pervasive 2002 zurich switzerland pervasive computing: it’s all about network services

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Randy H. KatzThe United Microelectronics Corporation Distinguished Professor

Computer Science Division, EECS DepartmentUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA 94720-1776 USA

[email protected]

Pervasive 2002Zurich Switzerland

Pervasive Computing:It’s All About Network Services

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New Pervasive Networking Opportunity

• New things you can do inside the network• Connecting end-points to “services” with

processing embedded in the network fabric• Not protocols but “agents” well-specified

behavior, executing in places in the network• Layer violation to enhance awareness

acceptable: location, network topology, data format, protocol, subscriber identify, service in execution

• Scalable session and flow-oriented processing: measuring, monitoring, billing, prioritizing

• No single technical architecture likely to dominate: think overlays, system of systems

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Network Services: Communications

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Network Services: Access

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New Kind of Communications-Oriented

Service Architecture• Emerging, still developing, in a highly

heterogeneous environment– Rapid development/deployment of new services & apps– Delivered to radically diverse end devices (phone,

computer, info appliance) over diverse access networks (PSTN, LAN, Wireless, Cellular, DSL, Cable, Satellite)

– Exploiting Internet-based technology core: clients/server, applications level routers, TCP/IP protocols, Web/XML formats

– Beyond traditional “call processing” model: client-proxy-server plus application-level partitioning

– New business model emerging: tension between traditional “managed” networks and services vs. “overlays” on top and services outside

– Composition via cooperation or brokering to achieve enhanced performance and reliability

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Presentation Outline

• Inevitability of Heterogeneity• Service Composition via Cooperation,

Brokering, Peering, Overlays• An Approach to a New Service Architecture• A New Pervasive Networking Research

Agenda

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Brokering, Peering, Overlays• An Approach to a New Service Architecture• A New Research Agenda

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Automobiles663 Million

Telephones1.5 Billion

Electronic Chips30 Billion

X-Internet

“X-Internet” Beyond the PC

Forrester Research, May 2001

93Million

407 Million

Internet Computers

Internet UsersToday’s Internet

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“X-Internet” Beyond the PC

Forrester Research, May 2001

0

5000

10000

1500020

01

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Millions

Year

XInternet

PCInternet

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Shape of Things Now:Ever More Sophisticated

Phones

Siemens SL45i Ericsson T68

• Phone w/voice command, voice dialing, intelligent text for short msgs

• MP3 player + headset, digital voice recorder

• “Mobile Internet” with a built-in WAP Browser

• Java-enabled, over the air programmable

• Bluetooth + GPRS• Enhanced displays +

embedded cameras

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Shape of Things Now:New Converged Products• Phone + Messenger + PDA Combinations

– E.g., Blackberry 5810 Wireless Phone/Handheld» Integration of PDA + Telephone» PLUS Gateway to Internet and Enterprise

applications» 1900 MHz GSM/GPRS (Euroversion at 900 Mhz)» SMS Messaging, Internet access» QWERTY Keyboard, 20 line display» JAVA applications capable» 8 MB flash + 1 MB SRAM

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Locator Systems = GPS + 2-Way Messaging

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Shape of Things to Come: Sensor Networks

• Embedded processing, time synchronization mechanisms, real-time event handling, multihop network routing, application development tools and environments

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Environmental Sensing:Sensor-to-Remote

Researcher

• Great Duck Island– Remote investigation of microhabitats– David Culler, Alan Mainwaring, Intel Berkeley Laboratories

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Devices in the eXtreme

Evolution

Information Appliances:Scaled down desktops,e.g., CarPC, PdaPC, etc.

Evolved DesktopsServers:

Scaled-up Desktops,Millennium

Revolution

Information Appliances:Many computers per person,

MEMs, CCDs, LCDs, connectivity

Servers: Integrated withcomms infrastructure;Lots of computing in

small footprint

Display

Keyboard Disk

Mem

Proc

PC Evolution

Display DisplayCamera

Smart

Sensors

Camera

Smart Spaces

ComputingRevolutionWAN

Server, Mem, Disk

InformationUtility

BANG!Display

Mem

Disk

Proc

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Pervasive Computing = “Convergence”

Via Services in the Network• Not just about gadgets or access

technologies, which are becoming ever more diverse

• But services and applications, and how the net can best support them anywhere, anytime

• Bottlenecks are near the edge, not the core• Enabled by:

– Computing embedded in communications fabric: distributed, wide-area, topology-aware

– Per session characterization, processing, prioritization, monitoring, management, billing

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AccessNetworks

Core Networks

Putting it Together: Connectivity and Processing

Transit Net

Transit Net

Transit Net

PrivatePeering

NAPPublic

Peering

InternetDatacenter

PSTNRegionalWirelineRegionalVoiceVoice

CellCell

Cell

CableModem

LANLANLAN

Premises-based

WLANWLANWLAN

Premises-based

Operator-based

H.323Data

Data

RAS

Analog

DSLAM

H.323

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Multi-Party Administered World: Agile or Fragile?

• Baltimore Tunnel Fire, 18 July 2001– “… The fire also damaged fiber optic cables, slowing Internet

service across the country, …”– “… Keynote Systems … says the July 19 Internet slowdown was

not caused by the spreading of Code Red. Rather, a train wreck in a Baltimore tunnel that knocked out a major UUNet cable caused it.”

– “PSINet, Verizon, WorldCom and AboveNet were some of the bigger communications companies reporting service problems related to ‘peering,’ methods used by Internet service providers to hand traffic off to others in the Web's infrastructure. Traffic slowdowns were also seen in Seattle, Los Angeles and Atlanta, possibly resulting from re-routing around the affected backbones.”

– “The fire severed two OC-192 links between Vienna, VA and New York, NY as well as an OC-48 link from, D.C. to Chicago. … Metromedia routed traffic around the fiber break, relying heavily on switching centers in Chicago, Dallas, and D.C.”

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“The Network Effect”

• Creating and deploying new services– Development and deployment expense

» Cost of 3G licenses and networks» “Even if I had $1 billion and set up 1000s of locations, I

could never in my network have a completely ubiquitous footprint.”—Sky Dayton, founder of Boingo

• Achieving desirable end-to-end properties– Control of the end-to-end path

• Evolving network services– Difficult to change global operational infrastructure

• Approach: Peering, Composition, Overlays– Needed: a service architecture that supports this

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PeeringPolicy-Based Routing

• Multi-homing– Reliability of network connectivity– Traffic discrimination

End Network

PrimaryTransit

Network

AlternativeTransit

NetworkPeer

NetworkPeerNetworkPeerNetwork

PeerNetworks

BerkeleyCampus

CalREN

ResearchTraffic

DormTraffic

Fail-over

New PrimaryTransit

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GPRS Peering Network

GRXDNS

R

R

Operator C

SGSN

DNSBG

Operator C

SGSN

DNSBG

Per Johannson, Ericsson Research

Compositionfor GPRS Transit

R

ROperator B

SGSN

DNSBG

Operator A

GGSNBG

DNS

• eXchanges– Aicent, Belgacom, Cable & Wireless, Carrier1, Comfone/Infonet,

Deutsche Telekom, Ebone, Energis, France Telecom, Global Crossing, KPNQwest, Sonera/Equant, Telecom Italia, Telenor, Telia, Telecommunications Services Inc, WorldCom

GRXR

R

R

DNS

GRXR

R

R

DNS

GRXR

R

R

DNS

GPRS Peering Network

DNS.gprs

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IsolatedIntra-cloud

serviceTraditional

unicastpeering

Administrativedomain

Admindomain

Administrativedomain

AdmindomainAdmin

domain

OverlaysCreating New Interdomain

Services• Deploy new services above the routing

layer– E.g., interdomain multicast management and peering– E.g., alternative connectivity for performance,

resilience

Steve McCanne

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OverlaysBrokered Resources for

Applications• Examples:

– Multicast management and peering at application level

– Implement performance qualities at overlay level

Steve McCanne

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Composition and Cooperation:

Mobile Virtual Network Operator

MVNO has everything but its own physical network

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Single LocationNetwork Operator

(SLN)Single LocationNetwork Operator

(SLN)CooperativeNetworking

Full ServiceNetworkOperator


Composition of Wireless Infrastructure Services

Premises-basedAccess


Single LocationNetwork Operator

(SLN)

SLN Aggregator

WISP Aggregator

RevenueSharing

Single Sign-onUnified Billing

Billing, ECommerceAuthentication

Inter-site Mobility

Private Brand NetOperator (MVNO)

VPN Operator, Client-Software

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“Mobile Internet Edge”

HW supports scaled monitoring/measurement for allocation of resources, network management, charging, …

Content optimization, policy-based filtering, security & authentication, session/content/location/subscriber-aware

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SAHARA ProjectServiceArchitecture forHeterogeneousAccessResources andApplications

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Sprint

UserSalt Lake

City

Scenario: ServiceComposition

JAL

BabblefishTranslator

Zagat Guide

UI

User

NTTDoCoMo

RestaurantGuide Service

Tokyo

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Service Composition• New mechanisms, techniques for end-to-end

services w/ desirable, predictable, enforceable properties spanning potentially distrusting service providers– Tech architecture for service composition & inter-operation across

separate admin domains, supporting peering & brokering, and diverse business, value-exchange, access-control models

– Functional elements» Service discovery» Service-level agreements» Service composition under constraints» Redirection to a service instance» Performance measurement infrastructure» Constraints based on performance, access control,

accounting/billing/settlements» Service modeling and verification

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Service Composition Models• Cooperative

– Individual component service providers interact, with distributed responsibility, providing end-to-end composed service

• Brokered– Broker uses functionalities provided by underlying service

providers, encapsulates these to compose an end-to-end service

Service

Negotiation & control path

Service Service

Data flow

Negotiation & control pathBroker

Service ServiceService

Data flow

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Layered Reference Model for Service Composition

IP Network

Enhanced Links

Enhanced Paths

End-to-End NetworkWith Desirable Properties

Middleware Services

Applications Services

End-User Applications

Conn

ectiv

ityPl

ane

Appl

icatio

nPl

ane

Serv

iceCo

mpo

sitio

n

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Technical Themes

• Trust management and behavior verification– Meet promised functionality, performance, availability

• Adapting to network dynamics– Actively respond to shifting server-side workloads and network

congestion, based on pervasive monitoring & measurement– Awareness of network topology to drive service selection

• Adapting to user dynamics– Resource allocation responsive to client-side workload variations

• Resource provisioning and management– Service allocation and service placement

• Interoperability across multiple service providers– Interworking across similar services deployed by different providers

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Overlays to Deploy Disruptive Services in

Existing Networks• How can overlays be exploited for greater network

resilience and performance?– Faults be better isolated and diagnosed?– Abstractions of topology and performance?

• Placement, Paths, and Load Balancing– Server (“Application Level Router”) Placement

» For scaling, reliability, load balancing, latency» Where? Network topology discovery: WAN Core,

Metro/Regional, Access Networks– Choice of Inter-Server “Paths”

» For server-to-server latency/bandwidth/loss rate» Predictable/verifiable network performance (intra-ISP SLA)

– Redirection Mechanisms» Random, round-robin, load-informed redirection» Net vs. server as bottleneck

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Placement of Intelligence in the Network

• Is the end-to-end model still the right conceptual framework?

• Composition via Brokering and Cooperation– Separation of Service, Server, Service Path– Assume “Server Centers” known, can be “discovered”

or register with a Service Placement Service (SPS)– How is Service named, described, performance

constraints expressed, and registered?– How is app/service-specific performance measured and

made known to Service Placement Service?• Service Appliances at the MIE

– How to exploit per-user session characterization and pervasive measurement and monitoring?

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Pervasive Computing = Pervasive Communications

and Processing• Increasing diversity of interconnected devices• Increasing importance of “services” to

mitigate diversity and to provide new functionality and customization

• Enabled by processing embedded in the network interconnect, locally and globally

– “Active networking” is real• Global services realized through managed

composition– Recognition of the role of multiple service providers and

administrative domains– Separation of services from connectivity via overlays– No single operator deploys the global service

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Pervasive 2002

Pervasive Computing

:It’s All About

Network Services

Randy H. Katz

Questions Please!

pervasive 2002 zurich switzerland pervasive computing: it’s all about network services

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