petrus venter deputy director: iwrm & cs crocodile (west) marico wma h artbeespoort d am...
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Petrus VenterDeputy Director: IWRM & CSCrocodile (West) Marico WMA
www.dwaf.gov.za/harties
HARTBEESPOORT DAM INTEGRATED BIOLOGICAL
REMEDIATION PROGRAMME:
HARTBEESPOORT DAM INTEGRATED BIOLOGICAL
REMEDIATION PROGRAMME:
Finland June 2010
ScopeScope• Hartbeespoort Dam 1 of 9 Hypertrophy in RSAHartbeespoort Dam 1 of 9 Hypertrophy in RSA• 7 of 9 in Crocodile Marico Catchments7 of 9 in Crocodile Marico Catchments
●
Dam look like ?
WWhat does Hartbeespoorthat does Hartbeespoort
Consequences of HBS Dam Eutrophication
EExxcessivecessive algal blooms, algal blooms,
Hyacinth & Hyacinth & toxicitytoxicity
PProblem Statementroblem Statement
• 700+ Mega Liters of purified sewage p/d• 280+ tons of phosphate p/a.• Depleted riparian variation & in-stream habitat• Shrinking wet lands• Toxic microcystis algal blooms• Exotic water plants (Hyacinths)• Exotic fish (Carp, Babel, Canary Kurper)• Distorted food web and fish population• Depleted diversity in catchment & dam• Impacts from Desertification / Social Drought
AADRESSING GLOBAL DRESSING GLOBAL WARMING AND WARMING AND
DESERTIFICATION THROUGH DESERTIFICATION THROUGH IMPLEMENTING IWRMIMPLEMENTING IWRM
Harties metsi a me programme
www.dwaf.gov.za/harties
www.dwa.gov.za/harties
SaharaDessert
Middle East
Kalahari Dessert
South pole
Highest Solart Radiation
Is the biggest desert a natural occurrence?
Highest Solart Radiation
Sustainable development !?• How well do we balance development and
environmental protection in 21st century?• Do the world do better with Sustainable
development comparing with 100 years?• What are the collective impacts resulting from
modern day Civilization? Agriculture; Urbanisation;Mining and Industry Build on fossilized customs?
Environmental Impacts culminate in Desertification.
• What is a desert ? How can it be defined?• Environmental conditions that occur in arid and desert like
environments:– Vegetation: Little to none, occasionally & small– Soil: Exposed rock & sand– Air: Extreme temperatures, Heat waves destroy life / vegetation, prevent rainfall– Water: Little to non rainfall,, quick run off /
seepage, quick evaporation vs slow transpiration
– Biosphere: Depleted diversity
2 500 000 ha 135 000 ha
Lake Chad
1973197325 00025 000
1987198710 00010 000
200120011 3501 350sq kmsq km
Desserts vs. Forests
• Desertification: Sahara 1000 - 6000 yr - 8,6 mil sq km Kalahari / Karoo - oldest ? - 0.26 mil sq km
• Deforestation: > 5 mil ha/a pristine rain forests destructed > 13 mil ha/a impacted rain forests destructed > 30 mil ha/a vegetation destructed for
agriculture, urban, mining & industry ?
• Deserts = little to non vegetation > create deserts
• Forests = maximum vegetation > create forests
Desserts vs. Forests
Function of Vegetation
Photosynthesis
Absorb preserver heat
HEAT ENERGY
ORGANICS
FFunction of Vegetationunction of VegetationShadow – Cool soil reduce evaporation
Create micro-climate
Create micro climate that sustain environmental water balance & retention / sponge effect
Function of Vegetation & Organics
Increase water ingress & water
retention
Retain Moisture & Fertilise Soil
FFunctionunction of V of Vegetationegetation & & OOrganicsrganics
Block Heat Waves, Wind & Evaporation
FFunction of Vegetation & unction of Vegetation &
OrganicsOrganics
FFunction of Vegetation & unction of Vegetation &
OrganicsOrganics
Sustain bio-diversity Life conditions for extended food
web
FFunction of Vegetation & Organicsunction of Vegetation & OrganicsFFunction of Vegetation & Organicsunction of Vegetation & Organics
• URBANISATION– Hard surfaces: roads, roofs, buildings– Exposed soil: sand and rock– Quick storm water run off, little infiltration– Little vegetation– Extreme temperatures, air-conditioning?
EEffect of ffect of CCivilization &ivilization &
DDevelopmentsevelopments
EEffect of ffect of CCivilization &ivilization &
DDevelopmentsevelopments
VeldtVeldt Fires FiresVeldtVeldt Fires Fires
VeldtVeldt Fires FiresVeldtVeldt Fires Fires
AFRICA THE BURNING CONTINENT
• AGRICULTURE– Industrial revolution: trees to plowing – Vegetation depleted, occasional monocultures,
irrigating desert conditions– Biggest user of water: evaporation– Exposed soil: sand and rock, quick run off– Ever growing hard surfaces: infrastructures– Over grazing, veldt fires– Quick storm water run off, less infiltration, more
evaporation and less transpiration– More extreme temperatures
Effect of Civilization/
Developments
Effect of Civilization/
Developments
IImpact - erosion & part of the gabions mpact - erosion & part of the gabions which have been washed away due to high which have been washed away due to high
flows – Clayville wetlandflows – Clayville wetland
DESTRUCTION OF RIVERBANK AND RIPARIAN VEGETATION AT THE CROCODILE RIVER HBPD
• MINING & INDUSTRIES– Ever growing hard surfaces: infrastructures, Sand
dams, Rock dumps– Quick storm water run off, little infiltration, more
evaporation– Little vegetation– Extreme temperatures, air-conditioning
EEffect of Civilization/ ffect of Civilization/
DevelopmentsDevelopments
EEffect of Civilization/ ffect of Civilization/
DevelopmentsDevelopments
IImpact - Sand mining - Jukskei Rivermpact - Sand mining - Jukskei River
Challenge!Challenge!Challenge!Challenge!
Pilot Projects & Implementation Cases
Pilot Projects & Implementation Cases
• Water Use Efficiency + multiple water useWater Use Efficiency + multiple water use
• Waste minimization, recycling & reuseWaste minimization, recycling & reuse
• Enhance groundwater rechargeEnhance groundwater recharge
• Current implementation sites:Current implementation sites:– Impala platinum mineImpala platinum mine– Other Platinum mineOther Platinum mine– Harties, metsi a meHarties, metsi a me
IImplats: mplats: Super Compost from wastes: Super Compost from wastes: WoodchipsWoodchips and and Sewage Sewage Impala Impala
Platinum Platinum Case StudyCase Study
DWAF AuthorisationDWAF Authorisation
– From 2002 integrated water and waste From 2002 integrated water and waste management were require according to NEMA management were require according to NEMA & WSSD – waste minimisation and recycling& WSSD – waste minimisation and recycling
– Stipulate minimum rehabilitation in line with Stipulate minimum rehabilitation in line with improved / more efficient water use – improve improved / more efficient water use – improve soil/moisture content with organicssoil/moisture content with organics
EEnvironmental Challengesnvironmental Challenges• Sewage material potentially hazardousSewage material potentially hazardous
– Leaching of heavy metalsLeaching of heavy metals– High salt concentrationsHigh salt concentrations– Anaerobic conditions – smells, health hazards Anaerobic conditions – smells, health hazards
(patogens(patogens))
• Treatment & disposal costTreatment & disposal cost• Long term liability costsLong term liability costs
– Considered as nuisance and waste product – highly Considered as nuisance and waste product – highly regulatedregulated
Woodchip Case StudyWoodchip Case Study• Woodchip stockpiles and waste sites have Woodchip stockpiles and waste sites have
environmental impactsenvironmental impacts– Leaching of nitrogenous compoundsLeaching of nitrogenous compounds– Al toxicity if low pH experiencedAl toxicity if low pH experienced– No beneficial useNo beneficial use
• Great costs incurred to stockpile and transport Great costs incurred to stockpile and transport and dispose woodchipsand dispose woodchips– Legislation will not permit disposal of valuable organic Legislation will not permit disposal of valuable organic
“waste materials” “waste materials” (CMS)(CMS)
Waste Recycling ManagementWaste Recycling Management
Producing woodchip Compost
Producing woodchip Compost
Reusing of woodchip compost
Reusing of woodchip compost
The AnswerThe AnswerRehabilitation with organic material (compost)Rehabilitation with organic material (compost)
IIntegrated Environmental ntegrated Environmental ManagementManagement
Combine the organic waste materialsCombine the organic waste materials• Process:Process:
– Mix to a predetermined ratioMix to a predetermined ratio– Put it through a composting processPut it through a composting process
• WateringWatering• VentilationVentilation• EarthwormsEarthworms• StockpileStockpile
• Soil profile development• Moisture retention• Nutrient cycling• Organic carbon• Microbiological activation in tailings• Safe site & germination capacity• Seedling survival• Species consistency
Rehabilitation & Sustainability:Rehabilitation & Sustainability:Success criteriaSuccess criteria
• Success lies in soil amendmentSuccess lies in soil amendment– Acceleration of soil profile regenerationAcceleration of soil profile regeneration
• Proven solution lies in application of organic Proven solution lies in application of organic materialmaterial
Rehabilitation Rehabilitation SpecificationsSpecifications
• Better growth and more efficient water use, Better growth and more efficient water use, moisture retention > 50% moisture retention > 50%
• Better environmental option & cost savingBetter environmental option & cost saving• At 100 tons/haAt 100 tons/ha
– KNOKNO33 equivalent to minimum of 350kg/ha equivalent to minimum of 350kg/ha– Phosphate equivalent to minimum of 250kg/ha Phosphate equivalent to minimum of 250kg/ha
superphosphatesuperphosphate
• Biological soil activation Biological soil activation • Reduce water pollution – desalination with Reduce water pollution – desalination with
vegatationvegatation
Important ResultsImportant Results
Organic’s compost with vermiculture (garden, agricultural, mining & industrie)
excellent example of closing the loop with Elimination of waste
Example of integrated environmental management in action
Save astronomical costs•Impala: ± R1,4m/year•Waste sites up to 60%
New opportunities for researchPrimary focus on
questions surrounding stabilityDevelopment of new products
ConclusionConclusion ConclusionConclusion
ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusionA high state of ecological stability
due to the high diversity of different vegetation types, eg. grasses, forbs
& tree species.
Annual and pioneer plant species contribute to the enrichment of the soil:
source of organic material & soil nutrients.
Addition of vermi-compost mixture to the soil on the mine tailings dams result in successful rehabilitation.
How to plant trees and re-vegetate dry areas?
• Find the right vegetation and it should also have an economical value
eg .Bio diesel, firewood, fruit etc.• Start a small area and plant closest to some source of
nutrients & water and extend from here. • Utilise Organic material (compost) to keep moisture on an
frequent basis. Watering can then be done with rainwater harvesting for the first two years after
which the trees roots have established themselves.• Support the plantation with Government and Private Grant
funding and ensure that enough and adequate skills and training development is done.
• These projects needs continuous extension and support, not only for the sake of the community that will benefit but also the
environment.
• Implement IWRM principals in Catchment to enhance Growth, Development and Work Creation.
• Determine, Optimise & Manage Physical and Biological conditions to increase diversity (1) within the dam and (2) in the catchment to ensure reduction in mono cultures like algal (blue-green) and biomass.
OOverall verall ObjectivesObjectives: HDRP: HDRP