pharmaceuticlas and indian vultures
TRANSCRIPT
Pharmaceutics in the Environment
Aditya ParmarAlejandro Azuaje
Ecotoxicology and Enviromental Analytics
Outline1. Pharmaceuticals in Environment2. Kinds of Pharmaceutics and Their Effects3. Pharmaceutics Action Method and Examples4. Case Study: Story of Indian Vultures 4.1. Vultures Species 4.2. The Problem 4.3. Population Decline and concequences 5. Principle Cause 6. Toxicity 7. Economical Cost 8. Efforts to save the Bird
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
Pharmaceutics in the human
society
Emission sources
Movement of pharmaceutics
through the environment
Accumulation in ecosystems
Discovering a problem
Introduction of pharmaceutics in the environment
Human pharmaceuticsVeterinarian pharmaceutics
Excedents
Waste waterWaste Purines
Treatment plantsLandfills Soil
Surface waters
Consuming water
Underground water
http://upcommons.upc.edu/pfc/bitstream/2099.1/4885/4/03_Mem%C3%B2ria.pdf
Kinds of Pharmaceutics and Their Effects
• egg shell thinning in birds• renal failure in animals
Analgesics and non-steroidalantiinflammatory drugs
(NSAID)
• Hepatic damagesBlood lipid lowering agents
• Fluoxetine accumulated on fishes
Neuroactive compounds (antiepileptics,
antidepressants)
• effects on fishesAnticonceptives and Hormones
Pharmaceutics Action Method and Examples
Direct
Anticonceptives on fishes
Mixing
Pharmaceutics mixing: Effect of
Antibiotics erythromycin, triclosan and trimethoprim
over water fleas
Accumulation
Analgesics on South Asian
vultures
Case Study: Story of Indian Vultures Vultures Species
Gyps bengalensis Gyps indicus Gyps tenuirostris Sarcoyps calvus
• The Problem• Extinct in ten years,
vultures decline quicker than the dodo
• Population Decline• Earlys 90‘s: 92 % of decline• By 2007 the decline was 99.99 % Source: vulturerescue.org
Consequences
The Vultures Disappear
Loss of the carcass disposal
system
Increase in health costs
Feral dogs proliferate
Social problems Effects on the culture
Tower of silence
Area Effected
Principle cause • Post mortem examinations showed that the majority of dead vultures
had visceral gout, due to kidney damage.
• NO evidence of viral or bacterial infectious disease, pesticides, poisons, heavy metals, or nutritional deficiency.
• Researchers tested the theory that vultures were encountering a toxin while feeding on livestock carcasses (their main food source).
• Surveys of veterinarians and pharmacists identified diclofenac as a recently introduced and widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), known to be toxic to the kidneys of mammals.
Principle cause
• The drug is cheap (less than US$1 for a course) and widely used in the treatment of inflammation, pain and fever in livestock.
• The key diclofenac breakthrough was made in 2003 , lead by Professor Lindsay Oaks from Washington State University, USA
• Extensive research has followed up on this work, establishing the same correlation.
Diclofenac – Structure
CHC- chlorinated Hydrocarbon•Highly persistent in organisms and ecosystem. •High accumulation in fatty tissue of organism
Concentration accumulation
• Studies demonstrated that cattle has been administered with high dosage of diclofenac just before they die.
• Drug deposited in kidney and liver tissues in high concentrations.
• As the animal is available to vultures fairly quick in these areas, considerable amount of concentration transferred to vultures.
Toxicity
• Dead birds were often characterised by the presence of extensive kidney failure.
• Further investigation showed that diclofenac was fatal to vultures at 10 percent of the recommended mammal dose.
• The study found that 85 percent of 259 vultures examined had died of visceral gout, a condition caused by renal failure.
Toxicity-Oaks et al.
Toxicity-Oaks et al.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
• The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world's main authority on the conservation status of species.
Cost of loosing vulturesDecline in the vulture population
Increase in the dog population
Increased incidence of dog bites
Increase in rabies
Increased morbidity and mortality
Monetary valuation cost of illness and Statistical value of life
• Over the 14 year period from 1993-2006 the estimated total cost of the health costs attributable to vulture declines is a staggering US$ 34 billion.
Reference: Ecological Economics- 03130
Efforts to save the birdBanning Diclofenac
Breeding centres
Research programs on population monitoring and toxicity of other drugs
Awareness Programs
Short Video Clip
References• Karl Fent and Others. Ecotoxicology of Human Pharmaceuticals.
Switzerland. 2005. Pag. 122-159. • www.wikipedia.com• www.vulturerescue.org• www.wikipedia.com• www.vulturerescue.org • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14745453• http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/asia_vulture_crisis/
diclofenac.html• Environment International 33 (2007) 759–765• Nature. 2004 Feb 12;427(6975):630-3. • Ecological Economics• http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=happy-fish-go-h
ungry• http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2263
THANKS