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Petroleum Engineering Department
Faculty Research
Spring 2017
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Petroleum Engineering @ Mines
• Mines Factso Located in Golden, Colorado – foothills of the Rockieso 4364 undergraduate students, 1157 graduate students (Spring enrollment 2017)
• Petroleum engineeringo 20 tenured / tenure track / research / teachingfaculty
o $5 M in research funding in FY 16o Active research projects in Carbonate reservoir characterization Enhanced oil recovery Unconventional oil and gas Hydraulic fracturing Pore‐scale physics and flow CO2 sequestration Geothermal Drilling
PE Research / Teaching Faculty
• Hazim Abass([email protected])
• Linda Battalora([email protected])
• Rosmer Brito([email protected])
• Elio Dean([email protected])
• Alfred (Bill) Eustes([email protected])
• Mansur Ermila([email protected])
• William Fleckenstein([email protected])
• Ramona Graves([email protected])
• Hossein Kazemi([email protected])
• Carrie McClelland([email protected])
• Mark Miller([email protected]
• Jennifer Miskimins([email protected])
• Erdal Ozkan([email protected])
• Manika Prasad([email protected])
• Jorge Sampaio([email protected])
• Azra Tutuncu([email protected])
• Philip Winterfeld([email protected])
• Yu‐Shu Wu([email protected])
• Xiaolong Yin([email protected])
• Luis Zerpa([email protected])
2
PE Research Centers and Institutions
• CEMMC – Center for Earth, Materials, Mechanics, andCharacterization (Graves / Miskimins)
• MCERS – Marathon Center of Excellence for ReservoirStudies (Kazemi / Ozkan)
• UNGI – Unconventional Natural Gas and Oil Institute(Tutuncu)
• FAST – Fracturing, Acidizing, Stimulation Technology(Miskimins)
• OCLASSH – Physics of Organics, Carbonates, Clays, Sands,and Shales (Prasad)
• EMG – Energy Modeling Group (Wu)
• UREP – Unconventional Reservoir Engineering Project(Ozkan/Yin)
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PE Faculty and Research Areas
• Hazim Abass – Hydraulic fracturing research
• Rosmer Brito – Midstream, Production System
Design and Optimization
• Alfred Eustes – Drilling for petroleum & non‐petroleum
• Will Fleckenstein – Drilling and hydraulicfracturing
• Ramona Graves – Reservoir Characterizationand CEMMC
• Hossein Kazemi – IOR/EOR, reservoir studies atMCERS
• Jennifer Miskimins – Stimulation and FASTconsortium
• Erdal Ozkan – Well testing / MCERS /Unconventional reservoir engineering
• Manika Prasad – Petrophysics of Organics, Clay,Sand, and Shale
• Jorge Sampaio – Drilling and engineeringmodeling and simulation
• Azra Tutuncu – Geomechanics andunconventional gas and oil institute
• Philip Winterfeld – Numerical simulation, flowand transport phenomena in porous media
• Yu‐Shu Wu – CO2‐EOR, CO2 sequestration,geothermal, hydrology
• Xiaolong Yin – Pore‐scale physics and flow,suspension, phase behavior
• Luis Zerpa – EOR, reservoir, flow assurance, gashydrate in nature
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Hazim AbassProfessor & Research Director
• Educationo BS in Petroleum Engineering, U. of Baghdad, 1977
o MS in Petroleum Engineering, CSM, 1984
o PhD in Petroleum Engineering, CSM, 1988
• Experience:
o NPO, Kirkuk, Iraq, 1977‐1980
o Halliburton, Duncan, OK, USA, 1988‐1995
o PDVSA, Los Teqes, Venezuela, 1996‐2001
o Saudi Aramco, Dharan, Saudi Arabia, 2001‐2014
o CSM, Golden, CO, USA, 2014‐present
Recent Photo of You
Awards
o The 2015 recipient of the Int’l SPE/AIME Honorary Membership
o The 2012 SPE Int’l Award‐ Completion Optimizations and technology
o The 2012 SPE Middle East Regional award‐ Completion Optimizations and
Technology
o The 2009 SPE International Award‐ Distinguished Member
o The 2008 SPE Middle East Regional award‐ production operations
o SPE Distinguished Lecturer for the 2011/2012 season, “The use and misuse of
applied rock mechanics in petroleum engineering.”
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Research Philosophy
Once Einstein was asked why he was so smart; his reply was “It’s not that I’m so smart, it’s just that I stay with problems longer”. This philosophy was key for me to earn many US granted patents and I preach it to my mentees and students all the time. It is really the power of persistence when dealing with a problem. Persistency in researching a technical challenge eventually leads to a simple and most of the time elegant solution.
Research requires multidisciplinary approach. I believe combining what seems disparate technical disciplines is vital to solve challenges in Petroleum Engineering.
Research Focus
o Applied geomechanics in petroleum engineering
o Pioneered advanced techniques related to oriented perforation,
fracturing horizontal wells, fracturing coalbed methane, FrackPacking,
wellbore stability, gas hydrate, and water coning.
o Current interest is fundamental research related to improving well
productivity from tight reservoirs (sandstone, carbonate and shale).
New techniques are being developed to modify rock properties such as
capillarity, interfacial tension, dissolving cementation materials and
inducing shearing effect of microfractures.
o Research innovative technologies in waterless fracturing
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Research Focus
• Hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirso Optimization of hydraulic fracturing of shale gas reservoir
o KOGAS
• Recent grads/theses topics:o Di Zhang: Stress‐dependent fracture conductivity of propped fractures in thestimulated reservoir volume of hydraulically fractured shale well. (MSc)
o Zhou Zhou: The impact of capillary imbibition and osmosis during hydraulicfracturing of shale formations. (Ph.D.)
o Qi Cui: Permeability degradation of tight reservoirs and its impact on long‐term production. (Ph.D.)
Current Projects/Research
Fundamentals: How does gas flow from matrix, fractures, Kerogen to wellbore? A combination of: desorption, diffusion, advection, slippage, osmosis, ……stress sensitivity, fracture closure, poromechanics,
Outcrop block testing: available outcrops, well testing, generating fracture network, dual-well fracturing, fracturing fluids
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Current Projects/Research
Physical Modeling: Fracturing fluid transport through wellbore, perforations, fractures
Mathematical Modeling: Fracture propagation, reservoir simulation, near wellbore phenomena, multi-well fracturing
Pilot/Yard Testing: Outcrop testing, minebackobservation, large scale yard testing
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Dr. Rosmer M. Brito
• Assistant Professor, Petroleum Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines
• Previous to CSM, Production Engineer JV Shell & PDVSA (Venezuela), and Research Scientist Intern ExxonMobil URC
• B.S. (2007) in Petroleum Engineering from the University of Zulia
• M.S. (2012) and Ph.D. in Petroleum Engineering (2015) from the University of Tulsa
• SPE and ALRDC member
Research Focus
• Erratic Production Conditions in Wells and Pipelines
o Liquid loading
o Terrain slugging
o Severe slugging
• Artificial Lift Systems Performance Evaluation
• Production System Design and Optimization
o Transient vs. steady‐state simulations
• Solid Deposition and Settlement
o Solid transport in wells and pipelines
o Well‐Fracture Interaction
• Liquid‐gas and Liquid‐Liquid Separation
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Research Focus
Fluid/Solid Flow and Transport
Artificial Lift SystemNatural Flow
Liquid Loadingo Increase in back pressureo Production decline/ kill the wello Scale precipitation/depositiono Conductivity reduction
Solids Deposition(Proppant, sand)o Conductivity reduction o Perforations plugging o Production decline o Well clean-up
NF ALo Proper AL selectiono Location o New technologies for
unconventional wells
Completion
ProppantDepositionand Settlement o Well trajectoryo Fracture geometryo Proppant properties Slugging
Severe Sluggingo Intermittent flow o Shorter AL/surface
equipment run lifeo Separator over-flow o Corrosion
time
Well Production
Research Focus
Perform large scale experimental studies to understand and characterize the physics behind these
phenomena
Develop mathematical or empirical models capable of capturing these
Software Development
System Information Trajectory
Geometries Operating Conditions
Fluids Properties Production history/expected
Time/LocationDistribution
Design
o Optimize well trajectory and completion, fracturing design
o AL selection, design, locationo Prevent/minimize operational problemo Plan ahead well interventions
Maximize Production CAPEX, OPEX Downtime
Liquid Loading
SluggingSevere Slugging
Artificial Lift
SolidsDeposition and
Settlement
Flu
id/S
olid
Flo
w a
nd
Tra
nsp
ort
Liquid-Liquid and Liquid-Gas Separation
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Production Optimization Projects (POP) Proposal
• Introductiono CSM POP Consortium will be a joint industry/university researchconsortium with the objective to carry out research in all the areas ofintegral production optimization of oil and gas production systems.
o POP will be focused on the development of modeling andexperimental research that can be directly applied to the integraloptimization of production systems all the way from the perforationsto the wellhead, multiphase flow surface facilities, and midstreamoperations.
o An engaged partnership with industry is essential to the success ofthe consortium, and future industry members are encouraged toprovide direct input and guidance during the execution of theprojects.
Production Optimization Projects (POP) Proposal
•StaffoPrincipal Investigator Dr. Rosmer Brito
oStudents Ayush Rastogi (PhD) Daniel Croce (PhD) Jagmit Singh (Master of Science)
Ted Rutkowsky (Master of Science)
Ayowole Ogunleye (Master of Science)
Logan Salewski (Undergraduate)
Maxat Toktarov (Undergraduate)
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Current Projects
• Project 1: GALLOP New Artificial Lift Method Development andTesting for Horizontal Gas Well Applications
o Objective: Investigate the performance of the GALLOP artificial liftsystem through experimental and modeling studies Validate its functionality compared to other existing artificial lift systems
Extrapolate the experimental results to field conditions using mechanisticmodeling
Identify key improvement opportunities in the GALLOP design and operation
o Students: Daniel Croce and Maxat Toktarov
Current Projects
• Project 2: Liquid Loading Evaluation in Large Pipe Diameterand Three‐Phase Flow System
o Objective: Carry out an experimental study to determine the effect oflarge diameter (6" in order to simulate casing) and three phase flowon the onset of liquid loading
o Student: Ayush Rastogi
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Current Projects
• Project 3: Modeling and Statistical Analysis to DetermineUndulation and Tortuosity Effect on Liquid Accumulation
o Objective: Examine effect of wellbore trajectory and operatingconditions on time liquid loading is detected on the surface based ontransient modeling and field data
o Students: Ayowole Ogunleye and Logan Salewski
Current Projects
• Project 4: Pipeline Methane Leak SensorDevelopment Using Metal‐organicFrameworks
MOFs are made by linking inorganic and organic units by
reticular synthesis. More than 20,000 MOFs have been
developed to store high densities of methane (CH4), and
new advances have led to MOFs with volumetric CH4
uptake around 230 cc(STP)/cc at 35 bar and 270
cc(STP)/cc at 65 bar, which meets volumetric targets set
by the DOE. The potential to use MOFs to develop
systems to capture, store and detect CH4 at wellheads
reducing leaked and flared gas.
Objective: Develop and evaluate a system to detect and store methane at the wellhead
using MOFs at expected pipeline pressure, temperature and flow rate conditions.
Student: Ted Rutkowsky
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Alfred William (Bill) Eustes IIIPh.D., P.E. Colorado
• Early lifeo Born in Florida, raised in the southeastern US and on USAF bases
o Graduate of Ben Eielson High School (Alaska), 1974
• Educationo BS ME, Louisiana Tech University, 1978
o MS ME, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1989
o Ph.D. PE, Colorado School of Mines, 1996
• Employmento Colorado School of Mines (1996 ‐ Now)
Associate Professor
o ARCO Oil and Gas Company (1978 ‐ 1987) (Hobbs, Midland, Tulsa, Tyler, Enid) Senior Drilling Engineer
Senior Production/Facilities Engineer
o Consultant BP Alaska
Sklar Exploration
Fleckenstein, Eustes, and Associates
Bureau of Reclamation
Chemical Safety Board
Other Things About Me
• Society of Petroleum Engineerso Distinguished Lecturer 2013 – 2014
o Education and Accreditation Chair2011 – 2013
• ASME IPTI ‐ Petroleum Divisiono Executive Committee 2001 – 2007
o Chair of the Division 2007
• NSF Technical Advisoro Ice Coring and Drilling 2000 – 2016
o Ice Drilling Program Office 2014 –now
• NASAo Planetary/Lunar/Asteroid drillingoperations, 1999 – now
o Astrobiology project reviewer 2005 – 2006
• American Association of DrillingEngineers
o Student chapter faculty advisor since 1996
• Geothermal Resources Council
• American Geophysical Union
• International Association of DrillingContractors
• Pi Epsilon Tau
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Recent Books
• SPE Drilling Engineering Textbooko Drilling fluids chapter
o Drilling problems chapter
• Drilling in Extreme Environmentso Ground drilling and excavation chapter
• SPE Petroleum Engineering Handbooko General engineering chapter on vibrations
Past Drilling Research Projects
• Hanford Projecto Resonant Sonic Drilling Simulator
• Cougar Tool Projecto Jarring Wave Propagation
• DOE/BLM/USFSo Directional Drilling in the Rocky Mountains
o Geothermal Drilling Risk Analysis
• Casing/Cement/Formation Finite Elemento Collapse and Burst analysis
• OMVo Benchmarking Drilling Operations
• Vaca Muerta Consortium ‐ Argentinao Pore Pressure Prediction
• Unconventional Natural Gas and Oil Instituteo Analysis of Real‐Time Operational Drilling Parameters and Reservoir Characterization
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Yucca Mountain Project
• Vibratory Core Rod Simulator
• Deviation Control Simulator
• PDC Core Bit Frequency Analysis
• Air Coring and Drilling Simulator
• Fuzzy Logic Controller
NSF - Ice Drilling Program Office
• Support National Science Foundation polar drilling and coring program
o In cooperation with Dr. Fleckenstein
• Review of US ice coring operations
• Developed specifications on next generation ice core rig – The Deep Ice Sheet Core rig (DISCdrill) for Antarctic service
• ICECUBE (Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station)
• Developed specifications for Rapid Access Ice Drill (RAID)
• Represented US in Russian Lake Vostokpenetration
• On NSF Tiger Team for Replicate Ice Coring
• Member Technical Advisory Board for Ice Design and Drilling Operations (IDDO) for fifteen years
• Subject Matter Expert for Agile Sub-ice Geologic Drill (ASIG)
• Industrial Liaison for Ice Drilling ProgramOffice since 2014
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NASA ‐ Jet Propulsion Laboratory
• Planetary/Lunar/Asteroid DrillSystems
• In‐situ resource acquisitiono Drilling state of the art review
o Power requirements
o Martian rock mechanics
• Prototype bit testing
• Penetrometer testing underextreme cold
o At the National Ice CoreLaboratory
• Minimum mass flowratedetermination
• Autonomous drilling operations
DOE ‐ Petroleum Practices Technology Transfer
• In cooperation with the NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory –reviewing geothermal drillingoperations analysis in light of oiland gas drilling efficiency gains
• Determined six primary areasfor opportunity to improvegeothermal economics:
o Lost circulation
o Rig and equipment selection
o Rate‐of‐penetration (ROP)
o Efficient and consistent drillingprogram
o Effective time management
o Cementing
Geothermal wells
Days versus Depth
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Detailed Drilling Operations Analysis
Used real time drilling operational data for efficiency analysis
Detailed Drilling ROP vs MSE Analysis
Drilling power output for a given bit and formation. The orange bit (1) is a PDC, the others are tricones.
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DOE ‐ Horizontal Geothermal Completions
• In cooperation with the NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory – Afeasibility analysis of using multiplehorizontal wells and stimulation tobuild an Enhanced GeothermalSystem
Inject cold
Produce hot
Produce hot
Proposed Stage Isolation Techniques
Plug and perf
Packer and port
These are common procedures for oil and gas wells; but, they are rare for geothermal completions
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NSF ‐ Sustainable Research Network
• Routes to Sustainability forNatural Gas Development andWater and Air Resources inthe Rocky Mountain Region
• Two studies were undertakenby CSM PEGN
o Wellbore Integrity Modeling forcommon drilling operations
o Probability and Severity ofEvents for wells in the fouractive oil and gas ColoradoBasins
Wellbore Integrity Modeling
• A finite element study todetermine the formation,cement, and steel casingintegrity under common drillingoperations such as pressureintegrity testing.
• Results indicate some slightdebonding at the casing shoe;but, no significant debonding upthe casing.
• Wellbore integrity ismaintained, as long as it wascompleted correctly!
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Well Categories / Piceance Basin Failure Probability
Category BarriersIndependent
Failure EventsDescription
Risk
Level
1 1 3 Shallow Surface Casing
Top of Production Casing Cement Below Over‐Pressured Hydrocarbon Reservoir High
2 1 3 Shallow Surface Casing
Top of Production Casing Cement Below Under‐Pressured Hydrocarbon Reservoir
3 2 3 Shallow Surface Casing
Top of Production Casing Cement Above Top of Gas
4 2 3 Shallow Surface Casing
Top of Production Casing Cement Above Surface Casing Shoe
5 3 3 Deep Surface Casing
Top of Production Casing Cement Below Under‐Pressured Hydrocarbon Reservoir
6 3 3 Deep Surface Casing
Top of Production Casing Cement Above Top of Gas
7 4 3 Deep Surface Casing
Top of Production Casing Cement Above Surface Casing Shoe
The historical probability of catastrophic wellbore failure in the Piceance Basin is 8 out of 10,000 wells.
Wells in all basins in Colorado were categorized by construction process. This includes determining the number of well control barriers in place. The categories allowed for the pinpointing of potential issues with specific types of well bore construction processes.
Raton and San Juan Basin Failure Probability
The historical probability of catastrophic wellbore failure in the Raton Basin is 9 out of 10,000 wells.
The historical probability of catastrophic wellbore failure in the San Juan Basin is 5 out of 10,000 wells.
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Wattenberg Field Failure Probability
VERTICAL AND DEVIATED WELLS
ORIGINAL
WELL
COUNT
POTENTIAL
BARRIER
FAILURES
POTENTIAL
BARRIER
FAILURE %
CATASTROPHIC
BARRIER
FAILURES
CATASTROPHIC
BARRIER
FAILURE %
AVG
COMPLETION
DATE
P&A WELL
COUNT
CURRENT WELL
COUNT
ORIGINAL
AVG
SURFACE
CASING
DEPTH (FT)
ORIGINAL AVG
TOP OF
PRODUCTION
CEMENT (FT)
CATEGORY 1 166 100 60.24% 3 1.81% 1979 57 15 253 7,334
CATEGORY 2 621 219 35.27% 5 0.81% 1983 138 301 306 6,566
CATEGORY 3 46 16 34.78% 1 2.17% 1987 14 31 321 4,008
CATEGORY 4 7 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 1982 1 15 222 125
CATEGORY 5 8,789 77 0.88% 1 0.01% 1995 782 6,140 559 6,111
CATEGORY 6 5,433 6 0.11% 0 0.00% 2007 105 7,181 712 2,816
CATEGORY 7 1,766 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 2009 8 2,040 719 534
TOTAL 16,828 418 2.48% 10 0.06% 1,105 15,723
D&A 147
The historical probability of catastrophic wellbore failure in the Wattenberg Field is 6 out of 10,000 wells.
3D Survey and Torque and Drag Analysis
• Understanding and modeling wellbore tortuosity and rugosity allows us to model wellbore trajectory in three dimensions.
• We have developed an Advanced Spline Model that shows good agreement withhigh resolution surveys.
• This is input into soft and stiff string axial and torsional frictional models for a moreaccurate torque and drag output.
• With this, wells can be extended further by mitigating stuck pipe issues.
0
5
10
15
20
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000Tortuosity [°/100
ft]
Measured Depth [ft]
ASC HRCG 1 ft
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Apache Drill
• New Rigo Sandvik DE130 Rig unit
o 3” Core rod (drill pipe)
o Pump/fluid system
o Bits/core bit and wirelineretrievable barrel
• Plans includeo Integrating rig operations sensors
o Mechanization of rig
o Adding teleoperations features
o Developing automationalgorithms and implementation
A Real World Drilling Rig for students to have a first hand experience drilling a real well.
Drilling Simulators
Drilling Systems DS5000 CS Inc DWPS‐22UL
New drilling simulators for improved understanding of real world drilling problems and solutions.
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William W. FleckensteinPh.D., P.E. (CA #1666)
• Educationo 1986 – BS Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
o 1988 – ME Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
o 2000 – Ph.D. Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
• Academic Experienceo PE Interim Department Head – 2012‐2014
• Industry Experienceo Roughneck and Roustabouto Operator’s Representative – Drilling, Completion and Workovers
o Engineer – Drilling, Completion, and Workover Design
o Field Area and Development Engineero Founder – FracOptimal, LLCo Intellectual Property consultingo Chairman of Board ‐ $1.3 Billion in Asset Credit Union
Research Philosophy
My research is devoted to engineering research that solves critical problems, with an emphasis on drilling and completions. My focus is research projects that develop tangible technologies, yield intellectual property, and ultimately, commercial benefits.
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Collaborations (International & Domestic)
• Led the CSM effort to collaboratewith the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation and Booz (PwC) to designa world class research center in Kuwait, including contract negotiations.
o Facilitated workshops to determine challenges for research objectives
o Facilitated the design of a research “Roadmap” to address those challenges, including coordinating inter‐disciplinaryresearch project design.
• Training programs with REPSOL,Encana, Devon
• Initial Program design with theHalliburton Fellows program
• AirWaterGas National ScienceFoundation Sustainability ResearchNetwork – Co‐PI.
• Former Advisory Board Member – IceCoring
PERFORM
• Production Enhancement Research FORuM
• The emphasis of PERFORM is to address problems with solutions thathave a practical application.
• The overriding aim of PERFORM is to develop technology withpractical field applications by performing research developedsomewhat on the model of biotech university research.
• Not all research will generate useful technology and truly feasiblesolutions, but all projects will try and some will succeed.
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Wellbore Stress Modeling Project Publications
• Fleckenstein, W.W., Eustes, A.W., Rodriguez, W. J., Berger, A., Sanchez, F. J.: “Borehole Stresses in Cemented Wellbores”, Exploration & Production –Volume 10 Issue 2, (October 2012), 27‐31
• Fleckenstein, W.W., Eustes, A.W., Rodriguez, W. J., Berger, A., Sanchez, F. J.: “Cemented Casing: The True Stress Picture”, AADE‐05‐NTCE‐14, American Association of Drilling Engineers Annual Conference, Dallas, Texas, April 5‐7, 2005
• Berger, A., Fleckenstein, W.W., Eustes, A.W., and Tronhauser, G.: “Effect of Eccentricity, Voids, Cement Channels, and Pore Pressure Decline on Collapse Resistance of Casing,”, SPE 90045, Society of Petroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference and Exhibit, Houston, Texas, September 26–29, 2004
• Rodriguez, W. J., Fleckenstein, W. W., Eustes, A. W., “Simulation of Collapse Loads on Cemented Casing”, Journal of Petroleum Technology, (August 2004): 59‐60
• Rodriguez, W. J., Fleckenstein, W. W., Eustes, A. W., “Simulation of Collapse Loads on Cemented Casing Using Finite Element Analysis”, SPE 84566, Society of Petroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference and Exhibit, Denver, Colorado, October 5‐8, 2003.
• Fleckenstein, W. W., Eustes, A. W., et al., “Burst‐Induced Stresses in Cemented Wellbores.” SPE Drilling & Completion (June 2001): 74‐80.
/2
formation
cement
casing void depth
50,000
70,000
90,000
110,000
130,000
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Circumferential Spread, degree
Max
imum
Von
Mis
esS
tres
s, p
si
6,000 psi pore pressure 4,000 psi pore pressure
2,000 psi pore pressure 0 psi pore pressure
Intellectual Property Development
• Patentso Downhole Tools and Methods for Selectively Accessing a TubularAnnulus of a Wellbore (US 8,991,502 B2) – Basis of Startup“FracOPTIMAL” – sold development option to major service company.
• Pending Patent Applicationso Method and Apparatus for Accessing a Tubular Annulus of a Wellbore
o Method and Apparatus for Testing a Tubular Annular Seal
o Method and Apparatus for to Rotate Subsurface Wellbore Casing
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CSM Start Up ‐ fracOPTIMAL
FracOPTIMAL2
Patent Pending
27
Annular Casing Seal Test Apparatus and Method
• The invention provides anapparatus and method to testthe annular seal of a casingstring positioned within awellbore.
• The cement seal between asurface casing string and awellbore is tested to assurethere is no contamination ofgroundwater.
Seal?
Patent Pending
Patent Pending
Annular Casing Seal Test Apparatus and Method
28
Patent Pending
Method and Apparatus to Rotate Subsurface Casing
• Embodiments of the present invention are generally related toa method and apparatus for subterranean wellbores, and inparticular, to a method and apparatus for rotating a subsurfacetubular string, such as a casing section, without rotation at thesurface.
FracOPTIMAL2 Refrac System
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Dr. Ramona M. Graves
Dean
College of Earth Resource Sciences and Engineering
&
Petroleum Engineering Professor
Colorado School of Mines
Petroleum Engineering Department
Golden, Colorado 80401 USA
College of Earth Resource Sciences and Engineering
CERSE is a unique College that combines earth science, engineering, economics, business, and social science.
Economic and Business
Geology and Geological Engineering
Geophysics
Liberal Arts and International Studies
Mining Engineering
Petroleum Engineering
The Colorado Geological Survey
30
My Philosophy
In order for us to stay a top quality program
…we must keep faculty ‐ they are committed to both research and teaching.
… we have to have quality graduate students.
… we must create an integrated graduate environment of scholarship, professionalism, and become a graduate “community”.
Research Interest –Reservoir Characterization
ROCKSIllite
Kaolinite
31
Example (1) Research Projects
SENSITIVITY STUDY OF FLOW UNIT DEFINITIONBY USE OF RESERVOIR SIMULATION
byAnne‐Kristine Stolz
SPE 84277
Example Flow Units
Model 1- homogeneous
Model 2- GR
Model 3-FZI
Model 4-r35
Model 5-Pc
Model 6-kh/h
Model 7-SMLP
32
Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3Injected PV
RF
(%
)
BaseCaseModel 1-homogeneousModel 2-GRModel 3-FZIModel 4-r35Model 5-PcModel 6-kh/phihModel 7-SMLP
Recovery Factor versus Injected Pore Volume
Conclusions
33
Example (2) Research Projects
DETERMINING THE BENEFITS OFAPPLYING “STARWARS “ LASER TECHNOLOGY
FOR DRILLING AND COMPLETINGOIL AND GAS WELLS
Special thanks to former studentsDarien O’Brien, Samih Batarsh, Bailo Suliman, Zane Gordon, Kristina Loop
Quote
"Drill for oil? You mean drill into the ground to try and find oil? You're crazy.”
‐‐ said to Col. Drake when he tried to enlist support for his project to drill for oil in 1859.
34
Berea Sandstone CT Scan
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
30
Porosity %
Sample ID: OBG3Duration: 5.2 secondsPower: 6.2 kilowattsContinuous BeamOrientation: HorizontalPenetration: 1.6 inches
COIL Laser
Example (3) Research Projects
Porosity and Permeability Changes in Lased Rocks Calculated Using Fractal
Fragmentation Theory
CIPC 2004Calgary, Canada
byBailo Suliman
35
What is a Fractal?
• Originates from the Latin word factus which means to break
• Collection of examples linked by a common point of view
• Method for describing the inherent irregularity of natural objects
• Fractal Theory applies to artificially fragmented rock
• Fractal dimension is a relative measure of complexity (the greaterthe number, the more complex structure)
Fractal Permeability Model(Flow Equations)
Hagen‐Poiseuille equation for flow rate though one straight capillary of diameter D:
**128
** 4
tL
PDq
Darcy’s equation for flow rate though a tortuous path:
*
**
tL
PAkq
36
Fractal Permeability Model(Combined Equation)
Permeability equation in porous medium:
T
TD
PT
PD
DDDA
DL
PA
QLk
3
100
3128 max*)(**
**
Where: Dp = Pore size fractal dimensionDmax = Maximum capillary diameterLT = tortuous lengthLo = straight lengthD = diameter of average capillaryDT = tortuosity fractal dimension
Research Overview
37
Hossein KazemiProfessor, Chesebro’ Distinguished Chair in Petroleum Engineering
• Educationo PhD University of Texas‐Austin, 1963
o BS University of Texas‐Austin, 1961
• Professional Experience & Affiliationso Colorado School of Mines, 1981
o Marathon Oil Technology Center, 1969
o Sinclair Research, 1963
o Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1959
o National Academy of Engineering
o SPE Honorary and Distinguished Member
o Co‐Director, Marathon Center of Excellence forReservoir Studies (MCERS)
Research Focus
• Research Summary/Overview
Pore‐scale Physics, mathematical modeling, fractured reservoirengineering, and enhanced oil recovery in conventional andunconventional reservoirs
• Research Philosophy
Greater appreciation for the use of science and engineeringfundamentals in solving engineering problems
38
Marathon Center of Excellence for Reservoir Studies
• Promotes excellence in application of science and engineering toreservoir problems.
• The center has produced around $17,000,000 for research ever sinceits establishment in 2004 with initial funding from Marathon OilCorporation.
• Professors Ozkan (Co‐Director), Chu, Yin and Zerpa are alsoassociated with the center.
• Recent graduates include Najeeb Alharthy (Gas injection EOR in shalereservoirs), Perapon Fakcharoenphol (Geomechanics and low‐salinityimbibition), Ali Al‐Sumaiti (Double‐displacement EOR in fracturedreservoirs) and Basak Kurtoglu (Reservoir characterization and EOR inBakken).
Pore Scale PhysicsFE‐SEM Image of Angular Pores in a Middle Bakken Core
(Somayeh Karimi, SPE 185095, 2017)
39
Unconventional Reservoirs(modified from Bohacs et al., 2013)
Mobile saturation window to WF ~ 10 %
Mobile saturation window to GF ~ 30 %
Residual oil saturation to water ~ 29.7%
Irreducible water saturation ~ 62%
Centrifuge Measurement in a Bakken Core(Somayeh Karimi, CSM, 2015)
40
Unconventional Production in DJ BasinYanrui Ning, RCP, 2016
Wishbone Section
Stratigraphic Column ‐ DJ BasinYanrui Ning, RCP, 2016
Sonnenberg, 2002
Carlile FM
Codell Sand
FT Hays Limestone
“A”
“B”
“C”
41
Eleven Horizontal Wells in WishboneYanrui Ning, RCP, 2016
Geo‐cellular Model of a DJ Basin ReservoirYanrui Ning, RCP, 2016
• 4 square miles
• 19 faults
A Marl
B Chalk
B Marl
C Chalk
C Marl
D Chalk
Fort Hays
Codell
Carlile
42
Flow and Rock Deformation in NFRErdinc Eker, RCP, 2016
Modeling Flow and Rock Deformation in NFRErdinc Eker, RCP, 2016
43
Wettability and Contact Angle Modification for EOR (Teklu et al., 2014, SPE 171767)
Multiphase Rate Transient AnalysisEagle Ford (Ilkay Eker, 2015, CSM)
44
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 10 20 30 40
∆p/q
(psi
/ST
B/D
)
Square Root of Time (day1/2)
Rate Normalized Pressure
Multiphase Rate Transient Analysis Bakken in Bailey Field (Ilkay Eker, 2015, CSM)
DELHI FIELD CONTINUOUS CO2EOR
86
OOWC: 3286 TVDSS
Tingting Chen, PhD candidate in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Collaborative Research, Reservoir Characterization Project (RCP), Geophysics
Initial field fluid saturations 2015 CO2 saturation
45
Jennifer L. Miskimins, P.E.Associate Professor/Assistant Department Head
• Educationo B.S. Petroleum Engineering, Montana
College of Mineral Science &Technology
o M.S. Petroleum Engineering,Colorado School of Mines
o Ph.D. Petroleum Engineering,Colorado School of Mines
• Academic experience
o Colorado School of Mines, 2002 –Current
• Industry experienceo Marathon Oil Company, 1990 – 1998
o Barree & Associates, 2013 – 2016
• Professional activities and service
o Registered Professional Engineer (CO #36193)
o Member SPE, AAPG, RMAG
o Member of 2017 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology ConferenceCommittee and 2017 UrTEC Conference Committee
o Two-time SPE Distinguished Lecturer 2010-2011 and 2013-2014
o Awarded the 2014 SPE International Completions Optimization andTechnology Award
o Currently serving on the SPE International Board of Directors as theTechnical Director for Completions
Jennifer L. Miskimins, P.E.Associate Professor/Assistant Department Head
46
Research Focus
• My research focuses on stimulation and completions,specifically in unconventional reservoirs. The efficiencyof the completions in these reservoir systems is of primeinterest. How do the completions interact with thereservoir? How do they impact production? How canthey be improved to maximize NPV and recovery?
• In addition to completions/stimulation, I am interestedin multidisciplinary integration both from a research anda teaching standpoint.
Research Focus
• Proppant transport in complex fracture systems• Proppant transport in horizontal wellbores• DAS/DTS data integration with stimulation• Water hammer stage signatures• HPHT non‐Darcy flow in proppants• Conductivity degradation• Stage spacing optimization/stress‐shadowing impacts• Multistage horizontal well fracture initiation efficiency• Re‐fracturing
47
FAST Consortium
• Director of the Fracturing, Acidizing,Stimulation Technology (FAST) Consortium
• Joint industry‐academia researchconsortium started in 2004
• Missiono Perform practical research in the area of oil andgas well stimulation with an emphasis on: Direct application
Timely application
Production improvement
o Provide an opportunity for graduate studentsto work on industry‐sponsored projects
FAST Consortium
• 40 students involved/graduatedo 12 Ph.D.
o 18 M.S.
o 3 M.E.
o 7 B.S.
• +40 industry publications
• http://petroleum.mines.edu/research/fast/index.html
48
CEMMC
• Co‐Director of the Center for Earth Materials,Mechanics and Characterization
• Fosters research in both “hard rock” and “soft rock”applications
• Encourages interdisciplinary communications betweenthe associated disciplines
• Participating departments include PetroleumEngineering, Geophysical Engineering, Geology andGeological Engineering, Physics, and the Department ofMath and Computer Sciences.
• http://petroleum.mines.edu/research/cemmc/
49
Dr. Erdal Ozkan Department Head of Petroleum Engineering
Director, UREPP; Co‐Director, MCERS
• Educationo PhD, Petroleum Engineering, University of Tulsa (1988)o MS, Petroleum Engineering, Istanbul Technical University (1982)o BS, Petroleum Engineering, Istanbul Technical University (1980)
• Professional Experienceo Department Head of Petroleum Engineering (since 2015)o Faculty at CSM (since 1998)o Director, Unconventional Reservoir Engineering Project (UREP) (since 2012)o Co‐Director, Marathon Center of Excellence for Reservoir (MCERS) (since 2005)
• Affiliations & Awardso SPE
—Recipient of the SPE Lester C. Uren (2013) and Formation Evaluation (2007)Awards.
—SPE Distinguished Lecturer on shale‐gas reservoirs in 2011 ‐ 2012o ASMEo SIAM
o Modeling Unsteady Flow in Porous Media,o Unconventional Reservoirso Pressure‐ and Rate‐Transient Analysis,o Horizontal Well Technology
Research Interests
50
Modeling Unsteady Flow in Porous Media
2zf1
2zf2
2yf 2yf
11
~wq 1
2~
wq
11hL 1
1~
eq
12
~eq
21
~wq
22
~wq
21
~eq
22
~eq
Block 1
xe1
ze1
Block 2
xe2
ze2
ye2
21
~wq 2
2~
wq11
~eq 2
1~
eq
12
~eq
11
~wq 1
2~
wq
15eqye1
14eq
13eq
15eq
14eq
13eq
22
~eq
21hL 2
2hL21hL
11
~wq 1
2~
wq
2zf1
2zf2
2yf 2yf
11
~wq 1
2~
wq
11hL 1
1~
eq
12
~eq
21
~wq
22
~wq
21
~eq
22
~eq
Block 1
xe1
ze1
Block 2
xe2
ze2
ye2
21
~wq 2
2~
wq21
~wq 2
2~
wq11
~eq 2
1~
eq
12
~eq
11
~wq 1
2~
wq
15eqye1
14eq
13eq
15eq
14eq
13eq
22
~eq
21hL 2
2hL21hL
11
~wq 1
2~
wq
200 ft
200 ft
200 ft
200 ft
200 ft
150 ft80 ft
950 ft
1600 ft
Lh=400 ft
200 ft200 ft
200 ft
200 ft
200 ft
200 ft
150 ft
200 ft
200 ft
200 ft
200 ft
150 ft80 ft
950 ft
1600 ft
Lh=400 ft
80 ft
950 ft
1600 ft
Lh=400 ft
Pressure profile in a horizontal well fracture
Semi-analytical simulation Horizontal well in a heterogeneous reservoir
Unconventional Gas and Oil
xF
xe
ye = dF/2
OUTER RESERVOIRko, o, cto
INNER RESERVOIRNATURALLYFRACTUREDkf, f, ctf,km, m, ctm
HYDRAULICFRACTUREkF, wF,F, ctf
HORIZONTAL WELL
Unconventional flow regimes in shale matrixSlip flow
MicrofracturesCoupling flow at the matrix‐fracture interface
Trilinear flow model forfractured horizontal wells in shale
Multiple hydraulic fractures
Stimulated reservoir volume
1E ‐ 3 1E ‐ 2 1E ‐ 1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E+4 1E+5
TIME, t, hr
1E ‐ 6
1E ‐ 5
1E ‐ 4
1E ‐ 3
‐ 3 ‐ 2 ‐ 1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E+4 1E+5
Number of Fracturesper foot
1.2E ‐ 1
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
1.2E ‐ 0
8.0E ‐ 1
4.0E ‐ 1
2.0E ‐ 1
Reservoir Fracture Permeability = 2000 md
Matrix Permeability = 10‐6 md
Increasing number of fractures
PRODUCTIVITY IN
DEX, J/n
F, M
scf/D‐psi2
Productivity of fracture horizontal wells in shale
Fractured horizontal wells
Gas storage in shale
51
Phase Behavior in Nano‐porous Media
Formation Volume Factorin tight formation
Bubble‐point suppression in confinement
Nanofluidics experiments
Flow in Nano‐porous Media
Filtration in nanoporous media
Filtration efficiency of a nanoporous medium
52
Anomalous Diffusion in Tight Fractured Media
Rate decline under anomalous diffusion
Brownian motion and normal diffusion
Horizontal, Multilateral, and Fractured WellsWell and Reservoir Performance Prediction
A - Actual Geometry
B - Model
Multilateralwells
Horizontal‐wellfractures
Horizontal wellsin anticlines
Perforatedhorizontal wells
Horizontal‐wellcompletion optimization
53
Pressure‐Transient Analysis
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E-11 1.E-09 1.E-07 1.E-05 1.E-03 1.E-01 1.E+01
tDxf
200 ft
200 fto
70 ft
o
Square Shape
Non square-ShapeF CD = 100
pw
Dan
d d
pw
D/d
lnt D
xf
Radial linear
PseudoradialFormation linear1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E+4 1E+5
FLOWING TIME, t, hr
1E-1
1E+0
1E+1
1E+2
1E+3
PR
ES
SU
RE
DR
OP
, pi -
pw
f , p
si
CD = 0.01
CD = 0
PRESSURE
DERIVATIVE
x
y
z
r~Skin Zone
Lh
hsr
~
rw
szsys kkk rzryr kkk
zw
Horizontal‐well PTA
Multilateral‐well PTA
Fractured horizontal well PTA
Horizontal‐well skin effect
54
• Educationo PhD, Petroleum Engineering, University of Texaso MS, Petroleum Engineering, University of Texaso MS, Geophysics, Stanford Universityo BS, Geophysical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University
• Professional Experienceo Research Faculty
‒University of Texas at Austin, Petroleum EngineeringDepartment
‒ Stanford University
o Oil Industry Technical and Leadership Assignments‐ Shell Exploration and Production, Shell International EP ‐ Shell Unconventional Resources
o Colorado School of Mines, Petroleum Engineering Department
Dr. Azra N. Tutuncu Harry D. Campbell Chair, Professor, Director ‐ UNGI
• Professional Affiliations
‒ SEG Research Committee Vice Chair
‒ Founder and Faculty Advisor, CSM ARMA Student Chapter
‒ Chair, ARMA Induced Seismicity Committee
‒ Former President, Exec. Board Member, American Rock Mechanics Association (ARMA)
‒ Licensed Professional Engineer and Professional Geoscientist in the state of Texas
‒ Associate Editor, Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering
‒ SPE, SEG, ARMA Editorial Review Committee Member
‒ SEG North America Affairs Committee (RAC)
‒ AGI Environmental Geoscience Advisory Committee
‒ ISRMUnderground Research Laboratory Committee US Representative
‒ 30 Year Club Member SEG, 30 Year Club Member SPE
‒ Member of Pi Epsilon Tau and Sigma Xi Honor Societies
Dr. Azra N. Tutuncu Harry D. Campbell Chair, Professor, Director ‐ UNGI
55
Research Focus
• Coupled Geomechanics, Acoustic, Petrophysics, Fluid Flow Measurements andModeling
– Multiscale coupled deformation, failure, wave velocity, complex resistivity, permeability and geochemistry measurements under triaxial/true triaxial in situ stress, elevated pore pressure/temperature states, rock‐fluid interactions/fluid compatibility, drilling and fracturing fluid formulation, proppant selection, hydraulic fracturing design and optimization, production efficiency
– Integrated complex naturally fractured reservoir and hydraulic fracturing model development and case studies utilizing in‐house developed and modified commercial simulators coupling rock‐fluid interactions and geomechanics into the simulations
• Integrated Real Time Reservoir Characterization, Well and Field Integrity
– Lifecycle monitoring of deformation, acoustic and flow properties in unconventional resources, deepwater, HPHT and geothermal applications
– Impacts of hydraulic fracturing, production, CO2 sequestration, EOR and waste disposal operations on well and seal integrity, compaction, subsidence, sanding, geohazard risk assessment (DTS, DTP, DAS, microseismic,… monitoring integration)
UNGI Research Strategy and CIMMM Consortia Coupled Integrated Multiscale Measurements and Modeling
Reservoir (Field) Scale
Nanoscale (FIB‐SEM)
Core scale
Tutuncu (2014)
UNGI Research Strategy
CIMMM Core ScaleMeasurementsand Modeling
Nano ScaleMeasurementsand Modeling
Reservoir ScaleMeasurementsand Modeling
56
UNGI Research and DevelopmentIndustry, Academia and Government Collaboration
• Research Consortia− US Unconventional Resources Consortium (UNGI CIMMM US URC)− International Unconventional Resources Consortium (UNGI CIMMM IURC)− Geothermal Resources Consortium (UNGI‐GRC)− Deepwater Well Integrity Project (DWIP)
• Technical Unconventional Training for Professionals (US andInternational)
• Training for Regulators/Policy Makers and Associated Research– TOPCORP Regulator Training (State and Federal Regulators, Industry)– UNGI‐ UGTEP Collaborative Program (International Regulators/Department of State)– Induced Seismicity and Environmental Challenges Research
• IOGCC, State Oil and Gas Commissions, USGS, BLM, NETL, EPA,GWPA, SPE, SEG, ARMA partnership in research and training,public engagement
UNGI Experimental Capabilities (I)Pore Pressure Penetration ‐ Coupled Geomechanics and Flow Measurements and Modeling
• Unique coupled experimental assemblies for simultaneous ultrasonic, 100 KHz, permeability, resistivity and deformation measurements for reservoir characterization, drilling/fracturing fluids interactions with the formation and optimization studies
• True triaxial coupled measurements using cylindrical samples (utilizing novel fluid pressure) on loan to UNGI
• Real Time Micro‐CT during coupled measurements*
• 400 and 2 MHz NMR measurements
Tutuncu et al. (2016)
57
UNGI Experimental Capabilities (II)True Triaxial Cell Assembly – Patent Pending
On Loan from Geomechanics Engineering & Research to UNGI
• Novel poly‐axial cell using cylindrical and cubic samples (utilizing fluid pressure, not plate driven) with simultaneous ultrasonic, 100 KHz, permeability, resistivity and deformation/failure measurements
• Classical triaxial measurement sample sizes
ARMA 2017‐294
1” 1.5”2"
b: relative magnitude of in relation to , < b <1
b = 0 triaxial compression ( = ;b = 1 triaxial extension ( =
ARMA 2017‐294
Baizhanov, Katsuki and Tutuncu et al. (2017)
Effect of NF and Calcite‐Filling on FailureCIMMM US URC
SPE 169520
Eagle Ford
Niobrara Shale
Tensile Strength of Calcite Filled Fractures is almost one third of the matrix
Mokhtari and Tutuncu (2012)
Eagle Ford Shale
Proppant‐fluid interactions and associated geomechanical and geochemical changes
Hegazy et al. (2017)
Iriarte et al. (2017)‐8
7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00
Amplitude
Time, t (us)
Niobrara, Cre 17 (2% MgCl), S‐Wave, Perpendicular
‐87.00 9.00 11.00 13.00
Amplitude
Time, t (us)
Niobrara, Core 17 (2% MgCl), S‐Wave, Parallel
58
Novel UNGI Experimental Capabilities (III)NMR Field Strength for Pore Fluid Characterization and Anisotropic
Permeability
• Low‐field NMR (2 MHz) indicates incremental porosity in “larger” pore space• High‐field (400 MHz) NMR provides detailed information in “smaller” pore space
‒ Function of salinity‒ Change in capillary pressure‒ Diffusion coefficient
URTeC 2461613
URTeC 2461613
TOC – Logs and Core/Cutting MeasurementsNatural and Hydraulic Fracture Effect on Failure and Production
SW NE150 Miles
Clay %KerogenVolume
Tutuncu (2015)
59
CIMMM US URCMulti‐Scale Coupled Modeling with Rock‐Fluid Interactions
Bui (2016); Bui and Tutuncu (2017)
ARMA 2016‐782
UNGI Geothermal Resources Project Reservoir and Fracture Characterization for EGS
• Determine full characteristics of the geothermalreservoir (NF) for potential EGS application (sedimentary and/or granitic)
• Sensitivity analysis using key parameters in optimizing EGS design (stress anisotropy, fluid viscosity, pump rate, pump volume, proppant concentration, DFN spacing, orientation,…?)
• Use local oil and gas, water and other offsetgeothermal well data for geothermal area characterization using statistical analysis of themicroseismic, geomechanics, seismic, EM, and log data from field and laboratory
• Conduct numerical analysis for various scenarios of injection and production to determine the injection induced seismicity potential in specific interest areas and resulting substantial environmental risk in the area of interest
60
Deepwater Well Integrity Project (DWIP) PP/FG Determination, Wellpath Optimization, Fluid Formulation, Cement Integrity
Kadyrov and Tutuncu (2012)
Bui and Tutuncu (2013)
UNGI Sponsors and Collaborators
61
UNGI Faculty and Staff(60+ Faculty)
Joe Chen, Al Sami, Denise Winn‐Bower, Terri Snyder,Debra Marrufo, Rachel McDonald
• Hazim Abass
• DonnaAnderson
• Brian Asbury
• Linda Battalora
• TomBratton
• Robert Benson
• Rosmer Brito
• Binh Bui
• Tzahi Cath
• JohnCurtis
• KadriDagdelen
• TomDavis
• Elio Dean
• Mansur Ermila
• Alfred W. Eustes
• LindaFigueroa
• WilliamFleckenstein
• Ramona Graves
• Vaughan Griffith
• MarteGutierrez
• Wendy Harrison
• Daisuke Katsuki
• Hossein Kazemi
• CarolynKoh
• Yaoguo Li
• Nigel Middleton
• Ning Lu
• CarrieMcClelland
• Mark Miller
• JenniferMiskimins
• Paul Morgan• Junko Munakata‐Marr• PriscillaNelson• Ugur Ozbay• ErdalOzkan• PiretPlink‐Bjorklund • JohnPoate• Jorge Sampio• Rick Sarg• Paul Sava• Kathleen Smits
• SteveSonnenberg
• Ali Tura• Azra Nur Tutuncu• Whitney Trainor‐Guitton• Ilya Tsvankin• Craig van Kirk• Robert Weimer• Michael Wells• Yu‐Shu Wu• David Wu• Yuan Yang• Xiaolong Yin• Terry Young• LesliWood• LuisZerpa
v
UNGI Recent Alumni (2015‐2016)
• Binh Bui, PhD, Spring 2016, A Multi‐physics Model for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Liquid‐rich Unconventional Reservoirs (Tutuncu)
• Anton Deben Padin, Spring 2016, PhD, Experimental and Theoretical Study of Water and Solute Transport Mechanisms in Organic‐Rich Carbonate Mudrocks (Tutuncu)
• Jingmei Huang, MS, Spring 2016, Pore‐scale Simulation of Multiphase Flows Using Lattice Boltzmann Method: Developments And Applications (Yin)
• Nishant Kamath, PhD, Spring 2016, Full Waveform‐Inversion in 2D VTI Media (Tsvankin)
• Andrew J. Rixon, MS, Spring 2016, Real Time Triaxial Resistivity and Pore Pressure Penetration Measurements for Measuring Saturation and Electrical Property Alterations Under Stress (Tutuncu)
• Sebastian Ramiro Ramirez, MS, Spring 2016, Petrographic and Petrophysical Characterization of Eagle Ford Shale in La Salle and Gonzales Counties, Gulf Coast Region, Texas (Sonnenberg)
• Benjamin Zeidman, Summer 2016, PhD, Monte Carlo Simulations of Phase Distribution in Porous Materials (D. Wu)
• Aidil Adham, MS, Summer 2016, Geomechanics Model for Wellbore Stability Analyses in Field “X” North Sumatra Basin (Tutuncu)
• Ali Albinali, PhD, Summer 2016, Anomalous Diffusion Analytical Solution for Fractured Nano‐Porous Reservoirs (Ozkan)
• Xiexiaomeng (Jack) Hu, MS, Summer 2016, A Coupled Geomechanics and Flow Modeling Study for Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing of Horizontal Wells in Enhanced Geothermal Systems Applications (Tutuncu)
• Theerapat Suppachoknirun, Summer 2016, MS, Evaluation of Multi‐Stage Hydraulic Fracturing Techniques Using Unconventional Fracture Model for Production Optimization in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs (Tutuncu)
• Bekdar Baizhanov, MS, Fall 2016, An Experimental Study of True‐Triaxial Stress Induced Deformation and Permeability Anisotropy (Tutuncu)
• Najeeb Alharthy, Spring 2015, PhD, Compositional Modeling of Multiphase Flow and Enhanced Oil Recovery Prospects in Liquid‐Rich Unconventional Reservoirs (Kazemi)
62
UNGI Recent Alumni (2014‐2015)
• Jennifer Curnow, Spring 2015, MS, Coupled Geomechanics and Fluid Flow Model for Production Optimization in Naturally Fractured Shale Reservoirs (Tutuncu)
• Andrew Dietrich, Spring 2015, MS, The Impact of Organic Matter on Geomechanics and Anisotropy in the VacaMuerta Shale(Tutuncu)
• Mehdi Mokhtari, Spring 2015, PhD, Characterization of Anisotropy in Organic‐Rich Shales: Shear and Tensile Failures, Wave
Velocity and Permeability (Tutuncu)
• Tan Ngo, Spring 2015, MS, Shale Gas Reservoir Estimates Based on Experimental Adsorption Data (Pini – Graves)
• Tadesse Teklu, Spring 2015, PhD, Experimental and Numerical Study of Carbon Dioxide Injection Enhanced Oil Recovery in Low‐Permeability Reservoirs (Graves and Al‐Sumati)
• Abdelraof Almulhim, MS, Spring 2014, Fluid Flow Modeling in Multi‐Stage Hydraulic Fracturing Patterns for Production Optimization in Shale Reservoirs (Tutuncu)
• Luke Frash, PhD, December 2014, Laboratory Investigation of Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation in Anisotropic Porous Media (Gutierrez)
• John Calvin Hood, MS, Fall 2014, Acoustic monitoring of hydraulic stimulation in granites (Gutierrez)
• Alex Gibson, MS, Spring 2014, Paleoenvironmental analysis and reservoir characterization of the Late Cretaceous Eagle Ford Formation in Frio County, Texas USA (Sonnenberg)
• Talgat Kosset, MS, Spring 2014, Wellbore Integrity Analysis for Wellpath Optimization and Drilling Risks Reduction: The VacaMuerta Formation, The Neuquen Basin (Tutuncu)
• Chris McCullagh, MS, Spring 2014, Application of Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) in Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation (Tutuncu)
• Lei Wang, PhD, December 2014, Simulation of Slip Flow & Phase Change in Nanopores (Yin)
• Maxwell Willis, MS, Spring 2014, Upscaling Anisotropic Geomechanical Properties Using Backus Averaging and Petrophysical Clusters in the VacaMuerta Formation (Tutuncu)
63
Yu‐Shu Wu Professor
• Educationo PhD, Reservoir Engineering, U. of California at Berkeley
o MS, Reservoir Engineering, U. of California at Berkeley
o MS, Petroleum Engineering, Southwest Petroleum U.
o BS (Eqv.), Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum U.
• Professional Experience & Affiliationso Professor, Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of
Mines (2008‐current)
o Staff geological scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 1995‐2008
o Hydrogeologist, HydroGeoLogic, Inc., Herndon, VA,1990‐1995
o Petroleum Engineer, Research Inst. of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED), Beijing, China, 1982‐1985
Recent Photo of You
Research Focus and Interest
• Unconventional reservoir flow dynamics and simulation
• CO2‐EOR and geosequestration
• IOR/EOR approaches in low‐permeability petroleum reservoirs
• Simulation of coupled thermal‐hydrological‐mechanical‐chemical(THMC) processes in reservoirs
• Fractured reservoir modeling studies
• Geothermal reservoir simulation and enhanced geothermalsystems (EGS)
• Coupled process models for hydraulic fracturing and oil/gasproduction
• Hydraulic and rock fracturing simulation
64
EMG Research Team
EMG’s Mission: Develop state‐of‐the‐art reservoir modeling technology and advanced simulation tools for research, teaching, and field application in the area of subsurface energy and natural resources, and environmental science and engineering.
Research Projects: • Unconventional gas and oil reservoir simulation (funded by US DOE, Sinopec, UNGI, and
CNPC‐USA)
• Optimization of hydraulic fracture design/operation and tight gas production (funded by CNPC‐USA)
• CO2 geosequestration (funded by US DOE) and CO2 EOR (funded by PetroChina)
• Geothermal reservoir (EGS) modeling (funded by US DOE)
• Capillary pressure and non‐Darcy flow in shales (funded by Halliburton)
• Optimization of multi‐staged hydraulic fracturing and gas production (funded by CNPC‐USA)
• Cryogenic fracturing technology (funded by US DOE/RPSEA)
• Shale gas reservoir simulator: SUNGAS
• Tight oil reservoir simulator: MSFLOW_COMP
• CO2 geosequestration: TOUGH2_CSM
• Geothermal reservoir (EGS) simulators:TOUGH2_EGS, CSM_EGS
• Fracturing model and software: CSMFrac
Reservoir Simulators Developed at EMG
65
• Development of conceptual and mathematic models as well asnumerical approaches for fully‐coupled geomechanics‐reservoir flowprocesses (e.g., THMC, etc.)
• Enhancement of fractured reservoir simulation
• Lab and modeling studies of cryogenic fracturing technology
• Modeling and experimenting fracturing processes in (1) hydraulicfracturing operation and (2) high‐pressure CO2 injection operation
• Publications in past 5 years:o 35 peer‐reviewed journal papers (e.g., “Simulation of Coupled Thermal/Hydrological/Mechanical Phenomena in
Porous Media,” SPE Journal, June. 2016)
o One book/4 book chapters (e.g., “Multiphase Fluid Flow in Porous and Fractured Reservoirs,” First Edition, Elsevier, Pages: 418, 2015)
o 37 SPE papers (e.g., “Effect of Large Capillary Pressure on Fluid Flow and Transport in Stress‐sensitive Tight Oil Reservoirs,” SPE‐175074, ATCE, 2015)
Impacting Research Outcome
Roster of EMG
Faculty: Dr. Yu‐Shu Wu, Professor; Dr. Philip H. Winterfeld, Research Associate professor; Dr. Xiaolong Yin, Associate professor
Postdoc Research Fellows: Dr. Lei Wang; Dr. Zhaoqin Huang
Current PhD Students: Cong Wang; Shihao Wang, Xiangyu Yu; Bowen Yao; Ye Tian; Nasser Aljishi; Thanh Nguyen; Haojun Xie
Recent PhD Grads/Theses Topics:
• Nicolas Farah, PhD., “Flow Modelling in Low Permeability Unconventional reservoirs,”2016
• Yi Xiong, PhD., “Development of a Compositional Model Fully Coupled with Geomechanics and Its Application to Tight Oil Reservoir Simulation,” 2015
• Perapon Fakcharoenphol , PhD., “A Coupled Flow and Geomechanics Model for Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery in Shale Formations,” 2013
• Ronglei Zhang, PhD., “Numerical Simulation of Thermal‐Hydrological‐Mechanical‐Chemical Processes during CO2 Geological Sequestration,” 2013
• Ajab Al‐Otaibi, Ph.D., “Pressure Transient Behavior of Vertical Wells Accounting For Non‐Darcy Flow in Porous and Fractured Reservoirs,” 2010
66
Xiaolong YinAssociate Professor
• Educationo PhD, Chemical Engineering, Cornell University
o MS, Mechanical Engineering, Lehigh University
o BS, Mechanics, Peking University
• Professional Experience & Affiliationso Associate Professor, Colorado School of Mines, 2015 –
current
o Assistant Professor, Colorado School of Mines, 2009 –2015
o Postdoc Researcher, Princeton University, 2006‐2008
o Associate Editor, SPE Journal
o Member of SPE, AIChE, APS
Focus – Fluid Dynamics and Fluid Properties
• Research Directionso Computational and experimental multiphase fluid dynamics
o Phase behavior of petroleum systems
• Current Projectso Multiphase flow in porous media
o Particle transport in porous media
o Petroleum fluids phase behavior
o Nano‐scale flows
o Particulate flows
• Current Studentso 8 PhDs, 1 MS, 2 undergraduates
67
Multiphase Flows in Porous Media Microfluidic Porous Media Models
Surfactant enhanced water flooding
Geometry with pore size distribution: Surfactant increases the displacement efficiency
Water flooding
Surfactant flooding
Waterflooding
Surfactantflooding
Carbonate-like textureHomogeneous textureHomogeneous texture
Surfactant EOR in Microfluidic Porous Media Models
0.55
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95
1.0E-07 1.0E-06 1.0E-05
Dis
plac
emen
t Eff
icie
ncy
CaU D V H HV S
SV Dia DiaV T TVWu et al., Lab Chip, 2012
Xu et al., Phys. Fluids, 2014Yang et al., Langmuir, 2016
Kenzhekhanov, MS thesis, 2016
Water Surfactant
Homogeneous textures
Carbonate-like textures
SEM image
Assembled
Effect of capillary number and geometric complexity
Collaborator: Keith B. Neeves (ChemE, CSM)
68
Nanofluidic Porous Media Analogs
Wu et al., Lab Chip, 2013Wu et al., SPE J., 2014He et al., J. Petro. Sci. Eng., 2015
Flow, displacement, and phase behavior in nanopores
Collaborators: Keith B. Neeves (ChemE, CSM)Erdal Ozkan (PE, CSM)Yu-Shu Wu (PE, CSM)
300 nm network 30 nm network
Visualization of N2-water displacement in 100 nm pore network
Flow and Transport in Porous Media Numerical Simulations
Saturation field Pressure field
Single- and multiphase lattice Boltzmann models
Pressure field
Capillary pressure and relative permeability curves
Yong et al., Sci. China Chem. 2011Newman and Yin, SPE J., 2013
Yong et al., Chinese J. Chem. Eng., 2013Yong et al., Comput. Math. Appl., 2014
Xiao and Yin, Comput. Math. Appl., 2016
High-performance computing
Saturation field
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Fluid Properties and Phase Behavior
Teklu et al., SPE Res. Eval. Eng., 2014Wang et al., SPE J., 2016
Collaborators: Erdal Ozkan (PE, CSM)Hossein Kazemi (PE, CSM)
• PVT of petroleum fluids
• Interfacial tension and wetting
• Phase behavior in nanopores
• Brine-CO2-oil equilibrium
• Gas dissolution and diffusion inheavy oils
Particulate FlowsNumerical Simulation
• Heat and mass transfer insuspensions
• Flow instability in gas-solid flows
• Simulation and modelingof proppant transport innarrow fractures
Metzger et al., J. Fluid Mech., 2013Yin et al., J. Fluid Mech., 2013
Li et al., AIChE J., 2014Souzy et al., Phys. Fluids, 2015Garzó et al., Phys. Rev. E, 2016
Collaborators: Christine Hrenya (ChemE, CU Boulder)
70
Acknowledgements
•Supporting StaffoMs. Kayla BosteroMs. Rachel McDonaldoMs. Debra MarrufooMs. Denise Winn‐BoweroMs. Theresa SnyderoMr. Al SamioMr. Joe Chen
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Laboratory Facilities and Instruments
Available for Research
1st Edition, January 2017
Somayeh Karimi, PhD Candidate
Ilkay Eker, PhD Candidate
and
Petroleum Engineering Faculty
Table of Contents
Preface 76
Petroleum Engineering Department, CSM Rock Property Measurements
Core Lab CMSTM-300 Core Measurement System 77 Porosity, permeability and klinkenberg permeability
Core Lab PDPKTM-400 Core Measurement System 78 Permeability of core slabs and whole cores
Gas Adsorption 79 Gas adsorption isotherms for source rocks, and other material such as aluminum silicate
Micromeritics ASAP 2020TM 80 Unconventional reservoir rock properties such as pore size distribution, specific surface area, and adsorption/desorption isotherms
Quadrasorb EVO/ SI 81 Specific surface area, pore size distribution, total pore volume, and adsorption/desorption isotherms
72