personnel manage men tvs hrm
TRANSCRIPT
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT
Vs
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Torrington and Hall in their book “Personnel Management: A New
Approach” points out that
There are "substantive differences" between HRM and Personnel Management.
Personnel Management is directed at the organisation's employees: finding and training them,
arranging for them to be paid,
explaining management's actions,
satisfying employees' needs,
dealing with their problems and seeking to modify management action that
could produce unwelcome employee response.
HRM, by contrast, is allegedly: "directed mainly at management needs for human resources (not necessarily employees) to be provided and deployed.
There is greater emphasis on planning, monitoring and control,
rather than on
problem solving and mediation.
To add to the differences mentioned earlier, Torrington
and Hall along with their other comments contrasting
HRM and personnel management, seems to reveal their
view that HRM is an approach which puts the emphasis
on the "resource management" element, with overtones of
the dispassionate acquisition, deployment and disposal of
resources and an abandonment of the "caring" and
empathetic elements in some traditional personnel
practice.
Karen Legge, a critic of HRM also admitted that there are
differences in terms of emphasis, which distinguish HRM from
traditional personnel management. In her critical analysis of HRM,
she pointed out that:
1 "Personnel management is aimed largely at non-managers, whereas
HRM treats management development and the management team
as equally if not more important;
2 Personnel management views line managers as
implementing personnel policy for the employees
under their control, whereas HRM views line
managers as directing and co-ordinating a whole
range of resources in order to achieve "bottom-line"
objectives
3 HRM highlights senior management's corporate
responsibility for managing organisational culture and
giving a sense of direction and leadership within the
organisation, whereas personnel management has
tended to see this as an activity for a separate
department such as organisational development.
Writers like Legge, Keenoy and Fowler argue that
HRM is basically "improved personnel management".
On the other hand, authors like Storey, Armstrong,
Guest and a few others propose that HRM is indeed a
distinctively different and new approach to managing
people.
ALTHOUGH both human resource management (HRM) and
personnel management focus on people management, if we
examine critically, there are many differences between them.
However, to find substantive and clear differences between
HRM and personnel management is not a simple task because
both are referring to "people". Nevertheless, debates and
articles in the management literature regarding the differences
have clearly been proven.
There are five differences that can be debated
between them which are:
Nature of relations;
Leadership and management role;
Contract of employment;
Pay policies and job designs; and
Communication and negotiation.
Nature of relations
The nature of relations can be seen through two different
perspective views which are Pluralist and Unitarist. There is a
clear distinct difference between both because in personnel
management, the focus is more on individualistic (Parag
Diwan, 1998) where individual interest is more than group
interest.
The relationship between management and employees are merely on contractual basis where one hires and the others perform. Whereas, HRM focuses more on Unitarist where the word "uni" refers to one and together. Here, HRM through a shared vision between management and staff create a corporate vision and mission which are linked to business goals and the fulfilment of mutual interest where the organisation's needs are satisfied by employees and employees' needs are well-taken care by the organisation. Motorola and Seagate are good examples of organisations that belief in this Unitarist approach which also focuses in team management and sees employees as partners in an organisation.
Leadership and management role
Personnel management emphasises much on leadership style which is very transactional. This style of leadership merely sees the leader as a task-oriented person.
This leader focuses more on procedures that must be followed, punishment form non-performance and non-compliance of rules and regulations and put figures and task accomplishments ahead of human factors such as personal bonding, interpersonal relationship, trust, understanding, tolerance and care.
HRM creates leaders who are transformational. This leadership style encourages business objectives to be shared by both employees and management.
Here, leaders only focus more on people-oriented and
importance on rules, procedures and regulations are eliminated
and replaced with:
Shared vision;
Corporate culture and missions;
Trust and flexibility; and
HRM needs that integrates business needs.
The above have then created as what we call now MBO
(management by objectives) which is based on HRM strategy that
focuses in transformational leadership, style which encourages
"participative management".
This according to John Storey is an "ideal type" if the new HRM
model which HR practices are no more involving only HR
managers, but also the line managers.
Here, the HR managers and the line managers are equally important
in directing and co-ordinating people resources in order to achieve
"bottom-line" objectives.
Contract of employment
In personnel management, employees contract of employment is clearly
written and employees must observe strictly the agreed employment
contract.
The contract is so rigid that there is no room for changes and
modifications.
There is no compromise in written contracts that stipulates rules,
regulations, job and obligations.
HRM, on the other hand, does not focus on one-time life-long contract
where working hours and other terms and conditions of employment are
seen as less rigid. Here, it goes beyond the normal contract that takes place
between organisations and employees.
The new "flexible approach" encourages employees to choose
various ways to keep contributing their skills and knowledge to the
organisation.
HRM, with its new approach, has created flexi-working hours,
work from home policies and not forgetting the creation on "open
contract" system that is currently practised by some multinational
companies such as Motorola, Siemens and GEC.
HRM today gives employees the opportunity and freedom to select
any type of working system that can suit them and at the same
time benefit the organisation as well. Drucker (1996) calls this
approach a "win-win" approach.
Pay policies and job design
Pay policies in personnel management is merely based on skills and knowledge required for the perspective jobs only. The value is based on the ability to perform the task and duties as per the employment contract requirement only.
It does not encourage value-added incentives to be paid out. This is also because the job design is very functional, where the functions are more departmentalised in which each job falls into one functional department.
This is merely known as division on labour based on job needs and skill possessions and requirement.
HRM, on the contrary, encourages organisations to look beyond pay for functional duties. Here, the pay is designed to encourage continuous job performance and improvement (Kaizen) which is linked to value-added incentives such as gain sharing schemes, group profit sharing and individual incentive plans.
The job design is no more functional based but teamwork and cyclical based. HRM creates a new approach towards job design such as job rotation which is inter and intra-departmental based and job enlargement which encourages one potential and capable individual to take on more tasks to add value to his/her job and in return enjoy added incentives and benefits.
Communication and negotiation
Personnel management restricts communication between line managers, employees and top management. The communication process is very indirect and it is always difficult for the employees to channel problems, grievances or ideas to the management because there are too many layers of communication that can slow down the speed of any decision.
HRM gives employees direct communication with the management. Problems or grievances can be solved immediately through open-door policy where one need not make an appointment to see the head of department or even the chief executive officer (CEO).
Motorola is one exceptional case of how HRM promotes
open-door policy where employees can even walk in straight
to the managers room anytime to discuss any problem
pertaining to job or personal. In fact every employee have
direct e-mail access to the Motorola CEO in the US.
In personnel management, the negotiation process in any
terms and conditions are often made through the union as a
third party who plays the role of a mediator between
employees and management.
This often creates mistrust, abuse of power, misunderstanding and conflicts if both parties do not agree to compromise. HRM believes that if they can fulfil employee needs, then third party involvement (the union) can be eliminated because HRM focuses on how to get closer with the employees.
HRM also believes that negotiation of any terms and condition of employment can be made directly through the process of collective discussions and participation.
Employee Suggestion Scheme (ESS) is a success story of HRM. Minolta is one of the companies that applies the ESS that sets or changes any HR policies through mutual agreement.
HRM wants to focus on a non-unionist environment as one of
the four pillars for effective people development (Sissons,
1990). Employee training and development: Personnel
management sees training and development of employees as
part of a fulfilment of job changes and requirements.
Training programmes are designed to meet performance
requirement. There is no room for creating and innovative
development.
It merely focuses on IQ development rather than EQ needs.
Personnel managers play the role of training officers who will
identify, select and implement training programmes not
knowing what are the line managers' requirements and
expectations and the employees' strength and weakness.
HRM focuses more on learning organisations that can learn,
unlearn and relearn (Senge, 1984) to meet and adapt to
business and technological plus job changes.
Employee training and development is more linked to internal
career growth and long-term HR planning where the line
managers together with HR managers and employees will
suggest the best possible training and development programmes
that can be selected and implemented to fulfil the organisational
needs and objectives.
This is normally done through the formation of career and
training committee which compromises of line managers and
HR managers who work together to create a learning
organisation.
Conclusions
There is no doubt that HRM do differ from personnel management because
the former is more focused on production based economy (p-economy)
whereas the latter focuses more on knowledge based economy (k-
economy).
Many writers such as Michael Armstrong and Fowler challenge and argue
that HRM is nothing new because the approach and strategies are still as in
personnel management. In my opinion, although HRM can be stated as the
reflection of the same picture, the models of people management is clearly
different.
Personnel management is very much on the classical way of managing people,
using functional model, but HRM is seen as scientific management (F.W. Taylor)
which uses wholistic model. This is because the work environment in the past is
very much different now; employees are becoming highly literate and independent.
Industrialisation has also reached the level of maturity where one needs to depend
on the other to achieve results.
Overall, HRM helps encourages innovation, teamwork and total quality that
encourage the willingness to keep moving in the pursuit to reach excellence.
"It is easy to manage money, machines or any other organisational assets but it is
difficult to manage people because they respond to you either negatively or
positively".