pest management in vegetable crops successful management ... · areawide impact …depends on...

1

Ellsworth/UA

Successful ManagementAdapted to a Mobile,

Polyphagous Whitefly Pest in aDiverse Cropping System

Peter C. Ellsworth & John C. PalumboArizona Pest Management Center /

Department of EntomologyUniversity of Arizona

Advances in Understanding Insect Dispersal to ImprovePest Management in Vegetable Crops

Section F Symposium, ESA, December 20, 2005 Ellsworth/UA

What Am I Doing Here?• Vegetables?

• Dispersal?

Ellsworth/UA

What Am I Doing Here?• Cotton?

• Movement?

Ellsworth/UA

Bemisia tabaci, Biotype B• 33 µg• > 600 hosts• Mobile adult form

• Introduced to U.S. inlate 1980’s and AZ inearly 1990’s

• Reduces yields,contaminates withhoneydew & vectorsviruses

Ellsworth/UA

Dispersal and IPM• Description of System

– Damage potential &economic impact

– Intercrop interactions

• Bemisia movement

• IPM System– Impact of dispersal– Cross-commodity

management

Ellsworth/UA

Veggie Losses• Reduced Yields

– Leaf necrosis– Fruit size– Plant vigor– Maturity

• Reduced Quality– Chlorosis– Low sugars– Sooty mold

2

Ellsworth/UA

Biological Defoliation (UTC, 1992)Yield Loss

Ellsworth/UA

Damage to Cotton: Direct,Yield Loss

Ellsworth/UA

Excreted Sugars HostSooty Molds

Quality Loss

Ellsworth/UA

$100M ProblemSticky cotton could notbe sold at a premiumprice after outbreaks in1992 & 1995.

Ellsworth/UA Ellsworth/UA1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Fo

lia

r S

pra

y I

nte

ns

ity

Whitefly Pink bollworm Lygus bugs Other

$113 (ave. cost / A)

$106

$108

$68

$121

$217

$138

$111

$37

$103

$56 $62 $64$85

$53

Arizona Cotton Insect Losses(1990–2004)

IGRs, Bt cotton,& AZ IPM Planintroduced

3

Ellsworth/UA

Spring MelonsWinter Vegetables

Shared Whiteflies and Shared Chemistries Among Key Whitefly Hosts

CottonFall Melons

Intercrop Interactions

Ellsworth/UA

Mass Movement

J. Hatch

Ellsworth/UA

One Man’s White-Fly…

Ellsworth/UA

Whitefly Movement &Dispersal

Ellsworth/UA

What Do We Know?• Longer flights during morning hours in females,

though flight is possible all day• Females have greater rates of climb

• < 1 d old or > 7 d. old, flight muscles not adequatelydeveloped for flight

• Longer duration flights at 3 – 5 d of age• Gravid females do fly, though > 4 eggs inhibits long-

duration flights

From Byrne, Blackmer et al.

D. Byrne

Ellsworth/UA

Short-Range Migration• < 5% have sustained flights > 2 hrs• Ca. 6% exhibit behaviors consistent with migration• After which, sustained flight (> 15 min.) required to

respond to visual cues

• Heavily dependent on wind direction• Mark / recapture of individuals up to 2.7 km• Bimodal distribution with majority near source

(“trivial” flyers) & some at ca. 2.2 km (“migrators”)

From Byrne, Blackmer et al.

J. Hatch

4

Ellsworth/UA

Adult Population DynamicsCotton

0.1

1

10

100

300

28-Jun 26-Jul 23-Aug

Adults per leaf

1997 From Naranjo & Ellsworth, 2005

Immigration

Emigration

Ellsworth/UA

0

5

10

15

20

4-Jul 1-Aug 29-Aug 26-Sep


Adults per leaf


ImmigrationEmigration

Ellsworth/UA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

27-Jun 25-Jul 22-Aug 19-Sep


Adults per leaf


Immigration Emigration

Ellsworth/UA

Whitefly IPM……depends on 3 basic keys

1

2

3

Ellsworth/UA

Whitefly IPM

Ellsworth/UA

Missing elements of“Avoidance”, e.g.,“Areawide Impact”

Unstable

5

Ellsworth/UA

Areawide Impact …depends on stablesystems of managementto be in place for allsensitive crops in orderto reduce area-widepressure or movement.

Ellsworth/UA

Whitefly IPM

1

2

3

Ellsworth/UA

Selective & Effective Chemistry…the insect growthregulators (for cotton)& Admire (for veggies)sit at the center of ourpyramid.

Ellsworth/UA

Overwhelming Pressure

Ellsworth/UA'93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '050

10

20

30

40

50

60

Nym

ph

s p

er

sq

. cm

. Admire standard

Untreated

10

1

Areawide Pressure

Admire 1st used

Widespreaduse of Admire

IGRs in cottonintroduced

Dome Valley

Palumbo, in press

Ellsworth/UA

Spring MelonsWinter Vegetables

Shared Whiteflies and Shared Chemistries Among Key Whitefly Hosts

CottonFall Melons

Intercrop Interactions

6

Ellsworth/UA

Whitefly IPM

Ellsworth/UA

Whitefly X-IPM……depends on cooperation

among grower’s of cotton, spring &

fall melons, & vegetables.

Ellsworth/UA

A.I. Product Application Crops Uses

Acetamiprid Assail Foliar Lettuce, ColeAcetamiprid Intruder Foliar Cotton

Dinotefuran Venom Foliar, Soil All

Imidacloprid Admire, etc. Soil Melons, Lettuce, ColeImidacloprid Gaucho, etc. Seed CottonImidacloprid Provado, etc. Foliar Lettuce, Cole (Cotton)

Thiamethoxam Centric Foliar CottonThiamethoxam Cruiser Seed CottonThiamethoxam Platinum Soil Melons

Clothianidin Clutch/Poncho various ?Thiacloprid Calypso Foliar ?

Neonicotinoids: A Major Class

Ellsworth/UA

A.I. Product Application Crops Uses

Acetamiprid Assail Foliar Lettuce, ColeAcetamiprid Intruder Foliar Cotton

Dinotefuran Venom Foliar, Soil All

Imidacloprid Admire, etc. Soil Melons, Lettuce, ColeImidacloprid Gaucho, etc. Seed CottonImidacloprid Provado, etc. Foliar Lettuce, Cole (Cotton)

Thiamethoxam Centric Foliar CottonThiamethoxam Cruiser Seed CottonThiamethoxam Platinum Soil Melons

Clothianidin Clutch/Poncho various ?Thiacloprid Calypso Foliar ?

Neonicotinoids: A Major Class

Ellsworth/UA

IRAC Symposium • Saturday at 9:30APaper 0722 – John C. Palumbo

“Grower Initiated Model for Sustaining NeonicotinoidEfficacy Across Commodities”

Ellsworth/UA

Risks by Community

• Complex cropping system

• 3 major whitefly host crops

• 4 major production windows– Winter vegetables– Spring melons– Summer cotton– Fall melons

7

Ellsworth/UA

Risks by Community

• Simple cropping system

• 1 major whitefly host crop

• 1 production window– Summer cotton

(other crops grown but not major hosts for whiteflies:alfalfa, wheat, barley, sudan grass, corn)

Ellsworth/UA

Three Common Communities• Cotton-Intensive, Multi-Crop, and Cotton / Melon

Ellsworth/UA

Spatial Considerations• Whiteflies residential in-

season• Opportunity for 3 – 4

“transfers” per year• 2.2 km range for < 5% of

population, annual rangeof 6.6 – 8.8 km

• Whitefly “communities” =all those sensitive hostcrops grown within a 2-mile radius annually

Ellsworth/UA

Communities Definedby Principal TreatedWF Hosts

Yuma

Cotton

Vegetables

MelonsBuckeye

Ellsworth/UA

Sharing NeonicotinoidsNeonicotinoid* Limitations:Maximum usage by crop per season

*Seed, Soil, or Foliar

Multi-Crop

Cotton / Melon

Cotton-Intensive 2 — —

1 1 —

0 1 1

Community Cotton Melons Vegetables

Ellsworth/UA

Cross-CommodityAgreements onNeonicotinoid Use

Yuma

Cotton

Vegetables

Melons

1 use

1 use0 uses

2 uses

1 use1 use

Palumbo et al. 2003

8

Ellsworth/UA

Group Adoption• Section level pesticide

records (1 mile square)

• Measure temporal & spatialchanges in adoption

• E.g., neonicotinoid usageIn cotton,

CI: 2

CM: 1

MC: 0

Ellsworth/UA

Dispersal & Mgt. of Bemisia• While ostensibly a sedentary insect through most

of its life cycle, whiteflies can and do effectivelymove through our agroecosystem.

• Careful consideration of the consequences of thismovement by stakeholders and researchers hasled to the development of a refined IPM strategy.

• These refinements consider the spatial risks (e.g.,for outbreak conditions & for resistance) andshould help sustain cross-commoditymanagement of this pest areawide.

Ellsworth/UA

Dispersal & Mgt. of Bemisia

Ellsworth/UA

Dispersal & Mgt. of Bemisia

Ellsworth/UA

APMCAPMChttp:http://cals//cals..arizonaarizona..edu/cropsedu/crops

pest management in vegetable crops successful management ... · areawide impact …depends on...

Documents