pest management training 1 integrated pest management andrew lawson professor of entomology and...
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Integrated Pest Management
Andrew Lawson
Professor of Entomology and Chair, Department of Plant Sciences,
California State University, Fresno
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What is IPM?
• ecosystem based strategy with focus on long-term prevention of pest or their damage through a combination of techniques, incl:
• biological control• habitat manipulation• modification of cultural practices• use of resistant varieties
• pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates the need and with goal of removing only target organism
• all control methods are done in a way to minimize risks to human health, beneficials, non-targets, and the environment.
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Pest Management Strategies:
Prevention – methods include planting disease free seed, resistant varieties, plant or harvest dates unfavorable for pest, removal of overwinter sites….
Suppression– reduce existing populations to tolerable levels. Methods include aug. biocontrol, mowing or cultivating weeds, pesticide sprays
Eradication – aimed at totally eliminating the pest from an area – usually for newly introduced exotic pest species eg Mediterranean fruit fly, Asian gypsy moth in Orange Co, Light Brown Apple Moth
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Types of Damage:
Direct damage– where they feed on the part of crop we use.
Codling moth
CA red scale
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Indirect damage – where they feed on parts of the plant we don’t use
eg root feeders, leaf feeders – reduces quality or potential yield
grape leaffolder, Desmia funeralis
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May also act as vectors of plant diseases eg Pierce’s disease, vectored by GWSS
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And vector human diseases (malaria, West Nile virus, yellow fever, dengue fever….)
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Insect and mite pests in California walnuts.
KEY PESTS
codling moth These pests must be managed in most orchards every navel orangeworm year or economic damage will occur. Pesticide treatmentswalnut husk fly for these pests often cause outbreaks of secondary pests.
SECONDARY PESTS
walnut aphid These pests are often well controlled by natural dusky‑veined aphid enemies in orchards that do not receive applications frosted scale of broad spectrum insecticides. They becomewalnut scale problems primarily when sprays applied to manage San Jose scale key pests kill their natural enemies.spider mites
OCCASIONAL PESTS
Pacific flatheaded borers These pests may cause problems in some orchards redhumped caterpillars once every few years when environmental conditions oystershell scale favor their development.Italian pear scale
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Sources for additional information on pest of California crops. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/
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http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PCA/pcainvert.html
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Additional resources:• IPM in Practice : Principles and methods of integrated pest
management. Mary Louise Flint and Patricia Gouveia Eds. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2001. 296 pp.
• Entomology and pest management, Larry P. Pedigo. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, c2008. 816 p. : ill., maps ; 26 cm.
• Introduction to insect pest management, edited by Robert L. Metcalf, William H. Luckmann. 2nd ed. New York : Wiley, c1982. xiv, 577 p. : ill. ; 24 cm
• Natural Enemies Handbook: The illustrated guide to biological pest control. M. L. Flint and S. H. Driestadt. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 1998. 154 pp.
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Resistant Plant Cultivars - those with inherited characters that result in less pest damage or infestation
Host resistance is one of the most effective and least expensive management tools
Host Resistance
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Examples
•Nematode resistance in many crops (beans, cotton, potato, alfalfa, citrus, grape, walnut… )
•Phyloxera resistance in grapes using resistance rootstock
•Spotted alfalfa aphid resistance in Lahontan cultivars of alfalfa
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacteria which produces a protein crystal which acts as an insecticidal toxin.
The gene which codes for this protein has been isolated and inserted into a number of crops (corn, cotton, rice and potato (discontinued))
The plant then expresses the Bt gene, producing the protein and is toxic to the lepidopteran pests feeding on it.
GMO Example:
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Susceptible Cotton Bt Cotton
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Pheromones are classified based on the type of interaction mediated Eg alarm, aggregation, or sex
Main uses in IPM:• detection• monitoring • mating disruption
mostly rely on sex pheromones
Modifying Insect Behavior:
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Most sex pheromones are produced by the female and used by the male for mate location.
wind
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The most common use is to attract insects to traps for detection and monitoring
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Wing type pheromone trap used for OFM, PTB OBLR… etc
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A delta trap used for codling moth, pink bollworm, gypsy moth, PTB…
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Trapping taken to the obvious next step - male annihilation – place enough traps to catch enough males so females have no mates.
Used for pink bollworms in Arizona with 5 traps per acre, but hard to evaluate.
Estimated that > 95% would have to be destroyed before population would be limited. Un-trapped males just mate more frequently.
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Mass trapping
• An aggregation pheromone may be used to attract both sexes – trap enough to reduce overall population
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Mating Disruption: two main approaches – false trail following and mating confusion.
False Trail Following – place out many more point sources (low release rate) per acre than the number of females
• males essentially “waste time” by following dead end trails
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Mating Confusion: place large doses of pheromone in the field sufficient to hide the trail of females
• part of confusion comes from antennal receptors become habituated and no longer respond to pheromone
• end result is insect becomes unable to orient to any pheromone source
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Examples of pheromone use in IPM
Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
• major pest of cotton in southern California deserts.•In the central valley CDFA has an ongoing project to prevent establishment through sterile male release and pheromone mating disruption
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damage
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The pheromone is called gossyplure in commercial formulations (7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate)• has been produced in aerially applied formulations including hollow fibers, flakes, and microcapsules• has also been produced in twist tie ropes and twist-on spirals
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Cultural Control is manipulation of the environment making it less favorable to pest invasion, reproduction, survival or dispersal
Most often used as a preventative pest management tool.
Good cultural practices rely on good understanding of crop and pest biology, ecology and phenology
Cultural Practices refers to the management techniques or options which may be manipulated to achieve crop production goals
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Site Selection
Select a site that is pest free or select a crop or variety that is well suited to the area.
Plants poorly adapted to a site are stressed and therefore more susceptible to insects and disease
Avoid planting in fields with a history of weed, nematode or disease problems or plant a crop where these problems are more easily managed
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Sanitation Techniques
• Typically refers to efforts to maintain clean fields and equipment to reduce spread of pests or eliminate their habitat
• Eg: Use certified seed, tubers or rootstock to prevent the spread of nematodes, weeds and pathogens
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Eg. removal of mummy nuts from almond trees eliminates overwintering sites for navel orange worm
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• Eg 2 collection of dropped fruit reduces populations of codling moth, apple maggot, and plum curculio
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Destruction of Alternate Hosts:
Destroying alternate hosts which pests use to build up numbers on or require to complete lifecycle
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Eg. Lettuce root aphid Pemphigus busarius overwinters in galls on poplar trees
Populations have been reduced below damaging levels by eliminating poplar windbreaks
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• Eg 2 destroy mustard hosts around cole crop fields to help control cabbage aphid
Brassica spp
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Habitat Modification:Pest problems happen when conditions required for survival by the pests are favorable.
Habitat modification intentionally limits one or more of these requirements
Eg. Draining areas with standing water reduces breeding sites for mosquitoes
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Planting and Harvest Dates:
Plant or harvest on dates to avoid pests
Eg. Early harvest on costal avocados can help control greenhouse thrips
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On cotton – cotton plowdown program in San Joaquin Valley dictates no cotton planted before March 20.
Avoids flight period of emerging female pink bollworms in spring so they have no hosts to lay eggs on
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Fertilizers and Soil Amendments:
Healthy plants tend to have a greater resistance to pests, but over fertilization may create more pests
Eg. Excess nitrogen on nectarines increases brown rot, Oriental fruit moth (Gapholita molesta), and Peach twig Borer (Anarsia eatella)
OFM PTB
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Excess nitrogen on cotton tends to increase cotton aphid, leafhoppers and cotton bollworm
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Mechanical and Physical controls include practices that mechanically destroy pests or present a physical barrier to their infestation
Mechanical and Physical Control
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Tillage or cultivation may kill weeds, disrupt lifecycle of some pests, and bury disease inoculum
May also expose insects to desiccation
Soil Tillage:
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Omnivorous leafroller (Platynota stultana) overwinters in the larval stage in grape mummies, vineyard weeds, and other trash in the vineyard
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Adult female
larvae
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The French plow is used in vineyards in early spring before new growth begins to bury overwintering larvae of the omnivorous leaf roller.
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Soil Solarization has been effective in controlling certain soilborne pathogens, many weeds, and certain insects – increases temperature to lethal levels
A clear plastic tarp is placed over bare, moistened soil for 3 – 6 weeks during the hottest part of the year.
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Cold storage destroys apple maggot and plum curculio in apples.
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Barriers may exclude pests – eg.Tanglefoot band on citrus to exclude ants
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Sterile Insect Technique
First developed for screwworm fly (Calliphoridae), a parasite of cattle in Southern US, Central and South America
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eggs are laid at the edge of a wound on a warm-blooded animal. Larvae feed on the living flesh.
larvae pupate in the ground. Emerge as adults
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Left untreated, screwworm-infested wounds lead to death. Multiple infestations can kill a grown steer in 5-7 days.
Female mate only once
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In 1950’s USDA developed sterile insect technique
• laboratory-raised flies sterilized by gamma rays are spread by aircraft over infested areas.
• As millions of sterile flies flood an area, the sterile males mate with fertile female flies.
•The resulting eggs do not hatch.
• First used operationally on Sanibel Island, Fl. in 1957. By 1959, screwworms had been eradicated from the Southeast
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In 1950’s – released 50 million/wk
In late 1970’s – released 500 million/wk
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Each tower has 70 trays with 25,000 flies/tray (=1.75 million/tower)
Program has expanded through Mexico & Central America
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Sterile male technique has also been used against Medfly in CA, Pink Bollworm, and Light Brown Apple moth (under development),
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Biological Control – a cornerstone of IPM
There are three approaches or types of biological control:
Classical AugmentationConservation
Proper selection, timing, and application of insecticides to reduce impact on natural enemies
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Pesticides in IPM
Pesticides are any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi or weeds or any other forms of life declared to be pests; and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant or desiccant”
(FIFRA)
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Selection and use is complicated:
• many materials to choose from
• many formulations available
• must know pest ID, life stage, and beneficials present
• must consider how pesticide will react with crop, non-targets, environment, worker safety etc• must identify nearby locations and factors which prohibit or limit use of certain pesticides. Eg schools, parks, workplaces, lakes, streams etc
• pesticide must be registered for use on commodity and growth stage you are targeting
• always check label for legal uses
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Formulation
• There are many available formulations including liquids, dusts, granulars and baits.
• Must consider how formulation affects host plant, people, nontargets and the environment
• pesticides formulated with oil tend to be more phytotoxic. • Wettable powders have low phytotoxicity, but inhaling dust during mixing is more of a health risk• dry flowables have low phytotoxicity, and no problem with dust, but abrasive to application equipment. • longer residual may mean more control, but they also are usually more destructive to natural enemies, nontargets and the environment
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Mode of Action:
When selecting a pesticide one must consider its mode of action.
Mode of action is the mechanism by which the pesticide kills or controls the pest.
• most interfere with a metabolic processEg. organophosphates interfere with central nervous system (cholinesterase inhibitors). Insect growth regulators interfere with action of natural hormones
• some cause physical damageEg. desiccants remove waxy coating resulting in water loss
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• Classified into groups by Insecticide Resistance Action Committee www.irac-online.org– Eg carbamates are 1A, OPs are 1B– Identify 28 MoAs plus subtypes
Mode of Action: (cont’d)
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Persistence
Persistence is the amount of time it takes for a pesticide to degrade in the environment, usually measured in half life.
May be affected by formulation, soil microbes, UV light, pH of water used in mixing.
If reinfestation if likely, persistence may be desirable, but usually means increased risk to people, wildlife, and beneficials
Highly persistent pesticides select for resistance faster
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Selectivity
Selectivity is the range of organisms and life stages of organisms affected by the pesticide.
Broad spectrum vs Selective
• Selective - generally desirable in IPM programs because they have less impact on NEs and other nontargets (including humans)
• they target chemical processes unique to one pest or group
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Selectivity (cont’d)
• Selectivity can also be obtained by application techniques – eg bark banding for elm leaf beetle
• Systemic insecticides
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Pesticide Toxicity:
Toxicity is the capacity of a material to cause injury to organisms - All pesticides are toxic to some organisms
Each pesticide has a toxicity rating that suggests the relative hazard to people and other organisms in the environment
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Toxicity Categories• Insecticide categories give an idea of their
potential hazard (by LD50):– Category I – highly toxic – signal words Danger-Poison.
Oral LD50 50mg/kg.
– Category II – moderately toxic –signal word Warning. 50mg/kg Oral LD50 500mg/kg.
– Category III – slightly toxic –signal word Caution. 500mg/kg Oral LD50 5,000mg/kg.
– Category IV – low toxicity –signal word Caution. 5,000mg/kg Oral LD50
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Insecticide Nomenclature• Insecticides are designated by three names
• Common name – selected by Entomological Society of America
• Trade name (also proprietary name or brand name) – chosen by the manufacturer
• Chemical name – dictated by rules for nomenclature of organic chemistry
Eg. Common name – carbaryltrade name – Sevin ®chemical name – 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate
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Grouping by Compounds
• The most precise way to classify insecticides is by their chemical makeup
• Organophosphates - discovery was associated with German work on nerve gases (including sarin) – derived from phosphoric acid– These work by poisoning the nervous system –
inhibit acetylcholinesterase– Examples: Malathion, parathion, diazanon,
chlorpyrifos
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Grouping by Compounds
• Carbamates - developed in 1950’s by Geigy Corp. – produced from carbamic acid– These also work by poisoning the nervous system
- inhibit acetylcholinesterase– Examples: Carbaryl, Carbofuran, Aldicarb
Methomyl
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Grouping by Compounds• Organochlorines (chlorinated hydrocarbons):
– Few are currently registered for use in the US - mostly removed from market due to persistence and negative impacts on wildlife (bioaccumulation)
– These also work as nerve poisons – various generally alter ion [ ] in axon
– Examples: Includes DDT, Chlordane, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, mirex and toxaphen – all no longer available
– Endosulfan and lindane still registered
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Grouping by Compounds• Pyrethroids – synthetic compounds based on
pyrethrum – a material produced by Chrysanthemum sp. – New materials in this class emerged in the 80’s
and early 90’s (3rd gen and 4th gen)– These also work as nerve poisons – bind to sites
on Na channel– Examples: resmethrin, permethrin, esfenvalerate
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Grouping by Compounds
• Neonicotinoids (or chloronicotinyls) - a new class of synthetics which resemble nicotine– Imidacloporid (Gaucho®, Merit®, Admire®,
Confidor®, Provado®….), Acetamiprid (Assail®), thiacloprid (Calypso®), Thiamethoxam (Platinum®, Actara®)
– Affects central nervous system - nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist.
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From Zalom et al 2005
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From Zalom et al 2005
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Grouping by Compounds
• Fumigants – contain one or more of the halogen gases (Cl, Br or F)– Commonly used for structural pest control and
for stored product pests in grain elevators, packaged beans, grains, etc
– Examples: para-dichlorobenzene & napthalene (mothballs), methyl bromide (phased out in 2005 due to ozone depletion – current CUE)
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Other Insecticides• Botanicals – not really a chemical grouping, but
include all insecticides derived from plants – the chemicals themselves are diverse– pyrethrum is an example produced by Chrysanthemum
sp. – Azadiractins are extracted from seeds of the neem tree
– deter feeding and oviposition, also interfere with growth and development – very safe for mammals
– Nicotine is extracted from tobacco – the most dangerous of the botanicals
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Other Insecticides• Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) – mimic natural
hormones and interfere with molting, metamorphosis, reproduction, or formation of exoskeleton– A very quickly growing group – Chemically very diverse – potentially very selective– Examples: hydropene (cockroaches), methoprene
(fleas, leps, beetles), diflubenzuron ( caterpillars, beetles, flies), lufeneron (Program® - fleas), hexaflumuron (Sentricon®)
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Other Insecticides
• Microbials - Produced from microorganisms that cause disease in insects– Another quickly growing group with promise– Includes Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), abamectin
and spinosad (both natural fermentation products of bacteria)
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Other Insecticides
• Insecticidal Oils – oils work by coating insects and suffocating them– Oil is also phytotoxic, the higher the viscosity the
higher the phytotoxicity– Light (less viscous) oil may be used in the summer
– called summer oils – volatilize more quickly– Heavy (more viscous) oil may only be used in the
dormant period – called dormant oils
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Other Insecticides
• Insecticidal Soaps – comprised of potassium salts of fatty acids– Work by removing protective wax on insect
cuticle and may affect nervous system– Effective against aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs
and spider mites– Examples: Safer® soap, M-pede®