pete 203: properties of oil - koyapete - petrolem eng. · 2018. 9. 7. · properties of oil lecture...
TRANSCRIPT
PETE 203: Properties of oil
Prepared by: Mr. Brosk Frya Ali
Koya University, Faculty of Engineering,
Petroleum Engineering Department
2013 – 2014
Lecture no. (1): Origin of Oil
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
Kurdistan accounts for 43.7 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, 25.5 billion more barrels of unproven reserves and between 3 and 6 trillion cubic meters of gas (30% of Iraq's proven oil reserves).
http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?view=reserves
So, it's promising sector to get good jobs as petroleum engineers.
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
The word petroleum, derived from the Latin petra and oleum, means
literally rock oil.
Petroleum (rock oil) refers to hydrocarbons that occur widely in the
sedimentary rocks in the form of gases and liquids.
Petroleum varies dramatically in color, odor and flow properties that
reflect the diversity of its origin.
It's a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occur in the form of gases
(Natural gas), Liquid (Crude Oil), semi solid (Bitumen), or solid (Wax or
asphalts).
1- Definitions
2- Some Historical Events
• 3000 BC Sumerians use asphalt as an adhesive; Eqyptians use pitch to
grease chariot wheels; Mesopotamians use bitumen to seal boats
• 600 BC Confucius writes about drilling a 100’ gas well and using bamboo
for pipes
• 1500 AD Chinese dig oil wells >2000’ deep
• 1847 First “rock oil” refinery in England
• 1849 Canada distills kerosene from crude oil
• 1856 World’s first refinery in Romania
• 1857 Flat-wick kerosene lamp invented
• 1859 Pennsylvania oil boom begins with 69’ oil well producing 35 bpd
• 1860-61 Refineries built in Pennsylvania and Arkansas
• 1870 US Largest oil exporter; oil was US 2nd biggest export
• 1878 Thomas Edison invents light bulb
• 1901 Spindletop, Texas producing 100,000 bpd kicks off modern era of
oil refining
• 1908 Model T’s sell for $950/T
• 1913 Gulf Oil opens first drive-in filling station
• 1942 First Fluidized Catalytic Cracker (FCC) commercialized
• 1970 First Earth Day; EPA passes Clean Air Act
• 2005 US Refining capacity is 17,042,000 bpd, 23% of World’s 73MM
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
Petroleum is the most vital substance consumed by man at the
present time. It's important for society, politics and technology.
It's used as a main source of energy for industry, heating,
transportation; it also provides a raw materials for petrochemical
and plastic industry.
The rise in importance was mostly due to invention of internal
combustion engine and the raise in commercial aviation.
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
• Downstream and upstream
Upstream" and "downstream" are business terms applicable to
the production processes that exist within several industries.
Industries that commonly use this terminology include the metals
industry, oil, gas, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology
industries.
Thus, upstream, downstream and midstream make up the stages
of the production process for these and other industries.
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
• In petroleum industry
Upstream applies to the operation of exploration, drilling, hydro-
carbon production, and transmission via truck, rail or ship or
pipeline to the refinery intake valve.
Downstream includes all work done at the refinery, distillation,
cracking, reforming , blending storage, mixing and shipping.
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
3- Formation
Biogenic theory
According to this theory, oil is formed from the preserved remains of
plants, animals and algae which have been settled to the sea bottom in
large quantities under anoxic conditions.
Over geological time this organic matter, mixed with mud, is buried
under heavy layers of sediment.
The resulting high levels of heat and pressure cause the remains to
convert, first into a waxy material known as kerogen and then with more
heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as
catagenesis.
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
Because most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water, these
sometimes migrate upward until they become trapped below
waterproof rocks, within porous rocks called reservoirs.
Concentration of hydrocarbons in a trap forms an oil field, from which
the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping.
Kerogen: is a composite of waxy hydrocarbon compounds which is the
primary organic component of oil shale (an organic sedimentary rock
containing kerogen).
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
The idea proposes that large amounts of carbon exist naturally in
the planet, some in the form of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are
less dense than aqueous fluids, and migrate upward through deep
fracture networks. Thermophile rock bacterial are in part
responsible for the organic compound found in petroleum.
Thermophile : Requiring high temperatures for normal development.
Abiogenic theory
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
Oil Window
The temperature range in which the oil forms is an oil window. This
range is generally between 50 to 200 0C.
Below the minimum temperature the oil remains trapped in the
form of kerogen, and above the maximum temperature the oil is
converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking.
The formation of oil is endothermic reactions at high temperature
and pressure.
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
4- Composition of Petroleum
An oil well produces mainly crude oil with some natural gas
dissolved in it.
Because the pressure is lower at surface than underground,
some of the gases can come out as associated with oil and can be
recovered (or burned).
All crude oils are mainly constituted of hydrocarbons mixed with
variable amounts of Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Oxygen compounds.
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
Metals in the form of inorganic salts or organo-metallic compounds
are present in the crude mixture in tiny amounts.
The ratio of different constituents in crude oils varies obviously
from one reservoir to another.
The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to
formation but the proportion of chemical elements varies over
narrow limits and as shown in Table 1.1
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
Table 1.1 the composition by weight of crude oil as chemical element
Element Range %
Carbon 83-87
Hydrogen 10-14
Nitrogen 0.1 – 4
Oxygen 0.1 – 1.5
Sulfur 0.5-6
Metals <0.1
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
Crude oils are refined to separate the mixture into simpler fractions that
can be used as fuels, lubricants, or as intermediate feed to the
petrochemical industries.
A general knowledge of these composite mixtures is essential for
establishing a processing strategy.
Normally crude oils are not used directly as a fuel or as feed stocks for
the production of chemicals.
This is due to the complex nature of the crude oil mixture and the
presence of some impurities that are corrosive or poisonous to the
processing catalyst.
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
Natural accumulation of petroleum in the earth's interior are called traps.
Petroleum found in pockets of porous rock such as sandstone,
surrounded by non-porous rock. Gas and oil and water have speed into
such pockets and been trapped.
Kind of traps:
A-The anticline trap: it is the most common trap in which the pool and
locked in the roof areas of anticlinal structure.
5- Traps
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Properties of oil Lecture NO.1
B- The fault trap: the fault is where earth
movement have caused rock layer to crack
and shift, so that a non-porous layer forms
apart the barrier trapping the oil.
C- The stratigraphic trap: a stratigraphic
trap forms when two non-porous layers
have joined.