phardose report (solutions)
TRANSCRIPT
Solutions
maintains both water soluble and alcohol-soluble components in solution
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ELIXIRS
are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use and areusually flavored to enhance their palatability
usually less sweet, less viscous and less effective in masking taste of medicinalsubstances than syrups.
their stable characteristics and the ease with which they are prepared
more preferred against syrups, from a manufacturing standpoint, because of
Solutions
each elixir requires a specific blend of alcohol an water to maintain all of the
they contain flavorings to increase their palatability, and most elixirs have
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ELIXIRS
glycerin, and/or artificial sweeteners
many are sweetened with sucrose or with a sucrose syrup but some use sorbitol,
components in solution
coloring agents to enhance their appearance
Solutions
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ELIXIRS
Advantage of medicated elixirs on their counterparts• The flexibility and ease of dosage administration to patients who
have difficulty
The usual adult dose in an elixir: 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls (5 ml or 10 ml)
Disadvantage of medicated elixirs for children and for adults: alcoholic content
swallowing solid forms
Container
• Tight, light resistant containers and protected from excessive heat
Solutions
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PREPARATION OF ELIXIRS (simple solution w/ agitation and/or admixture of
2 or more liq. ing.)1. Alcohol-soluble and water-soluble components are generally dissolved separately.
2. Then the aqueous solution is added to the alcoholic solution, not the reverse.
3. The mixture is then made to the volume with the specified solvent or vehicle.
hours. 4. If the elixir is turbid, the solution is usually permitted to stand for a number of
Solutions
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PREPARATION OF ELIXIRS
5. Talc can also be used in absorbing the excess oils and assists in their removalfrom the solution.
6. The presence of glycerin, syrup, sorbitol and propylene glycol
• adds viscosity to the elixir
• assists in the dissolution of the solute
• contributes to the solvent effect of the hydroalcoholic vehicle
• enhances the stability of the preparation
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Color q. s.
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EXAMPLE FORMULATION OF ELIXIRS
1. Phenobarbital Elixir
Phenobarbital 4.0g
Propylene glycol 100ml
Alcohol 200ml
Purified H2O 10000ml
Orange oil 0.25ml
Sorbitol solution 600ml
SolutionsEXAMPLES OF ELIXIRS
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Acetaminophen(Children’s Tylenol Elixir)Analgesic, Antpyretic
SolutionsEXAMPLES OF ELIXIRS
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Dexamethasone(Dexamethasone Elixir)Adrenocortical Steroid
SolutionsEXAMPLES OF ELIXIRS
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Diphenhyramine HCl(Siladryl Elixir)Antihistamine
SolutionsEXAMPLES OF ELIXIRS
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Fluphenazine HCl(Fluphenazine HClElixir)Antipsyhotic
SolutionsEXAMPLES OF ELIXIRS
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Hyoscyamine sulfate(Levsin Elixir)Anticholinergic,Antispasmodic
SolutionsEXAMPLES OF ELIXIRS
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Digoxin(Lanoxin Pedriatic Elixir)Cardiotonic
Solutions
The pharmacist should be concerned with the solubility and stability of the drug
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NONMEDICATED ELIXIRS
useful for the extemporaneous filling of prescription• Addition of therapeutic agent to a pleasant-tasting vehicle
substance in water an alcohol when selecting a liquid vehicle for a drug substance
• Dilution of an existing medicated elixir
All the components added should be chemically and physically compatible
Solutions
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MEDICATED ELIXIRS
employed for the therapeutic benefit of the medicinal agent
ease of the adjustment of the dosage
most official and commercial elixirs contain a single therapeutic agent for the
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contain alcohol in amounts approximately 15% to 80% concentration
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TINCTURES
Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials of from chemical substances
Vary in method of preparation, strength of the active ingredient, alcoholic content, and intended use in medicine or pharmacy
product
the solvent mix in each tincture is important in maintaining the integrity of the
Solutions
some physicians and patients alike prefer other forms of medication because
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TINCTURES
They cannot be mixed successfully with liquids too diverse in solvent character because the solute may precipitate
They must be contained in tightly stoppered, light resistant containers and not exposed to excessive temperatures
of the high alcoholic content of tinctures
Solutions
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SPECIFIC METHODS OF PREPARATION OF TINCTURES
1. Simple Solution
-most commonly used method
2. Percolation
-belladonna tincture
3. Maceration
-iodine tincture, thiomerosal tincture
SolutionsEXAMPLES OF TINCTURES
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Solutions
- Sodium iodide reacts with iodine to form sodium triiodide which prevents
NaI + I2 --> NaI3
NaI: solubilizing agent
- Advantage: water solution
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- Reddish brown stain on the skin
Iodine Tincture
TOPICAL TINCTURES
formation of ethyl iodide.
- Ethyl iodide will decrease the anti-microbial property of tincture
- Prepared by dissolving 2% iodine crystals and 2.4% sodium iodide
- Popular local anti-infective agent
- Local anti-infective agent: brownish red color stains on the skin
SolutionsTOPICAL TINCTURES
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Solutions
- Prepared by maceration in alcohol of 10% benzoin and lesser amount of
cracked nipples and tissues of the lips and anus
- Serves as delivery vehicle of podophyllum in treatment of visceral warts
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Compound Benzoin Tincture
TOPICAL TINCTURES
aloe, storax, and tolu balsam totaling about 24% of starting material
- Used as a protectant to toughen skin in treatment of bed sores, ulcers
SolutionsTOPICAL TINCTURES
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Solutions
- Similar with thimerosal topical solution except that sodium chloride and
tincture is water, acetone and about 50% alcohol
- Stabilizers
Ethylenediamine
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- Effective because of its chelating action on metallic impurities that
Thimerosal Tincture
TOPICAL TINCTURES
sodium borate are absent from the tincture and the vehicle of the
Monoethanolamine
may be present at time of preparation
SolutionsTOPICAL TINCTURES
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Solutions
they are self-preserving solutions
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TOPICAL SOLUTIONS AND TINCTURES
Generally• Topical solutions: aqueous vehicle:: Topical tinctures: alcoholic
vehicle
Most are prepared by simple dissolving but some are prepared by chemical reactions.
Solutions
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TOPICAL SOLUTIONS AND TINCTURES
A dye is usually mixed with them to delineate the area of application to the skin
Packaged in containers that make them convenient to use
-plastic bottles with applicator tip
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- Aluminum Acetate topical solution- (Burrow’s solution)- Used as astringent wash of wet dressing after dilution with 10-40parts of water- Colorless and has a faint odor and sweetish, astringent taste - frequently used in various types of
dermatologic lotions, creams and pastes
TOPICAL SOLUTIONS
Solutions
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- Aluminum Subacetate topical solution- (Modified Burrow’s solution)- Used as astringent wash of wet dressing after dilution with 20-40 parts of water- used in preparation of aluminum acetate solution- Ratio of aluminum oxide to acetic acid
Subacetate solution: 1:2:3:5Acetate solution: 1:3:5:2*Subacetate is stronger of the two.
TOPICAL SOLUTIONS
Solutions
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- Calcium Hydroxide topical solution- (limewater; liquor calcis)- Used as astringent- must contain NLT 140mg of Ca(OH)2 in each 100ml of solution- the solution should be stored in well-filled, tightly stoppered containers to deter the absorption of CO2 and should be kept in a cool place to maintain an adequate conc. of the dissolved solute- Only supernatant is dispersed- More soluble in cold water than hot water
TOPICAL SOLUTIONS
Solutions
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-Coal tar topical solution-(liquor carbonis detergens; liquor picis carbonis; LCD)-a local antieczematic used in external treatment of a wide variety of chronic skin conditions after dilution of 9 parts of water or in combination with other various lotions, ointments, or solutions
TOPICAL SOLUTIONS
Solutions
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-Hydrogen peroxide topical solution-(peroxide)-Used as a local infective, topically used on the skin of mucous membranes-the chief value is its ability to cleanse wound through the bubbling and frothing caused by the release of O2
TOPICAL SOLUTIONS
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-Chlorhexidine gluconate solution-employed extensively as a broad-spectrum antiseptic in clinical veterinarian medicine.
TOPICAL SOLUTIONS
Solutions
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TOPICAL SOLUTIONS
-Povidone iodine topical solution -a chemical complex of iodine with polyvinyl pyrrolidone . Employed topically as a surgical scrub and non irritating antiseptic solution with its effectiveness directly attributable to the presence and release of iodine from the complex.
Solutions
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-Thimerosal topical solution -Water-soluble organic mercurial antibacterial agent used topically for its bacteriostatic and mild fungistatic properties.
TOPICAL SOLUTIONS
Solutions
-medicines with Antabuse-like activity
patient’s history and other concurrent medicines.
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PROPER ADMINISTRARION AND USE OF LIQUID PERORAL DOSAGE FORMSMost of the solutions discussed are to be administered by mouth
measured out in calibrated devices for administration
-diabetic patients
the pharmacist must be careful in the selection of liquid products, given the
These medicines can be measured in a teaspoon of tablespoon but preferably
-side effects of medicine (like drowsiness)
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-nasal sprays can deliver drugs systematically
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SPRAYS
Aqueous or oleaginous solutions in the form of coarse droplets or as finely divided solids to be applied topically
Many are used intranasally to relieve nasal congestion and inflammation and to combat infection and contain antihistamines, sympathomimetic
agents, and antibiotic
available in pharmacies
numerous other medicinal and cosmetic uses of sprays are commonly
substances
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medicinal atomizers
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SPRAYS
Several mechanical devices are commonly employed to break up a solution intosmall particles so that it may be effectively sprayed or to facilitate
the spraying of a
Advantage of one way pump sprays over conventional sprays
Powder ( i.e. one way pump sprays)
- prevents drawback contamination of nasal fluids into the
bottle after administration
- emit medication in the form of fine droplets
Solutions
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SPRAYS
Solutions
- Vaginal Douches
VAGINAL DOUCHES
generally used for irrigation and cleansing of the vagina
as indicated earlier or from liquid solutions or liquid concentrates
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VAGINAL AND RECTAL SOLUTIONS
- Retention Enemas- Evacuation Enemas
they are prepared solutions of powders; these solutions may be formed
Solutions
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VAGINAL DOUCHES
the powders themselves may be prepared and packaged in
- bulk
-unit packages
designed to contain the appropriate amount of powder to preparethe specified volume of douche solution
used by the teaspoonful or tablespoonful in preparation
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4. Quaternary ammonium compounds
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VAGINAL DOUCHES
Components of Douche powders:
1. Boric acid or sodium borate
3. Antimicrobials
-sodium lauryl sulfate
5. Detergents
2. Astringents
-potassium, alum, ammonium alum, zinc sulfate
-oxyquinoline sulfate, povidone iodine
-benzethonium chloride
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-menthol, thymol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, phenol
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VAGINAL DOUCHES
Components of Douche powders:
6. Oxidizing Agents
-sodium citrate, sodium chloride
-sodium perbotate
7. Salts
8. Aromatics
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VAGINAL DOUCHES
Solutions
therapy
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RETENTION ENEMAS
Solutions that are administered rectally for local effects or for systemic absorption
Rectal administration minimizes the undesirable GI reactions associated with oral
following rectal instillation
adjunctive treatment of some patients with ulcerative colitis
Corticosteroids are administered as retention enemas or continuous drip as
Clinically effective blood levels of the agents are usually obtained within 30 mins
Solutions
Agents:
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EVACUATION ENEMAS
These are rectal enemas used to cleanse the bowel.
Available commercially in disposable plastic squeeze bottle
- glycerin and docusate potassium
- light mineral oil
- solutions of sodium phosphate and sodium biphosphate
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instructions for usage:
disposable plastic bottle
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EVACUATION ENEMAS
- the patient is advised to gently insert the tip of the product with steadypressure
- it is not absolutely necessary to squeeze all of the contents out of the
- the product will most probably work within 5 to 10 mins after application
Solutions
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ENEMAS
SolutionsTOPICAL ORAL (DENTAL) SOLUTIONS
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Benzocaine: topical anesthetic
For temporary relief of pain, soreness, and irritation in the mouth associated with teeth, orthodontic appliances new or poorly fitting dentures and canker sores
SolutionsTOPICAL ORAL (DENTAL) SOLUTIONS
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Camphorated parachlorophenol: dental anti-infective
Used in dentistry by sterilization of deep root canals
SolutionsTOPICAL ORAL (DENTAL) SOLUTIONS
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Carbamide peroxide topical solution: dental anti-infective
Chemo-mechanical cleansing and darkening agent
SolutionsTOPICAL ORAL (DENTAL) SOLUTIONS
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Cetylpyridinium chloride solution and cetylpyridinium chloride lozenges: local anti-infective
A freshening mouth cleanserHave benzyl alcohol as a local anesthetic in soothing throat irritations
SolutionsTOPICAL ORAL (DENTAL) SOLUTIONS
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Erythrosine sodium topical solution and erythrosine sodium soluble tablets
Solution applied to teeth to reveal remaining plaque tablet same affect but not swallowed
SolutionsTOPICAL ORAL (DENTAL) SOLUTIONS
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Eugenol: dental analgesic
Applied topically to dental cavities and dental protectivePale yellow solution having an aromatic odor of clove and a spicy taste
SolutionsTOPICAL ORAL (DENTAL) SOLUTIONS
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Lidocaine oral spray: topical dental anesthetic
SolutionsTOPICAL ORAL (DENTAL) SOLUTIONS
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Nystatin oral suspension: antifungal
For oral fungal infections by retaining in the mouth as long as possible before swallowing
SolutionsTOPICAL ORAL (DENTAL) SOLUTIONS
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Saliva substitutes: electrolytes in a carboxymethylcellulose base
Relief of dry mouth and throat in xerostomia
SolutionsTOPICAL ORAL (DENTAL) SOLUTIONS
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Sodium fluoride oral solution and tablets: dental caries prophylactic
Applied to the teeth or when drinking water that does not contain adequate fluoride, a dilute solution may be swallowed Tablets containing sodium fluoride 1.1 or 2.2 mg are chewed or swallowed as required
SolutionsTOPICAL ORAL (DENTAL) SOLUTIONS
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Sodium fluoride and phosphoric acid gel and sodium fluoride and phosphoric acid topical solution: dental caries prophylactic
Gel and solutions applied to teeth
SolutionsTOPICAL ORAL (DENTAL) SOLUTIONS
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Triamcinolone acetonide dental paste: topical anti-inflammatory agent
Applied to the oral mucous membranes as a 0.1% paste