pfizer atlas of veterinary clinical parasitology...veterinary clinical parasitology isbn...
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PFIZER ATLAS OFVETERINARY CLINICAL
PARASITOLOGY
Pfz Parasite Atlas FNL.qxd 5/28/04 11:34 AM Page 1
Byron L. Blagburn, MS, PhDCollege of Veterinary Medicine
Auburn University
Michael W. Dryden, DVM, PhDCollege of Veterinary Medicine
Kansas State University
Editors
Animal Health
PFIZER ATLAS OFVETERINARY CLINICAL
PARASITOLOGY
ISBN 0-9678005-3-6
Pfz Parasite Atlas FNL.qxd 5/28/04 11:34 AM Page 2
1
CONTENTS
Published by The Gloyd Group, Inc.Wilmington, Delaware
Medical illustrations created by Allison Lucas Wright, MS, CMI and Gene Nunnally Wright, MS, CMI, Athens, Georgia
All photographs courtesy of Byron L. Blagburn, MS, PhD
© 1999 by Pfizer Inc.All rights reserved. First printing, 2000
Printed in the United States of America.
INTERNAL PARASITES 34–5 ............Heartworms, Canine
6–7 ............Heartworms, Feline
8–9 ............Hookworms
10–11 ............Whipworms
12–13 ............Roundworms
14–15 ............Dipylidium Tapeworms
16–17 ............Taenia Tapeworms
18 ............Giardia
EXTERNAL PARASITES 1920–21 ............Fleas
22 ............American Dog Ticks
23 ............Brown Dog Ticks
24 ............Deer Ticks
25 ............Common Ticks Compared
26 ............Ear Mites
27 ............Demodex Mites
28 ............Cheyletiella Mites
29 ............Sarcoptes Mites
INTERNAL ORGANS (Canine & Feline) 30 -31
UNDER THE MICROSCOPE 3334–45 ............Photographic aids to identifying common parasites and
pseudoparasites as seen in blood, feces, and urine
The hosts for each parasite are identified at the top of each page by the following icons representing dog, cat, and/or human hosts.
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INTERNAL PARASITES4–5 Heartworms, Canine
6–7 Heartworms, Feline
8–9 Hookworms
10–11 Whipworms
12–13 Roundworms
14–15 Dipylidium Tapeworms
16–17 Taenia Tapeworms
18 Giardia
Pfz Parasite Atlas FNL.qxd 5/28/04 11:34 AM Page 2
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HEARTWORMS—CANINEDirofilaria immitis
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
4
HEARTWORMS—CANINEDirofilaria immitis
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
CANINE HEARTWORM INFECTION
Dog heart infected withadult heartworms
➤
Normal dog heart
➤
A mosquito depositsheartworm larvae via saliva puddle into bloodstream.
A mosquito becomes a heartwormintermediate host by ingesting microfilariaewhile biting an infected host.
➤
➤
Adult heartworms live inthe right ventricle andpulmonary artery.**
➤
CANINE HEARTWORM*
Larvae develop intissues and migrateto the heart wherethey mature to adult worms.
Length of Life Cycle = Approximately 6 Months
Fertilized adultfemale heartwormsrelease microfilariaeinto the blood.
* Although rare, humans may develop pulmonary lesions if infected with D. immitis.
** Adult worm is sometimes found at ectopic sites, eg, eye, skin, or body cavity.
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HEARTWORMS—FELINEDirofilaria immitis
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
7
HEARTWORMS—FELINEDirofilaria immitis
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
Feline heart and lungs infectedwith adult heartworms.**
➤
FELINE HEARTWORM* FELINE HEARTWORM INFECTION
Cat heart and lungsinfected with adult
heartworms
➤
Normal cat heart and lungs
➤
Length of Life Cycle = Approximately 8 Months
A mosquito depositsheartworm larvae via saliva puddle into bloodstream.
A mosquito becomes a heartwormintermediate host by ingesting microfilariaewhile biting an infected host.
➤
➤
Larvae develop intissues and migrateto the heart wherethey mature to adult worms—however, many ofthe larvae do notreach maturity incats.
Fertilized adultfemale heartwormsrelease microfilariaeinto the blood.Microfilariae aredifficult to detectbecause they arefew in number andare present in bloodfor a short time.
* Although rare, humans may develop pulmonary lesions if infected with D. immitis.
** Adult worm is sometimes found at ectopic sites, eg, peripheral arteries, body cavity, or central nervous system.
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HOOKWORMSAncylostoma caninum,* Ancylostoma braziliense,* and Ancylostoma tubaeforme*
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
HOOKWORMS
Following ingestion of infectivelarvae in the mother’s milk,puppies begin passing eggs in thefeces in as little as 2 weeks.
Young animalsmay be infectedduring nursingvia milk, byingestion ofinfective larvaein the soil, or byskin penetration.
Eggs hatch and larvaedevelop to infective stage.
➤
Infective larvae are ingested or penetrate the skinand may migrate extensively.
➤ ➤
9
HOOKWORMSAncylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma braziliense, and Ancylostoma tubaeforme
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
HOOKWORM INFECTION
➤
Small intestineinfected with
hookworms
* The life cycles for A. tubaeforme and A. braziliense aresimilar to that shown for A. caninum; A. tubaeforme isgenerally found only in cats; A. caninum and A. brazilienseare found in both dogs and cats; larvae of A. braziliense andA. caninum may cause human cutaneous larva migrans andrarely, eosinophilic enteritis.
Length of Life Cycle = 3 to 4 Weeks
➤
Larvae mature to adult hookworms thatreside in the small intestine, where they
can cause significant blood loss.
➤
Normal smallintestine
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WHIPWORMSTrichuris vulpis
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
11
WHIPWORMSTrichuris vulpis
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
➤
Infective eggs hatch tolarvae and mature to adultworms in 74 to 87 days in
the cecum.
Mature wormspass eggs inthe feces.
Infective larvae develop in 2to 4 weeks within the egg.
The dog ingestsinfective eggs found in soil.
WHIPWORM WHIPWORM INFECTION
➤
Normal cecumand the ileocecal
junction of thesmall and
large intestine
➤
Infected cecumwith numerous
whipwormsembedded in
the mucosa
➤Length of Life Cycle = 3 Months
Pfz Parasite Atlas FNL.qxd 5/28/04 11:34 AM Page 10
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ROUNDWORMSToxocara canis*, Toxocara cati*, and Toxascaris leonina*
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
➤
Adult roundworms livein the small intestine.
ROUNDWORMS
➤
Roundworms maybe transmitted toyoung animals in utero or via milk(except T. leonina).
Eggs are passedin the feces.
Toxascarisleonina egg
Toxocaracanis egg
Toxocaracati egg
Infective eggs develop in the environment:approximately 1 week for Toxascaris sp. and 4 weeks for Toxocara sp.
The transport hostsingest infective eggs;larvae encyst in tissues.
The hosts ingest the infective eggs or thetransport host. Larvae of T. canis or T. catimay migrate extensively within the host’s
➤ ➤
13
ROUNDWORMSToxocara canis, Toxocara cati, and Toxascaris leonina
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
ROUNDWORM INFECTION
➤
Small intestineinfected withroundworms
Length of Life Cycle = T. canis, approximately 4 to 5 Weeks; T. cati and T. leonina, =55 Days
➤
➤
Normal smallintestine
* Larvae of both T. canis and T. cati may infect many organ systems in humans(visceral larva migrans); Toxascaris leonina is of no zoonotic significance.
˜
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DIPYLIDIUM TAPEWORMSDipylidium caninum
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
15
DIPYLIDIUM TAPEWORMSDipylidium caninum
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
DIPYLIDIUM TAPEWORM DIPYLIDIUM TAPEWORM INFECTION
Tapeworm segmentscontaining egg packetsare passed in the feces.Occasionally, eggpackets are present infeces.
➤
➤
Eggs are ingestedby flea larvae.
Tapeworm eggsdevelop to infectivelarvae within thedeveloping flea.
Fleas are ingestedas the pet grooms.
➤
➤
Tapeworm larvae within the fleawill develop to adult tapeworms
in the small intestine.
Normal smallintestine
➤
Smallintestineinfected
withtapeworms
➤
Length of Life Cycle = Approximately 3 Weeks
Dipylidium caninumegg packets containindividual eggs.
➤
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TAENIA TAPEWORMSTaenia spp.
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
16
TAENIA TAPEWORMSTaenia spp.
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
Tapeworm segmentscontaining infective eggsare passed in the feces.Occasionally, eggs arepresent in feces.
➤
An intermediate hostingests the eggs.
The host becomesinfected by eating the
intermediate host➤
Normal smallintestine
➤
Smallintestineinfected
withtapeworms
The eggs develop tolarvae in the tissues ofthe intermediate host.
➤Adult tapeworms develop
in the small intestine.
TAENIA TAPEWORM TAENIA TAPEWORM INFECTION
Length of Life Cycle = 7 to 8 Weeks
Eggs are released fromthe segments into theenvironment.
➤
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GIARDIAGiardia spp.
INT
ER
NA
LP
AR
AS
ITE
SH
EAR
TWO
RM
SW
HIPW
OR
MS
TAPEW
OR
MS
HO
OK
WO
RM
SR
OU
ND
WO
RM
SG
IAR
DIA
Trophozoites attach to themucosa of the small intestine
and may cause diarrhea.➤
Trophozoites usuallyform cysts that areintermittently passedin the feces.
Infective cysts are present in the environment.
Trophozoitesemerge from theingested cyst.
GIARDIA
19
➤
➤
Length of Life Cycle = 1 Week
EXTERNAL PARASITES20–21 Fleas
22 American Dog Ticks
23 Brown Dog Ticks
24 Deer Ticks
25 Common Ticks Compared
26 Ear Mites
27 Demodex Mites
28 Cheyletiella Mites
29 Sarcoptes MitesThe host ingestscysts from theenvironment,usually fromcontaminatedfood or water.
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FLEASCtenocephalides felis
EX
TE
RN
AL
PA
RA
SIT
ES
FLEAS
TICK
SM
ITES
FLEA
Adult flea remains on the dog or cat host,feeding and producing eggs.
Eggs fall off of thehost animal andhatch within 2 to 5days to larvae.
Larvae feed on adult fleafeces which fall off the hostand organic debris presentin the environment.
➤
Larvae developinto pupaeinside a debris-coated, silk-likefiber cocoon(cross section).
For each flea on the host, there are hundreds of eggs, larvae, and newly emerged adults, concentrated in the environment (carpet, bedding, soil, decaying vegetation, etc.).
Adult fleasemerge from
the cocoon insearch of ablood meal
➤
➤21
FLEASCtenocephalides felis
EX
TE
RN
AL
PA
RA
SIT
ES
FLEAS
TICK
SM
ITES
FLEA ALLERGY DERMATITIS
Stage 1 Normal skin
Stage 2When a flea bites, it injects a
small amount of saliva into the skin, causing an inflammatory reaction
Stage 4Bacterial infection is a common sequela to
skin trauma caused by scratching.
Stage 3In animals that are allergic to the flea saliva,
the reaction is more pronounced, causingintense itching. Scratching may
cause increased inflammation and hair loss.➤
Length of Life Cycle = 2 Weeks to Many Months
➤
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BROWN DOG TICKSRhipicephalus sanguineus
EX
TE
RN
AL
PA
RA
SIT
ES
FLEAS
TICK
SM
ITES
22
AMERICAN DOG TICKSDermacentor variabilis
EX
TE
RN
AL
PA
RA
SIT
ES
FLEAS
TICK
SM
ITES
AMERICAN DOG TICK
Engorged female ticks fall off the host and layseveral thousand eggs.
Engorged femalefeeding
➤
Eggs hatch to larvae.
Both larvae and nymphs
feed on smallmammals.
➤
Adult ticks attach to andfeed on dogs and wildlifesuch as raccoons.
Length of Life Cycle = 1 to 2 Years
Larvae feed, anddevelop to nymphs.
Nymphs feed anddevelop to adults.
Engorged female ticks fall off the host and layseveral thousand eggs.
Engorged female feeding
➤
Eggs hatch to larvae.Larvae and nymphsfeed on dogs andother small mammals.
BROWN DOG TICK
Adult ticks attach toand feed on dogs.
Larvae feed anddevelop to nymphs.
Nymphs feed anddevelop to adults.
Length of Life Cycle = 3 Months to 1 Year
Pfz Parasite Atlas FNL.qxd 5/28/04 11:35 AM Page 22
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EX
TE
RN
AL
PA
RA
SIT
ES
FLEAS
TICK
SM
ITES
24
DEER TICKSIxodes scapularis (Syn. dammini)
EX
TE
RN
AL
PA
RA
SIT
ES
FLEAS
TICK
SM
ITES
DEER TICK AMERICAN DOG TICK*
Engorged female ticks fall off the host and layseveral thousand eggs.
Engorged femalefeeding
Larvae feed on mice, the reservoir forLyme disease organisms.
➤
Adult ticks attach toand feed on dogs,white-tailed deer, and other animals.
Length of Life Cycle = 1 to 2 Years
Eggs hatch to larvae.
Larvae feed anddevelop to nymphs.
Nymphs feed on mice,wildlife, dogs, cats, andhumans, and develop toadults.
BROWN DOG TICK*
DEER TICK*➤
larvanymph
adult
engorged adult
larvanymph
adult
engorged adult
larvanymph
adult
engorged adult
COMMON TICKS COMPARED
* These ticks are found infrequently oncats and humans, but they do occur.
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DEMODEX MITESDemodex canis
EX
TE
RN
AL
PA
RA
SIT
ES
FLEAS
TICK
SM
ITES
DEMODEX MITE
Adult Demodex mite All developmental stagesoccur on the same host.
➤
Normal canine skin.Dogs normally have lownumbers of mites.
The entire life cycle of theDemodex mite occurs on the host.Mites are acquired by puppiesthrough intimate contact with theirinfested mother.
➤
Demodex mites live andreproduce in the hair folliclesand sebaceous glands.Increased numbers of mites areseen in animals with a geneticpredisposition or disorders ofthe immune system.
➤
Length of Life Cycle = 20 to 35 Days
26
EAR MITESOtodectes cynotis
EX
TE
RN
AL
PA
RA
SIT
ES
FLEAS
TICK
SM
ITES
EAR MITE
Adult Otodectes cynotis mite
Normal feline earanatomy
Ear mites may be found onbody sites other than the earcanal. Animals becomeinfested by passive contactwith infested animals.
➤
Cat displays effects ofear mite infestation inthe ear canal—inflammation, redness,and swelling of canalstructures.
➤
Length of Life Cycle = 3 to 4 Weeks
➤
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SARCOPTES MITESSarcoptes scabiei
EX
TE
RN
AL
PA
RA
SIT
ES
FLEAS
TICK
SM
ITES
SARCOPTES MITE*
Adult Sarcoptes mite All developmental stagesoccur on the same host.
➤
Normal canine skin
Sarcoptes lesions often starton the elbows and earmargins. The disease ishighly contagious to otherdogs, cats, or humans.
➤
Sarcoptes mites tunnelin the skin causingintense itching.
➤
Length of Life Cycle = 17 to 21 Days
28
CHEYLETIELLA MITESCheyletiella yasguri, Cheyletiella blakei, and Cheyletiella parasitovorax
EX
TE
RN
AL
PA
RA
SIT
ES
FLEAS
TICK
SM
ITES
CHEYLETIELLA MITES*
Adult Cheyletiella mite
➤
Normal canine skin
Cheyletiella mite infestationproduces hair loss, dullcoat, and dandruff.
Cheyletiella mites live onthe surface of the skinwhere they feed andreproduce. The mites arecontagious to otheranimals and can survivein the environment.
➤
➤
Length of Life Cycle = 3 to 5 Weeks
* Cheyletiella may cause papular eruptions inhumans. They do not reproduce on humans.
* Sarcoptes may produce severe transient pruritis inhumans but disease is usually self-limiting.
Pfz Parasite Atlas FNL.qxd 5/28/04 11:35 AM Page 28
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CANINE INTERNAL ORGANS
CA
NIN
E INT
ERN
AL
OR
GA
NS
FELINE INTERNAL ORGANS FELIN
E INT
ERN
AL
OR
GA
NS
31
Trachea
Esophagus
Lungs Heart Liver Stomach Pancreas
Kidneys
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Trachea
Esophagus
Lungs
Heart Liver Stomach Pancreas
Kidneys
SmallIntestine
Large Intestine
Pfz Parasite Atlas FNL.qxd 5/28/04 11:35 AM Page 30
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UNDER THE MICRO-34 Dirofilaria immitis
35 Alaria canisAleurostrongylus abstrusus
36 Ancylostoma spp.
37 Eucoleus (Capillaria) aerophilaEucoleus (Capillaria) boehmiDipylidium caninum
38 Giardia spp.
39 Isospora canisIsospora ohioensisIsospora felisIsospora rivoltaNeospora caninumParagonimus kellicotti
40 Physaloptera spp.Sarcocystis spp.Spirometra mansonoides
41 Strongoloides stercoralisTaenia spp.
42 Toxascaris leoninaToxocara canisToxocara cati
43 Toxoplasma gondiiTrichuris vulpis
44 Pearsonema (Capillaria) feliscatiPearsonema (Cappilaria) plica
45 Pseudoparasites
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
Parasites Found in Blood
Parasites Found in Feces
Parasites Found in Urine
Pseudoparasites
Pfz Parasite Atlas FNL.qxd 5/28/04 11:35 AM Page 32
PARASITES FOUND IN FECESU
ND
ER T
HE M
ICR
OSC
OP
E
Aleurostrongylus abstrusus
First-stage larva of Aleurostrongylus abstrusus
35
Alaria canis
Egg of Alaria canis
Close-up of tail ofA. abstrusus
34
PARASITES FOUND IN BLOOD
UN
DER
TH
E MIC
RO
SCO
PE
Dirofilaria immitis
Adult male heartworm with corkscrew-like tail is in center; adult female is on outside.
Single microfilaria of D. immitis (Difil® Filter Test)
Microfilaria of D. immitis (Difil® Filter Test) Anterior ends of microfilaria of Dipetalonemareconditum (left) and D. immitis (Modified KnottTest)
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
Pfz Parasite Atlas FNL.qxd 5/28/04 11:35 AM Page 34
A. caninum
T. vulpis
U. stenocephala
Eucoleus (Capillaria) spp.
PARASITES FOUND IN FECESU
ND
ER T
HE M
ICR
OSC
OP
E
37
Eucoleus (Capillaria) aerophila
Egg of Eucoleus (Capillaria) aerophila(respiratory tract)
Eucoleus (Capillaria) boehmi
Egg of Eucoleus (Capillaria) boehmi(nasopharynx)
Surface of eggof Eucoleus(Capillaria)boehmi
Dipylidium caninum
Dipylidium caninum egg packetcontaining numerous eggs
36
PARASITES FOUND IN FECES
UN
DER
TH
E MIC
RO
SCO
PE
Ancylostoma spp.
The egg of Ancylostoma caninum The egg of Uncinaria stenocephala
Fecal flotation preparationcontaining eggs of A. caninum,T. vulpis, U. stenocephala, andEucoleus (Capillaria) spp.
The egg of Ancylostoma braziliense The egg of Ancylostoma tubaeforme
Eggs of A. caninum and T. vulpis
The egg of A. caninum; oocysts ofIsospora canis
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
Pfz Parasite Atlas FNL.qxd 5/28/04 11:35 AM Page 36
PARASITES FOUND IN FECESU
ND
ER T
HE M
ICR
OSC
OP
E
39
Neospora caninum
Paragonimus kellicoti
Egg of the lung fluke Paragonimus kellicoti
Isospora canis
Oocysts of Isospora canis (left), I. ohioensis (top), and egg of T.canis
Isospora felis
Oocysts of Isospora felis Oocysts of Isospora felis (larger) andIsospora rivolta (smaller)
Oocysts ofNeospora caninum(arrows)
Oocysts ofIsospora felis(smaller), and egg ofToxocara cati
38
PARASITES FOUND IN FECES
UN
DER
TH
E MIC
RO
SCO
PE
Giardia spp.
Cyst of Giardia spp. (Sheather’s sucroseflotation)
Cysts of Giardia spp. (zinc sulfate flotation, iodine stain)
Stained trophozoite ofGiardia spp. (fecalsmear)
Close-up of cysts of Giardia spp. (zinc sulfate flotation, iodine stain)
Isospora felis, Isospora rivolta
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
Pfz Parasite Atlas FNL.qxd 5/28/04 11:35 AM Page 38
PARASITES FOUND IN FECESU
ND
ER T
HE M
ICR
OSC
OP
E
41
Strongyloides stercoralis
First-stage larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis
Anterior end ofStrongyloidesstercoralis
Taenia spp.
Egg of Taenia spp. Eggs of Echinococcus spp. are similar, and thus are not easily differentiated from those of Taenia spp.
Ruptured egg of Taenia spp.Note the exposedhexacanth embryo.
40
PARASITES FOUND IN FECES
UN
DER
TH
E MIC
RO
SCO
PE
Physaloptera spp.
Egg of Physaloptera spp.
Sarcocystis spp.
Sporocytes of Sarcocystis spp.
Spirometra mansonoides
Egg of the tapeworm Spirometra mansonoides
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
Pfz Parasite Atlas FNL.qxd 5/28/04 11:35 AM Page 40
PARASITES FOUND IN FECESU
ND
ER T
HE M
ICR
OSC
OP
E
43
Toxoplasma gondii
Oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii
42
PARASITES FOUND IN FECES
UN
DER
TH
E MIC
RO
SCO
PE
Toxascaris leonina
Egg of Toxascaris leonina
Toxocara canis
Eggs of Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati
Egg of Toxocara cati
Surface of egg ofToxocara cati
Eggs of Toxocara canis,Toxascaris leonina,and Ancylostomacaninum
Trichuris vulpis
Egg of Trichuris vulpis
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
Pfz Parasite Atlas FNL.qxd 5/28/04 11:35 AM Page 42
PSEUDOPARASITESU
ND
ER T
HE M
ICR
OSC
OP
E
45
Soil fungus—Common fecalpseudoparasite
Hair, air bubble, and flea egg—fecal pseudoparasites
Egg of rodent tapeworm—appears in feces as result of pre-dation
Mite egg—fecal pseudoparasite
Sporocysts of Monocystis orRhyncocystis (earthworm parasites)—appears in feces asresult of ingestion
Pine pollen—fecal pseudopara-site
Tree pollen—fecal pseudopara-site
Plant hair—fecal pseudoparasite
Grain mite and air bubble—fecal pseudoparasites
Yeast—fecal pseudoparasite
44
PARASITES FOUND IN URINE
UN
DER
TH
E MIC
RO
SCO
PE
Pearsonema (Capillaria) feliscati
Egg of Pearsonema (Capillaria) feliscati
Egg of Pearsonema (Capillaria) plica
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
Surface of eggof Pearsonema(Capillaria)feliscati
Pfz Parasite Atlas FNL.qxd 5/28/04 11:36 AM Page 44