.4.1 Survey data

During phase 073 a total of 17 RBP surveys were undertaken. Of these six were

undertaken on Caño Palma (four AM surveys and two PM surveys), six on Caño

Chiquero (six AM surveys), and five on Caño Harold (five AM surveys). A total of 17

species were recorded on the three study sites. See figure 5-1 for a summary of the

number of species seen and surveys conducted for each study area.



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Cano Palma Cano Chiquero Cano Harold

Trail name

No Surveys

No Spp.

No Individuals

Figure 5-1 Total number of species and surveys on aquatic trails, Caño Chiquero, Caño Harold and

Caño Palma, Costa Rica.

The numbers of key species recorded during surveys on Caño Chiquero, Caño Harold,

and Caño Palma are illustrated in figures 5-2, 5-3, and 5-4 respectively.



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

B

a r e - t h r o a t e d

T i g e r - H e r o n

G r e e n K i n g f i s h e r

A n h i n g a

G r e e n I b i s

G r e e n - a n d -

r u f o u

s K i n g f i s h e r

L i t t l e B l u e H e r o n

N o r t h e r n J a c a n a

G r a y - n e c k e d

W o o d - R a i l

G r e e n H e r o n

R i n g e d

K i n g f i s h e r

S u n g r e b e

A m a z o n

K i n g f i s h e r

A m e

r i c a n P y g m y

K

i n g f i s h e r

Species name

N u m b e r r e c o r d e d

Figure 5-2 Number of key species recorded during surveys of Caño Chiquero aquatic trail,

Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica.

The five most frequently observed species on the Caño Chiquero aquatic trail survey

were: bare-throated tiger-heron (Tigrisoma mexicanum), green kingfisher (Chloroceryle

americana), anhinga ( Anhinga anhinga), with green ibis (Mesembrinibis cayennensis),

green-and-rufous kingfisher (Chloroceryle inda), little blue heron (Egretta caerulea) and

Northern jacana (Jacana spinosa) equal fourth and grey-necked woodrail ( Aramides

cajenea), green heron (Butorides virescens), ringed kingfisher (Ceryle torquata) andsungrebe (Heliornis fulica) equal fifth.

The green ibis was the only rare or uncommon species observed during the survey on

C ñ Chi



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

B a r e - t h r o

a t e d T i g e r - H e r o n

G r e e n K i n g f i s h e r

A n h i n g a

G r e e n H e r o n

A m a z o n K i n g f i s h e r

L i t t l e B l u e H e r o n

R i n g e d K i n g f i s h e r

B e l t e d K i n g f i s h e r

B o a t - b i l l e d H e r o n

G r e e n - a n d -

r u f o u s K i n g f i s h e r

N o r t h e r n J a c a n a

A m e r i c a n P y g m y K i n g f i s h e r

G r a y - n e c k e d W o o d - R a i l

G r e e n I b i s

Species name


Figure 5-3 Number of key species recorded during surveys of Caño Harold aquatic trail, Tortuguero

National Park, Costa Rica.

The five most frequently observed species on the Caño Harold aquatic trail survey were:

bare-throated tiger-heron (Tigrisoma mexicanum), green kingfisher, anhinga, green

heron, and Amazon kingfisher (Chloroceryle amazona).

The green ibis was again the only rare or uncommon species observed during thesurvey on Caño Harold.



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

G r e e

n K i n g f i s h e r

A n h i n g a

G r e e n H e r o n

A m a z o n

K i n g f i s h e r

B e l t e

d K i n g f i s h e r

G r e e n I b i s

G

r a y - n e c k e d

W o o d - R a i l

A m e

r i c a n P y g m y

K

i n g f i s h e r

B

a r e - t h r o a t e d

T i g e r - H e r o n

R i n g e

d K i n g f i s h e r

G r e e n - a n d -

r u f o u

s K i n g f i s h e r

R u f e

s c e n t T i g e r -

H e r o n

Y e l l o

w - c r o w n e d

N i g h t - H e r o n

Species name


Figure 5-4 Number of key species recorded during surveys on Caño Palma, Costa Rica.

The five most frequently observed species on the Caño Palma aquatic trail survey were:green kingfisher, anhinga, green heron,amazon kingfisher and belted kingfisher

(Chloroceryle alcyon).

The rare and uncommon species observed during the survey on Caño Palma were the

green ibis, and rufescent tiger-heron (Tigrisoma lineatum).

5.5 Discussion

The EBCP Resident Bird Project monitoring survey began in July of 2005 and is an

ongoing project. Further collection of data is important in order to establish reliable



continued improvement to the methodology is required in order to gain the most useful

and accurate data.

6 Tourist Impact Survey on Caño Palma

6.1 Introduction

Caño Palma canal is located within the Barra Colorado Wildlife Refuge, immediately

North of the River Penitencia, 7 km Northwest of Tortuguero village and the Tortuguero

National Park (TNP). Although not part of the national park, at the time of the report thiscaño (canal) was included in the Management Plan for Visitors for Tortuguero National

Park, as it provided a suitable alternative to the national park for wildlife viewing and thus

helped reduce the demand on other caños that were within the park’s boundaries

(Bermúdez & Hernández, 2004). Proposed restrictions on the number of boats inside

TNP started on April 24th, 2006. This is likely to have caused an increase in the number

of tourist boats using Caño Palma. Thus, data collection before and after the restriction

was important. Further data collection will continue in order to monitor any change in

tourist activity.

6.2 Aims

The Tourist Impact Survey on Caño Palma aims to estimate the intensity of tourist

activity within the greater Tortuguero area, by recording the amount of boat traffic

passing by the Estacion Biologica Caño Palma (EBCP).

6.3 Methodology

Each Boat Dock Survey commenced at 06:00 and continued for 12 consecutive hours.The following data were collected for all aquatic vehicles that passed and/or turned into

the boat dock of the biological station:



• Time spent on canal/return time

• Engine type

Any additional information potentially significant at a later date was also recorded..

6.4 Results

Nine Boat Dock Surveys were undertaken during phase 073. Boats carrying tourists

accounted for 54% (n=168) of traffic whereas non-tourist boats accounted for the

remainder (n=141). The total number of boats was 291 and the average number of boats

per day was 32. The average number of passengers in each boat was eight.

6.5 Discussion

The boat dock survey began in 2006 to collect baseline data. As data collection

continues, trends will be revealed with regards to high and low traffic times and the types

of canal users. Collection method discrepancies have been revised from phase 072

which means that other biological stations’ activities will be recorded, as they impact on

the canal environment similarly to tourist or local boats.

With increased restrictions in the National Park it was presumed that tourist traffic would

increase on Caño Palma and therefore have an impact on local species. As the

presence of rare and sensitive species had been recorded near the Caño Palma

Biological Station, it was important to note that tourist presence could have a significant

impact on local flora and fauna and therefore require further attention and management.

The current data can give no direct indication of affect on wildlife but it can demonstrate

the change in tourist presence and general activity in Caño Palma. With standardizedcollection methods now in place the data from 073 can be compared with phase 072 and

future phases to estimate tourist impact on the canal’s flora and fauna.

7 R f t ti



The project was based around collecting seeds and saplings of key native species in the

area and replanting them on the biological station property as well as in the San

Francisco community.

One species that was selected as a key species was the almendro de montaña (Dipteryx

panamensis). This tree was identified as a tree depended upon by great green macaws

( Ara ambigua) for nesting and feeding and is also a habitat for other endangered

species. It is the primary hard wood used for truck beds, wood flooring and other such

applications (Chassot & Arias, 2002). For this reason it has been heavily logged in theTortuguero area. Another important species is the Ojoche (Brosimun allicastrom) which

is desirable as it is a versatile hardwood.

Over the phase 073 it has become apparent that the Reforestation Project needs to find

its feet and evolve into a project that can be easily adapted to potential partners’ needs

and requirements. Essenially, the project’s objective now is to develop and maintain aproduction system that outputs key plant species in an efficient manner so that a future

partner can dictate desired growing numbers for a reforestation programme. This means

that the project aims to experiment with various growing conditions and propagation

types so as to maintain a continual cycle of plant production.

7.2 Aim

This project aims to collect seeds and saplings from key species of plants in the area,

harvest them, and then replant the species on the EBCP property and in the San

Francisco community, in order to increase the number of native fruiting and hardwood

trees used by local species of wildlife. It is the goal of GVI to develop a working

relationship with a partner so that we can develop a respected reforestation programme

that not only benefits the local community but the wildlife.

7.3 Methodology



is also possible to put seeds in water for 24 hours in order to encourage germination.

Plants with fleshy outsides could not be stored in plastic bags due to rotting, so they

were instead stored in a pot, or container where there was more airflow.

7.3.2 Sapling collection

Saplings were collected and put into large black plant bags. Soil was comprised of a mix

of 50% organic coffee ground mix and 50% local ground-soil. When possible, all

equipment was taken to the collection site in order to bag saplings directly and thusreduce trauma to the plants. If equipment could not be brought along saplings were

planted immediately upon arrival at the station.

When saplings were extracted, care was taken not to tear the roots. A spade or trowel

was used to dig around the sapling and carefully remove it from the earth. Any excess

dirt was shaken off and the sapling was planted into the bag using the organic mix. Dirtwas also taken from local areas to replenish the supply. The area was always cleaned

afterwards because many of the trees are found on private property.

7.3.3 Bagging seeds and saplings

Every new species bagged was given a number which was recorded in the Reforestation

Log Book along with the date and the number of the species bagged that day. If the

species had previously been recorded the originally assigned number was continued.

The species number and date were also written on a piece of duct tape and stuck to the

outside of the bag. Seeds were put roughly one inch below the surface of the soil when

bagged and any sapling roots were completely covered. Bagged plants were stored in

crates, organized together with others of the same species, and kept on the plant tablelocated in the nursery on the Northern side of the dormitories at EBCP. Collected

saplings have also been planted into crates/trays and placed on the tables located in the

nursery.



out of the bag and placed into the hole, which was then filled. Plants were placed in an

area where they were most likely to survive and would not be trampled. When the

planting was finished the plant was watered. Most of the replanting took place on theCaño Palma property. Seven Ojoche saplings were planted along the Raphia trail during

this phase. Ten Ojoche saplings were also used for an environmental education lesson

in San Francisco and were later planted in the community..

7.3.5 Nursery maintenance

It has been a major goal of this phase to bring the nursery up to a working standard. This

has essentially included sorting and organizing plant species into ordered trays as well

as continually weeding bags and trays so as to give the plants the best chance of

survival.

After the mid-phase flood, the plants in the nursery suffered tremendously from theamount of water that had rising above the nursery tables. Around 30% of the plants

drowned and had to be removed from the bags. The bags have been cleaned and are

ready to be used again once the trayed saplings are mature enough.

The watering system was removed after the flood because it was housing mosquito

larvae and this proved to be too great a risk to the health and safety of staff andExpedition Members. A new system therefore needs to be devised so that this threat

does not reamerge.

7.4 Results

In this phase, seeds and saplings of the jooche (Brosimum lactescens) were collected

from Don Rafa’s property in the San Francisco. The saplings of the ojoche were

collected and transferred into plastic bags, planted into trays and stored in the nursery.

150 saplings were removed from his property and to date 93 have survived, reflecting a



The 15 ojoche saplings that germinated from the previous phase were removed from

their cardboard trays and planted into pots. They have established sound root systems

are growing well.

The project this phase also experimented with different types of materials that could be

used as pots. Guidelines that were set restricted the use of materials to being only things

from base and being recycled or environmentally friendly. The materials that were

experimented with were recycled plastic bottles that were cut in half and had holes

punched in the bottom of them. The other material used was bamboo canes that werecut into sections at lengths of 40 cm. To date, the bamboo cane seems to be the more

desired material because it can be cut to size, it is bio-degradable, it is readily available

and most importantly it allows the saplings to develop a deep root system.

Much of the time during phase 073 was dedicated to the organization and preparation of

the reforestation project and nursery on base, which is found on the Northern edge of the dormitory building. The new tables have been organized in a manner that allows all

saplings and seed trays to be managed in an easily assessable manner at waist height.

A comprehensive guide book to the plants on base was developed over the time of

phase 073. Essentilly this book has been developed as a resource for staff and

Expedition Members as an educational tool. It has also been made available to theCOTERC organization to be used when guided tours come to the base. All the plants

with known medicinal properties which are planted on base have been described and

comments made about them. To date the base guide book has 13 different species

listed and has been designed so new entries can be added as the base gardens grow

and expand with new species.

7.5 Discussion

The project began this year and research is ongoing for species that are of local



outlined in the Plant Protocol document and should be followed so as to develop a

database on the most appropriate growing conditions for the plants.

It is essential that the survival rate of saplings is increased considerably over the coming

phases. It is highly recommended that the bamboo cane pots are experimented with due

to them being readily available on base and providing ample room for root developent.

Some of the future goals of the reforestation project are:

- Survey community to find useful, desired plants for the area

- Take cuttings from different trees in the area

- Use cardboard boxes instead of plastic bags or some other more environmentally

sound practice

- Visit INBio and look at COTERC’s computer for plant information

- Create a plant field guide for the species found at the station- Create a plant database based on tours given by Mario Quesada

- Plant at local lodges

8 EBCP Incidentals

8.1 Introduction

The Estación Biológica Caño Palma (EBCP) Incidental project was initiated during phase

071 at the request of the EBCP management in order to help gain a greater knowledge

of the species seen on the property. Based on analysis of previous data and feedback

from past phases, this phase has seen the introduction of new methods of data

collection with the aim of increasing the number and accuracy of recordings.

8.2 Aims

The ongoing project aim is to gain an understanding of the species using the station



8.3 Methodology

At the start of this phase a visual “Incidentals Board” was devised. It was created based

on past data and feedback as follows: seven laminated cards displaying a labelled

picture of the most commonly recorded (103) bird species, three cards displaying labeled

pictures of the (38) most commonly recorded non-bird species. Plus a map of the station

divided into nine sections for ease of recording. When an incidental observation was

made, it was recorded directly onto the cards by initialling the relevant picture. Blank

spaces were made available for any species identified which were not displayed on thecards. At the start of each day, all species of wildlife recorded from the previous day (and

night) were transferred into the log book and database and the cards wiped clean.

Species names alone were recorded for birds observed at the EBCP. Where possible,

the following data was collected for all other fauna:

• Numbers of individuals• Sex

• Location on base

• Stage of development

• Any other relevant notes

8.4 Results

The top ten highest number of recordings this phase were all held by bird species, with

the top bird species being recorded almost twice as often as the highest recorded non-

bird species (See Appendix D). In the following section the number recorded last phase

are shown in brackets.

The top five most commonly recorded bird species were the great kiskadee (Pitangus

sulphuratus), recorded 48 days (35), the white-collared manakin (Manacus candei)

recorded 46 days (46), the collared aracari (Pteroglossus torquatus ) recorded 46 days



The most commonly recorded mammal species were the Brazilian long-nosed bat

(Rhynchonycteris naso) and the mantled howler monkey ( Alouatta palliata), both

recorded 25 days (6 and 36).

The top five most commonly recorded reptile species were the festive jungle-runner

( Ameiva festiva) recorded 20 days (24), the green iguana (Iguana iguana) recorded 19

days (8), the black river turtle (Rhinoclemmys funerea) recorded 16 days (1), the

spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) recorded 15 days (5) and the green basilisk

(Basiliscus plumifrons) recorded 8 days (3)

The amphibian species recorded this phase were the strawberry poison-dart frog

(Dendrobates pumilio), the marine toad (Bufo marinus) and the smoky jungle frog

(Leptodactylus pentadactylus) recorded 19 (12), 16 (12) and 7 (1) days respectively.

The top five most commonly recorded insect and arachnid species recorded this phasewere the butterfly Heliconius erato was recorded 7 days (0), Morpho peleides limpida

recorded 5 days (0), army ants (Eciton burchelli ) recorded 4 days (2), in joint fourth were

Dryas julia (0), Katydid sp. (0), Sphingidae family (0), and the Brazilian wandering spider

Phoneutria spp) (0), each recorded 3 days and joint fifth position was held by the golden

orb-web spider (Nephila spp) (0) and wandering spiders (0), recorded 2 days.

8.5 Discussion

As with last phase, the same difficulties were faced in regards to the recording and the

consistency of incidental data. The quality of record keeping varied because the

observations were highly dependent on the daily schedule, the number of people on

base and their interest. More sightings may have taken place than were reflected in thedata. Due to the diversity of species in the area and their habitat within the vegetation it

was also possible that species were seen that could not be identified. This phase has

also devoted a significantly higher proportion of time to the turtle project than the



The range of species recorded over the last two phases was very similar. For the

duration of phase 072, 118 different species were recorded as compared to this phase

(073) when 114 different species were recorded. Phase 073 saw a 12% increase in thetotal number of recordings over the course of the phase when compared to phase 072

(947 and 1,061 records respectively).

In addition to the increase in record numbers, the implementation of the new system

appears to have resulted in the numbers of recorded species being more proportionally

representative of the species seen around base as opposed to the notable species thattend to draw attention, as has been a problem in the past.

This phase has also witnessed an increase in the quality of the data, both in terms of

species identification and in regards to data recording. Set duties were organised to

ensure the information collected throughout a day was transferred into the species

journal every morning and the Incidentals board prepared for the day. Incidentalobservations for this phase were only valid if the sighting was recorded to a minimum of

species level, as opposed to previous phases, when observations such as ‘bat’ or

‘spider’ were recorded.

In relation to phase 072, this phase saw an increase in the number of recordings for all

of the most commonly seen species at EBCP, with the exception of the mantled howler monkey and festive jungle-runner, which were recorded in higher number last phase and

the white-collared manakin, which was recorded in the same number.

The new system of the Incidentals board has been successful this phase as an

identification aid and as a reminder to people of what they have seen around base and

that they should record it.

There are still some shortfalls within the project in that resident species, whilst being

recorded more often, are still not being recorded every day. In addition, concerning the



species. Another aim for phase 074 is to improve the system of transferring the

information from the species journal on a regular basis and more controlled manor.

We will continue to collect incidental data as a baseline for species in the area. With a

more comprehensive database it will be possible to track long-term trends and changes

in species population within the area.

9 Mammals

9.1 Introduction

Tourism is growing in Tortuguero, with tens of thousands of tourists visiting the area

each year, as compared to only a few visitors from the middle of the 1980’s (Troëng

2004). The local population has greatly increased and once uninhabited areas have

become colonized. A new village named San Francisco was established near the mouth

of Caño Palma and is located at the base of Cerro Tortuguero. (Bermúdez & Hernández2004).

When the Estacion Biologica Caño Palma (EBCP) was first established in 1991, the area

supported only a small number of subsistence farms. Currently there are two lodges

along Caño Palma and additional tourist developments are under planning. CPBS is

located within the southern section of the Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge and due toits proximity to Tortuguero, it is often the only part of the reserve that tourists visit.

Recent surveys conducted by GVI show the average daily traffic on the canal consists of

approximately 34 boats per day.

The impact of human activities such as tourism and hunting on neotropical wildlife has

been studied in Costa Rica (Carrillo et al., 2000) and elsewhere in the region (e.g.Cuarón 2000, Naughton-Treves et al., 2003, Novaro et al., 2000, Redford 1992, Wright

et al., 2000). These studies have examined the relationship between these human

activities and patterns of animal abundance, distribution, and habitat use have been



The results of these studies have determined that there is a negative effect on wildlife

due to these human associated activities and also due to other variables such as

protection status. Scientific evidence also shows that many mammal species aresensitive to certain pressures such as change in land cover, habitat reduction, and

poaching (e.g. Fonseca & Robinson 1990, Laurence 1990, Soulé et al., 1992, Bodmer et

al., 1997, Chiarello 1999, 2000, Laidlaw 2000).

There is believed to be an abundant and important wildlife population in the Barra del

Colorado Wildlife Refuge, however little research has been undertaken in the area toquantify this. Extensive, long term monitoring is essential for the conservation of wildlife

and the detection in changes and trends of wild populations is an important tool to

assess if the conservation goals of protected areas are being achieved (Carrillo et al.,

2000).

Some of the species known to be present in the study area fill important ecological rolesand are thought to include many endangered species (as legislated by Costa Rican law).

These endangered species include jaguars (Panthera onca) and other Neotropical

wildcats, tapirs (Tapirus bairdii ), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari ), and Central

American spider monkeys ( Ateles geoffroyi ).

Extensive, long term monitoring is essential for the conservation of wildlife because itenables one to determine changes and trends in animal populations. It is also an

important tool to access if the conservation goals of protected areas are being achieved

(Carrillo et al., 2000).

Once the full study is established data will be analysed by Kymberley Snarr in

conjunction with a similar project currently being run in Honduras, in association withCOTERC.

9.2 Aims

9 2 2 1 2 S ifi bj ti



9.2.2 1.2 Specific objectives

The project’s specific objectives are to 1) estimate community composition and species

richness, 2) determine relative abundance of species and track trends, 3) evaluate

habitat associations of resident species, and 4) estimate density of more common

species.

9.3 Methodology

A preliminary study was carried out on one of the potential transects for the study

(described in section 9.5), within the property of out nearest neighbour. The trail was

measured with a 50 m measuring tape and marked with flagging tape at every 50 m

point. The tape was tied securely to natural landmarks, such as trees. The number of

metres from the start of the transect was written on each tape. The GPS position was

taken at each marked point. The markers were recorded as way points in a GPS.

This preliminary study site was walked for ten weeks in order to verify the validity of data

collection.

General survey data recorded on all surveys were as follows:

• Date (DD/MM/YYYY)• Start and end time of transect (24 clock)• Name of transect• Weather conditions• Personnel initials

The presence of mammals was recorded under the following categories:

• Visual• Tracks• Vocalizations (here described as auditory records)• Scat

Pl t d f f di l

M th d f d t ti i i l t k dit t



• Method of detection i.e. visual, track, auditory, etc• Species common name• Photographs

• Other relevant information e.g. number of individuals, activity, diet, elevation,stage of development, sex, mixed species associations, vegetation

9.4 Results

There were eight surveys completed this phase, seven within the first 200 m of the new

transect (Transect 1) and one on the Raphia Trail at EBCP.

Number of records 45

Number of tracks identified 35

Number of unidentified tracks recorded 4

Number of visual records identified 2

Number of joint visual and auditory identifications 1

Number of auditory identifications 1

Number of unidentified auditory records 2

Number of sites of Interest recorded 10

Number of photographic records 37

Number of video records 1

Table 9-1 Summary of work undertakne during phase 073.

Species common name

Total number

of occasions

recorded

Total number of

individuals

recorded

Agouti 1 1Baird’s tapir 8 8

Central American spider monkey 2 6 -10

Collared peccary 6 11 - 13

Paca 4 4



Paca 4 4

Red brocket deer 1 1

White-lipped peccary 12 40+Unknown paw 3 3

Unknown hoof 1 1

Unknown auditory 2 2

Table 9-2 Speciec specific data for phase 073

9.5 Discussion

During this phase it has proved difficult and time-consuming to establish the transect

to a standard suitable for surveying with EMs. Due to this the focus of the preliminary

study was shifted towards refining the surveying techniques, EM training and

identifying potential problems that could befall the full survey. This was conductedmostly within the first 200 m of the transect to be established, in an area that was set

up as stated in the protocol and marked with flagging tape at 50 m points.

Over the course of the phase we have recorded a variety of mammal species,

including endangered species on a regular basis within the proposed transect. We

have also recorded 10 ‘Sites of Interest’, which include dens and animal pathwayswhich bisect the study transect. On these pathways the numbers of distinct

individuals in one sighting have been as high as 20 from one species alone.

Potential problems that have been overcome during this preliminary study have

been:

• Collecting data using volunteers• Track identification• Photographic quality within the rainforest• Health and Safety considerations

differed in some ways It was discovered early on that the majority of the data to be



differed in some ways. It was discovered early on that the majority of the data to be

recorded in this project would be in the form of mammal tracks, rather than mammal

sightings. We were faced with the challenge of keeping EMs involved with the process of data collection and interested in the survey based on this reality. This was achieved by

designing specific job roles for the EMs and giving them responsibility for the survey

(See Appendix B). Assigning job roles has been a successful implementation in keeping

EMs focused and has helped to increase the quality of the data recorded on the survey.

Based on feedback from the EMs, a new database was created during the last phasewhich is far more user friendly. This has decreased the time spent on data entry and with

its implementation there has been a marked decline in the number of human errors

during data entry. The data book has been set up in correlation with the database which

has also helped to decrease human error during data entry and to speed up data

recording in the field.

One of the other main difficulties faced in the field was in getting good quality

photographic records of the tracks, for a variety of reasons from light penetration through

the forest canopy to the quality of camera available. A variety of experimentations were

performed during phase 073 which have led to a photography protocol being

implemented along with focused training procedures. Due to these changes, the

photographic records have increased in quality to a standard high enough to verify the

data collected in the field. (See Appendix C).

One of the most important outcomes of the preliminary study has been the feedback

from the EMs. This has led to changes in protocol, surveying practices and future

training procedures which will ultimately help to make this a viable project that will be

capable of collecting verifiable data which can be utilised in meeting the objectives, short

and long-term, of this project.

Alongside the preliminary study running this phase we have also been establishing a

length Whilst this has been logistically challenging to set-up we have now mapped the



length. Whilst this has been logistically challenging to set up we have now mapped the

transect with over two hundred GPS coordinates. These coordinates can now be used

during the survey as waypoints for data recording as well as a guide. They have alsobeen entered into the Garmin MapSource programme to give a visual representation of

the survey area.

During the trail clearing and mapping the focus was to remain on the pre-existing

transect as much as possible so as to minimise the impact the study would have on the

area and to ensure that the condition transect was suitable for surveying, both in termsof health and safety for the EMs and that it was in an area that would be suited to the

study species so as to be able to achieve the studies aims.

The primary aim of the project is now to set-up the transect fully, in line with protocol, by

marking out the trail. Once complete it will be necessary to complete a trial run of the

survey site with EMs to access the time and resources that will be need to be devoted tothe study and the logistical side of surveying.

Based on the quantity of data collected, and latterly the high quality, in such a limited

study area during phase 073 together with the modifications made and the training

materials now in place for the start of the next phase the aim is to start the full project

very soon into phase 074, if not immediately. By giving the EMs specific training andtesting based on the information gained this phase we aim to increase the quality of data

and the variety of recording. We will also aim to continue to improve the protocols and

training as necessary.

10 Teaching Community Report

10.1 Introduction

People of different nations increasingly utilize English as a common language in order to

communicate with one another. Costa Rica, and in particular Tortuguero, hosts a

10.2 Aims



0 s

The overall aim of the teaching programme in San Francisco and surrounding area is to

provide a service of environmental education and English teaching in order to provide

the residents with the skills they need to protect their environment and improve their

employment opportunities.

The specific aims of the programme are 1) to provide local community training/capacity

building, 2) to help generate local community commitment to environment conservation

and sustainable development, 3) to provide language and cultural exchange 4) to

attempt to provide authentic opportunities for local students to practice listening and

speaking English with native speakers.

10.3 Methodology

The lessons were planned according to what the children and adults of the community

had already learnt, to avoid covering the same material but also to strengthen and

reinforce some of the past lessons. Advance preparation of lessons was important The

classes were planned and taught by three to five Expedition Members and one staff

member. Classes focused more on speaking, listening, and pronunciation skills rather

than on written work. As for the adult English classes, the advanced students are

separated from the beginners to work on more conversational English rather than basics

which they already are familiar with.

GVI conducted both English and environmental lessons in the San Francisco Community

Primary School for children and adults. Each Thursday starting at 2:30pm were the

childrens’ environmental classes, then later that day at 6:30pm the adult English classeswere conducted. English lessons for children were given each Friday at 2:30pm. Each

class comprised a lesson followed by a fun activity to reinforce the new material.

• Wild Cats of Costa Rica: ID of cats, basic conservation of jaguar and a talk of



, j g jaguar project at the EBCP The activity consisted of matching photos of cats totheir paw prints.

•

Turtles: a talk was given by Gerardo Abadía, a crocodile expert . The activityconsisted of the children playing a computerized game on the dangers that turtlesencounter in their life.

• Insects: knowledge of basic insect recognition and introduction to social insectswith a story of the leaf cutter ants. The activity consisted of looking for insectsand drawing them.

• Mammals: a talk on the different wild mammals native to Costa Rica, followed bya quiz.

10.4.2 Children’s English Class

• Review of the previous phase: basic review of colors and numbers. The activityconsisted of color by numbers and a number game.

• Under, Above, Below: learning classroom objects and prepositions, for example‘the book is on top of the desk’. The activity consisted of drawing a classroomand labeling all the objects in it.

•

Food: learning different foods and how to ask for them in a shop. The activityconsisted of role play, buying food from a shop.• Rooms of the House: the kids labeled rooms of the house and objects within

these rooms such as the kitchen/pan, bedroom/bed, bathroom/shower,lounge/chair. The activity consisted of the kids drawing and coloring in their ownhouses.

10.4.3 Adults’ English Classes

• Introductions: basic introductions such as ‘hello’, ‘my name is’ etc. Formativeassessment/ review of prior learning. This lesson was given at level 1.

• Shopping: buying foods and drinks in a supermarket with role play. This lessonwas given at level 2

• Ordering breakfast: expanding on the previous class and including orderingbreakfast. The concept of ‘and/or’. This class was given to some students as alevel 1, then again to more advanced students at level 2.

•

Ordering food 2: advancement of last week’s lesson to include new foods andexplaining what is in different foods. This was given at level 2. Then in the sameclass the more advanced students spoke in conversation about family and friends.

• I don’t feel well: Using ‘I feel’ and ‘I have’. Conjugation. Context: health. This wasgiven at level 2. To the more advanced students we spoke in conversation aboutpast and learning the past tense

10.5 Discussion



The past phase we have finally been able to see a growth in the teaching program. A

database was finally created in the first few weeks of the phase. With this database we

can finally track attendance and see who the core groups of students coming to the

classes are. This allows for teachers to plan their lesson plans more accordingly to what

this core group of students have learned and want to learn. We can also see what topics

have already been taught so that future teachers know what has been taught and can

have ideas and create a syllabus to review and add on to what has already been taught.

Some difficulties found in this phase as well as in the past the biggest struggle with adult

classes will be the consistency. Unfortunately, GVI can’t always have an intern to take

on the workload of 2 classes every night, as it depends on the interest of the EMs. It is

possible to even if we had an intern all the time, adults and would come when they can

since there would be a more reliable. In this situation, it is important to do as much as wecan. In the event that classes can only be offered once a week, teachers should be

prepared to teach beginner students and more advanced ones at the same time.

With the children’s classes we have also faced difficulties with the consistency of the

students. Walking into San Francisco and reminding kids helps a lot in amount of kids

who show up. Some days there are 20 kids and others days only 5 show up. It may bethat kids forget or we have also found that some of their parents don’t want their kids

going to the classes that we teach.

Also there is currently no curriculum designed specifically for the kids teaching program.

Volunteers tend to think of a topic which they would like to teach and then devise ways

of teaching it. Within the teaching program document, there is a list of various activitiesand games which can be used for kids teaching and should be used in the future.

Sometimes classes didn’t go as planned due to the kids acting up, its mostly boys who

amount of time, respect has been gained and the core group of students is well-behaved



and ready to learn.

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12 Appendices



12.1 Appendix A

Aquatic Trails:

WingsCode

Name North GPS West GPS DistanceDistance

fromstart

CPA 01 Caño Palma 01 10˚35'50.8 83˚31'48.1 1000 0

CPA 02 Caño Palma 02 10˚36'18.5 83˚32'06.6 1000 1000

CPA 03 Caño Palma 03 10˚36'46.7 83˚32'22.8 1000 2000

CPA 04 Caño Palma 04 10˚37'14.3 83˚32'41.0 1000 3000

CPA 05 Caño Palma End 10˚37'42.8 83˚32'56.4 0 4000

AQT 01 Aquatic Trail 01 10˚32'15.4 83˚30'28.3 1110 0

AQT 02 Aquatic Trail 02 10˚31'41.9 83˚30'39.9 303 1110

CHA 01 Caño Harold 01 10˚31'38.5 83˚30'50.4 604 1413

CHA 02 Caño Harold 02 10˚31'30.4 83˚31'02.5 1248 2017

CHA 03 Caño Harold 03 10˚30'52.0 83˚31'11.6 718 3127

CHA 04 Caño Harold End 10˚30'37.8 83˚31'44.3 0 4003

CCH 01 Caño Chiquero 01 10˚31'40.5 83˚30'49.2 703 1413CCH 02 Caño Chiquero 02 10˚31'58.6 83˚31'02.5 343 2127

CCH 03 Caño Chiquero End 10˚32'14.2 83˚31'02.4 0 2470

Notes: All the distances are measured in meters

Appendix B



65

Appendix B

Mammal Monitoring Project: EM Jobs

Photographer – This EM will be in charge of all photographs on the survey as well as running the scene. This includes directing the

lighting, ensuring the track is set in the scene properly (in the bottom left of the setsquare), ensuring the slide is readable and placed

correctly and making sure the scene remains uncompromised.

Kit Required: Camera, memory, batteries and spares, good quality dry bag.

Data Recorder – This EM will be in charge of all notations taken throughout the survey. They should be familiar and comfortable

with the data-book layout, the information they should record and the format in which it is to be recorded. They will also ensure that

the correct record slide is used for each photograph and that it displays the correct date.

Kit Required: Data-book, pencils and spares, record slides, white board makers.

Track Identifier – This EM will have the identification plates to check track IDs as well as the setsquare. This EM’s duties also

include setting the scene as directed by the photographer, as well as collecting and checking the record slide from the data recorder.

They will also be responsible for the GPS to track the survey and record the position of incidents and sites of interest.

Kit Required: Identification plates, setsquare, GPS, batteries and spares, good quality dry bag.

Lighting and Measuring – This EM will be in charge of lighting the tracks as directed by the photographer in order to record the

highest quality picture possible. They will also be required to measure the tracks and record the direction of travel. Furthermore,

during these preliminary stages of the project, this EM will measure any areas of the transect for the flagging tape to be set up.



12.3 Appendix D Slaty-tailed trogon 10 Great curassow 1



67

pp

Bird Species (commonname) Number

Great kiskadee 48

White-collared Manakin 46

Collared Aracari 46

Stripe-breasted wren 38

Keel-billed Toucan 37

Green-backed Heron 34

Chestnut-mandibled Toucan 30Olive-backed Euphonia 29

Gray-necked wood-rail 28

Montezuma oropendola 27

Short-billed Pigeon 26

Turkey vulture 25

Purple-throated fruitcrow 24

Western slaty-antshrike 21

Mealy parrot 20

Rufous-tailed Hummingbird 19

Great Tinamou 18

Clay-colored Robin 17

Black vulture 17

Chestnut-backed Antbird 16

Spectacled Owl 15

Variable Seedeater 12

Little hermit 12

Northern Barred-Woodcreeper 11Long-billed Hermit 11

Lineated Woodpecker 11

Green Ibis 11

Bright-rumped Attila 11

Social Flycatcher 10

y g

Violet-crowned Woodnymph 9

Bay wren 9Great potoo 8

Boat-billed Flycatcher 8

Magnificent Frigatebird 6

Anhinga 6

Green kingfisher 5

Bicolored Antbird 5

Barred-Woodcreeper 5

Chestnut-sided Warbler 4

Blue-gray Tanager 4

Squirrel Cuckoo 3

Passerini's tanager 3

Laughing Falcon 3

Barn swallow 3

White-crowned Parrot 2

Tropical kingbird 2

Ringed flycatcher 2

purple-crowned fairy 2Peregrin falcon 2

Golden-hooded Tanager 2

Common Potoo 2

Black-striped sparrow 2

Bare-throated Tiger-Heron 2

Amazon Kingfisher 2

Yellow-crowned night-heron 1

Snowy egret 1

Ringed kingfisher 1

Red-capped manakin 1

Prothonotary Warbler 1

Lesser Greenlet 1

Great Green Macaw 1

Eastern kingbird 1

Crowned Woodnymph 1Crested caracara 1

Common Tody-Flycatcher 1

Common paraque 1

Common Nighthawk 1

Common black hawk 1

Chimney swift 1

Chestnut-backed antshrike 1

Bronzy hermit 1

Black-headed tody flycatcher 1

Black-headed saltator 1

Black-cowled Oriole 1

Black-cheeked Woodpecker 1

American Pygmy Kingfisher 1

Palm tanager 1

Total 805

Mammal Species (common name) Number Amphibian Species (common name) Number



68

( )

Brazillian Long-nosed bat 25

Mantled howler monkey 25Central American spider monkey 21

White-faced capuchin 8

Mexican mouse oppossum 3

Total 82

Reptile Species (commonname) Number

Festive jungle-runner 20

Green iguana 19

Black river turtle 16

Spectacled caiman 15

Green basilisk 8

Basilisk 6

Yellow-headed Gecko 4

Smooth Gecko 2

Common House Gecko 1

Total 91

( )

Strawberry poison-dart frog 19

Marine toad 16Smoky jungle frog 7

Total 42

Insect Species (common name) Number

Heliconius erato 7Morpho peleides limpida 5

Army ants 4

Dryas julia 3

Katydid sp. 3

Sphingidae sp. 3

Brazillian Wandering Spider 3

Goleen orb-web spider 2

Wandering spider 2Anaritia sp. 1

Caligo sp. 1

Emerald Katydid 1

Leaf-cutter ants 1

Norops Linipins 1

Praying mantis 1

Rhinocerus beetle 1

Tiger Swallowtailed Butterfly 1

Viania sp. 1

Total 41



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phase 9 073 science report final

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