pests of mango ( dks cars bhatapara)
TRANSCRIPT
INSECTS PESTS OF MANGO
&THEIR MANAGEMENT
AENT-321–CROPS PESTS AND MANAGEMENT-2
2015-
16
AN ASSIGNMENT ON
DAU KALYAN
SINGH
COLLEGE OF
AGRICULTURE
and
RESEARCH
STATION
BHATAPARA
SUBMITTED TO
MR. VIKAS SINGH ASSIST. PROF. OF ENTOMOLOGY
DKS CARS, BHATAPARA
SUBMITTED BY
VIKRAM
ID-110713043
B.SC.(AG) 3rd YEAR 2nd SEM
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INDEX
S.NO.
TITLE
PAGE NO.
1.
Inroduction
3-4
2.
Mango Hopper
5-9
3.
Mango Mealy Bug
10-15
4.
Stem Borer
16-20
5.
Stone Weevil
21-24
6.
Shoot Gall Psylla
25-28
7.
Inflorescence Midge
29-31
8.
References
32
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Scientific name - Mangifera indica
Family - Anacardiacea
Mango
Introduction
Mango is one of the most delicious fruit grown in India.
India alone account for nearly 80 %of the world mango production. A
substantial quality is being exported to different parts of the world. Mango
pulp is rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, and Carbohydrate.
It also, contains appreciable quantity of magnesium,
sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron etc. According to Nayar et. al
;(1976) about 175 species of insects have been reported to damage the
mango fruit and the tree. Few important ones are being described as
below.
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S. NO.
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
ORDER
FAMILY
1.
Mango Hopper
Amritodus atkinsoni
Hemiptera
Cicadellidae
2.
Mealy Bug
Drosicha mangiferae
Hemiptera
Margarodidae
3.
Stem Borer
Batocera fufomaculata
Coleoptera
Cerambyciade
4.
Stone Weevil
Sternochaetus mangifera
Coleoptera
Curculionidae
5.
Shoot Gall Psylla
Apsylla cistella
Hemiptera
Psyllidae
6.
Inflorescence Midge
Erosomyia indica
Diptera
Cecidomyiidae
PESTS OF MANGO
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Introduction:-
The mango hoppers are the most destructive pests of all the
varieties of mango.
Three species of hoppers Idioscopus clypealis, I. nitidulus and
Amritodus atkinsoni are the most important and found on
panicles, leaves and stems, respectively.
The hoppers are prevalent in the mango flowering season,
multiply in large numbers and proves devastating to the crop.
Mango Hopper (Amritodus atkinsoni)
Phyllum- Arthopoda
Class- Insecta
Order - order
Family – Cicadeliiida
Genus – Amritodus
Species - atkinsoni
Taxonomy
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Damage to the mango crop may be as high as 60 per cent. The
growth of young trees is much retarded and older trees do not
bear much fruits
Distribution:-
India, Indonesia, Formosa, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, Srilanka,
Burma, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Malaysia.
Major pest prevalent in the flowering season and devastating in
all mango growing areas.
Host Range:- mango
Identification:-
Eggs -Eggs are laid in single into the tissues of the young leaves,
shoots, flower stalk and unopened flowers.
Nymph – The nymphs of Idiosocopus clypealis are dull yellow or
dust yellow, whereas those of Amritodus atkinsoni are pale
yellow, elongated and more active.
Adult- : Small insects 4-5mm long with the body shape of a
miniature cicada / wedge shaped
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Life Cycle:-
Female inserts eggs into flower buds, inflorescence stalks and
tender leaves.
Incubation period: 4-7 days
Nymphal Period: 12-17 days
Completes 2-3 generation in flowering period.
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Damage Symptoms:-
Drying of infested tissue: Large number of nymphs and adults
puncture and suck the sap of tender parts such as panicles,
inflorescence, leaves and fruits, thereby reducing the vigour of the
plants and particularly destroying inflorescence and causing fruit
drop.
Sooty mould: They also damage the crop by excreting a sweet
sticky substance which facilitates the development of sooty
mould, a fungi, which affects photosynthesis activities of leaf,
reducing the vigour of the plants. Heavy puncturing and
continuous draining of the sap cause curling and drying of the
infested tissue.
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Integrated Pest Management
Culture method:-
Keeping the orchard clean and avoiding overcrowding of
trees.
Avoiding water logging around the mango orchard.
Biological method:-
Conservation of bio control agents like predator, Mallada boninensis, Chrysopa lacciperda, egg parasite, Polynema spp. Gonatocerus sp. Tetrastichus sp. and fungus, Verticillium lecanii .
Neem oil 5 ml/lit of water can be mixed with any insecticide
for spray.
Spray 3 per cent neem oil or neem seed kernel powder
extract 5 per cent.
Chemical methods:-
Spray dimethoate 30 EC or moncrotophos 36 SL 2.5-3.3 L ,
methyldemeton 25 EC or malathion 50 EC 1.5 -2.0 L in 1500
– 2000 L of water per ha or acephate 75 SP @ 1 g/L,
phosalone 35 EC @1.5 ml/L, or new molecules like
buprofezin 25 SC 1-2ml/L of water or imidacloprid 17.8 SL
2-4ml/tree or lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC 0.5-1.0ml/L of
water at 10 -15 L of water per tree.
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Mango mealy bug (Drosicha mangiferae)
Taxonomy
Phyllum- Arthopoda Class- Insecta Order - Homoptera Family –Margarodidae Genus – Drosicha Species - mangiferae
Introduction:-
Mealy bug is another major pest of mango in India and is widely
distributed.
Dorsicha mangiferae is the most common mealy bug and causes
severe damage to mango crop throughout the country.
Nymphs and adults suck the plant sap and reduce the vigour of
the plant. Excessive and continuous draining of plant sap causes
wilting and finally drying of infested tissue.
Distribution :-
India, Bangladesh, China and South East Asia
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Host range :
Mango, apple, apricot, ber, cherry, Citrus spp., fig, grape vine,
guava, jack, jamun, litchi, mulberry and pomegranate.
Identification:-
Eggs: Oval, shining pink eggs laid in the soil upto 15 cm.
Adult:
– The adult male is winged and small
– Female is bigger and wingless.
– The females can be identified by their flat shape, covered
with white flocculent wax covering.
Nymph – The nymphs are flat in shape and pink to brown in
colour.
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Life Cycle:-
The female crawl down the tree in the month of April-May and
enter in the cracks in the soil for laying eggs in large numbers
encased in white egg sacs.
Just after hatching, the minute newly hatched pink to brown
coloured nymphs crawl up the tree.
The eggs lie in diapause state in the soil till the return of the
favourable conditions in the month of November - December.
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Damage symptoms:-
The female adult crawls down the tree in the month of April-May and enter in the cracks in the soil for laying eggs. Pinkish nymphs and adult mealy bugs are present on leaves,inflorescence, branches, fruits and fruits talk. The nymphs of this pest suck sap from leaves and inflorescence causing dryness leading to flower drop and negligible fruit set. They also secrete honey dew which gives rise to sooty mold attack.
IPM:- Culture methods-
Remove weeds like Clerodendrum inflortunatum and grasses
by ploughing during June-July.
Plough orchards during summer to expose the eggs to
natural enemies and extreme heat.
Band the trees with 20 cm wide alkalthene of polythene
(400 gauge) in the middle of December (50 cm above the
ground level and just below the junction of branching).Tie
stem with jute thread and apply a little mud of fruit tree
grease on the lower edge of the band.
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Biological methods:-
Release Australian ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri @ 10/tree
Conservation of bio control agents, Beauveria bassiana, predators, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Rodolia fumida and Sumnius renardi.
Releasing 10-15 grubs of cocinellid predator, C. montrozieri per tree
1. Alkathene banding on tree trunk to check migration 2. Coccinellid predators of mealy bug
Chemical methods-
If necessary spray dimethoate 30 EC or moncrotophos 36 SL
2.5-3.3L , methyldemeton 25 EC or malathion 50 EC 1.5 -2.0
L or chlorpryriphos 20 EC 3.0 – 4.0 L or methyl parathion 50
EC 1.5 – 2.0 L in 1500 – 2000 L water per ha
If nymphs ascended on tree spray carbosulfan (0.05%) or Dimethoate (0.04%)
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Stem borer (Batocera rufomaculata)
Taxonomy
Phyllum- Arthopoda Class- Insecta Order - Coleoptera Family –Cerambyciade Genus – Batocera Species - Rufomaculata
Introduction:-
Mango stem borer is common pest in India. It is a
polyphagous pest, infesting besides mango, apple, fig,
mulberry, Eucalyptus, jack fruit, papaya etc.
Distribution:-
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Burma, Malaysia,
South Vietnam, Philippines, East Australia, Africa and
Hawaii.
Host plants:-
Besides mango, it also attacks jack fruit, rubber, fig,
eucalyptus,etc .
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Identification:-
Adult-
Adult weevil is about 6-8 mm in length, greyish brown in
colour and stoutly built.
Antennae are 10 segmented and elytra are convex. In non-
fruiting season, beetles remain hidden under the bark.
The mother weevil selects a place on the developing fruit,
makes a boat or crescent shaped shallow depression by
scooping and then lays a single egg and covers it with a
transparent liquid secretion.
Single female lays about 15 eggs. The egg hatches within a
week.
Grub-
Grub is white, thick, fleshy and legless. The newly hatched grub immediately tunnels in a zig- zag manner through pulp, endocarp and seed coat until it reaches cotyledons and the seed coat hardens afterwards.
Inside the stone it feeds on the cotyledon, moults 5 times in about 5 weeks and pupates inside the stone. As a fruit develops, the tunnel gets healed up.
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Life cycle:-
Eggs laid singly on the bark or cracks and crevices on the
tree trunk or branches. Incubation period: 1-2 weeks.
Grubs yellow, grub period 6 months, and pupal period is
19-36 days.
Adults grey with two pink dots and lateral spine on the
thorax with a longevity of 6 months.
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Damage symptoms:-
Grubs feed inside the stem boring upward making irregular tunnels which results in interruption of nutrient and water transport in the tissue. Drying of terminal shoot in early stages and severe symptoms causes wilting of branches or entire tree.
Figure 8 showing Stem borer on infested stem.
IPM:-
Culture methods-
Grow tolerant mango varieties viz., Neelam, Humayudin.
Remove and destroy dead and severely affected branches of
the tree.
Avoid injury at the base of trunk while pruning.
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Remove alternative hosts like moringa, silk cotton in the
near vicinity.
Chemical methods-
During off-season, apply absorbent cotton soaked in 10 ml
monocrotophos 36 SL per tree by padding without
unnecessarily injuring the trunk.
Use a needle or long wire to pull out the grubs from the
bore holes. The bore holes may be filled with DDVP @ 5 ml
or monocrotophos 36 WSC 10 to 20 ml or one celphos tablet
(3 g aluminum phosphide) or apply carbofuran 3G 5 g per
hole and plug with clay + copper oxychloride paste.
Swab Coal tar + Kerosene @ 1:2 or Carbaryl 50 WP 20 g / L
(basal portion of the trunk - 3 feet height) after scraping the
loose bark to prevent oviposition by adult beetles.
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Mango Stone Weevil (Sternochaetus mangiferae)
Taxonomy
Phyllum- Arthopoda Class- Insecta Order - Coleoptera Family – Curculionidae Genus – Sternochaetus Species - mangiferae
Introduction:-
It is a major pest in South India. It is widely distributed in
tropics. Sweet variety fruits are more liked by stone weevil.
It is monophagous and is considered most serious pest of
mango.
Identification:-
Adult- Adult weevil is about 6-8 mm in length, greyish brown in colour and stoutly built. Antennae are 10 segmented and elytra are convex. In non-fruiting season, beetles remain hidden under the bark. The mother weevil selects a place on the developing fruit, makes a boat or crescent shaped shallow depression by scooping and then lays a single egg and covers it with a transparent liquid
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secretion. Single female lays about 15 eggs. The egg hatches within a week.
Grub- Grub is white, thick, fleshy and legless. The newly hatched grub immediately tunnels in a zig- zag manner through pulp, endocarp and seed coat until it reaches cotyledons and the seed coat hardens afterwards. Inside the stone it feeds on the cotyledon, moults 5 times in about 5 weeks and pupates inside the stone.
Host plants Only mango
Life cycle:- Adult lay eggs singly on the marble sized fruits by scooping out the surface tissue and covering over with transparent secretion. Egg period - 7 days, grub period - 20-30 days yellow creamy grub apodous with five larval instars.
Pupation occurs inside the nut along the concave side; pupal period 7 days.
Adults stout, 6 mm long, dark brown in colour. Life cycle completed in 40-50 days
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Damage Symptoms:-
Grub makes zigzag tunnels in pulp, Eats unripe tissue and bore
into cotyledons.
Fruit dropping at marble stage. Oviposit ion injuries on marble
sized fruits.
Tunnelled cotyledons in mature fruit by grubs.
Figure 17 showing Mango nut weevil in mango fruit nut.
IPM:-
Under-sized fruits left on the tree should be picked and destroyed. Undertake general cleanliness and destruction of the weevils on the bark during August If the trees are few, bag the fruits with cloth or try paper bags for protection.
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Collect and destroy the fallen fruits and stones. Spray application of malathion 50 EC 1ml/L; Carbaryl 3-4 kg (4 g/L of water) or Quinalphos 3- 4 L (2 ml/L of water) in 1500-2000 L water per ha in Sept-Oct on the tree first at marble stage of the fruit second at 15 days interval. During non flowering season direct spray towards the base of the trunk. The infested bark should be washed with kerosene emulsion. Spray deltamethrin spray 1.5 - 2.0 L (1 ml/L of water) in 1500-2000 L water per ha after six weeks of fruit set.
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Mango shoot gall psylla (Apsylla cistella)
Taxonomy
Phyllum- Arthopoda Class- Insecta Order - Hemiptera Family –Psyllidae Genus – Apsylla Species - cistella
Inroduction:-
Shoot gall psylla is a monophagous pest of mango in northern
India.
Biology:-
Adult female lays 80-100 eggs on either side of the midrib of a single leaf. Freshly laid egg looked like a rectangular block with rounded corners. The incubation period ranges between 191-211 days. Freshly hatched nymph is yellowish in colour, but changed in size and colour with time.
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There were six nymphal instars. Each instar moults after duration of about one month except 2nd nymphal instar, which moulted 2-3 weeks after hatching. Only one generation occur in a year. The nymphal period is about five to six months.
The peak adult emergence is in the first week of March.
Life cycle:- Adult females of the pest lay eggs at the sides of midribs during first week to end of March.
Incubation period last from first week of March to middle of August.
Eggs hatch in the middle of August and gall formation start from first week of September.
Nymphal period lasted from mid of August to end of February.
Adult emergence starts from fourth week of February and continued up to third week of March.
Damage symptoms:-
Nymphs emerge during August September and suck cell sap from
adjacent buds. As a result of feeding, buds develop into hard
conical green galls
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Nymphs of Apsylla cistellata
The galls are usually seen during September-October.
Consequently there is no flowering and fruit setting.
Nymphs pass winter inside the galls.
Infestation of shoot gall psylla
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IP Management:- Cultural control:-
practice of removal of eggs bearing leaves from a shoot during March last week which decreases number of shoot gall formation
Mechanical control:-
Pruning of shoots upto 30 cm which bears galls during September to check further spread of incidence
Chemical control:
Spray Profenophos @ 2 ml/litre which is having ovicidal action during the second week of March (peak ovipositioning period) Spray with Dimethoate @ 1.5 ml/litre during middle of August (Nymphal emergence time). If needed repeat the spray with same chemical.
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Mango Inflorescence midge (Erosomyia indica)
Taxonomy
Phyllum- Arthopoda Class- Insecta Order - Diptera Family – Cecidomyiidae Genus – Erosomyia Species - indica
Introduction:- The pest lives in association with the mango crop from January to May. It infests and damages the crop in three different stages. The most damaging one is the first attack in which the entire inflorescence is destroyed even before flowering and fruiting.
Incidence is noticed more where Moderate to high temperature With low humidity prevailing during January – March.
Distribution:- It is distribution all over India.
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Identification:- The adult is minute yellowish midge with grayish back. The male being larger than female. The wings are broad; claw is slender, strongly arched and dentate.
Life cycle: -
Lay eggs on the inflorescence peduncle or at the base of the fruit. The eggs hatch within 2-3 days. The larval period varies from 7-10 days.
The pupal period varies from 5-7 days.
The mature larvae drop down into the soil for pupation.
There are 3-4 overlapping generations of the pest spread over the period from January-March.
Nature of damage: - Maggots attack inflorescence stalk, flower buds and small developing fruits.
Damaging symptoms:
The larvae tunnel the axis of inflorescence and destroy it completely. Damage by E. indica causes bending and drying of the inflorescences. Second attacks starts at fruit setting as young maggots bore into these tender fruits which slowly turn yellow and finally drop.
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Third attack is on tender ‘new leaves encircling inflorescence.
The most damaging one is first attack in which the entire inflorescence is destroyed.
The inflorescence shows stunted growth and its axis bends, at the entrance point of larva.
Management:- Collection and disposal of infested panicles leaves and twigs.
Deep plughing of orchard in October- November to expose pupae and diapausing larvae to sun’s heat which kills them.
Monitoring of larval population on white paper in April/ May and apply chlopyriphos (1.5%) dust based on population.
Spray dimethoate (0.05%) at bud burst stage.
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References:-
Shrivastava K.P., Dhaliwal G.S., A Textbook of Applied Entomology, Kalyani Publishers,New Dhelhi.
Prakash Om,IPM Schedule for Mango Pests,(2012) National Horticulture Mission, Ministry of Agricultural, New Dhelhi.
Shivankar V.J., Rao C.N. ,Psyllids and Their Management,
(2010)ManageNational Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpure.
Chowdhury Swapan, Diversity and nature of damage of mango insect pests at Kaliachak-II Block of Malda, West Bengal, India,(2015)Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies , (www.Entomljournal.com)
Bambawale O.M., Shivendra ,Bhatt B.P., Venkateswaralu B.,
Manual for Mango Pest Surveillance,(2012) National Centre for Integrated Pest Management,ICAR, New Delhi.
Raghavaih G., PESTS OF CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT(Study
Material) (2011-12), DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, BAPATLA, ANGRAU.
www.ecourses.iasri.res.in