personality ok

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Unit – 6

PersonalityBook Code MB0038

Smita Choudhary

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PERSONALITY

Do you haveany one????

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http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Kiran-Bedi.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Pandit-Ravi-Shankar.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Usha.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Lal-Bahadur-Shastri.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Swami-Vivekananda.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Jawahar-Lal-Nehru.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Lord-Mahavir.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Milkha-Singh.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Zakir-Hussain.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Raj-Kapoor.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/S-Radhakrishnan.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Lata-Mangeshkar.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Amitabh-Bachchan.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Bismillah-Khan.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/gandhi-history.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Dhyan-Chand.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Satyajit-Ray.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Subhash-Chandra-Bose.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Mother-Teresa.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/R-K-Narayan.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Rani-Laxmibai%20.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/Jagdish-Chandra-Bose.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/gautam-buddha.shtml

http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-personality/narain-karthikeyan.shtml



Contents

• Introduction

• Personality determinants

•

Personality theories• Achieving personality job fit

Contents

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Introduction

• The term personality has been derived from the Latin word

‘persona’ which means to ‘speak through’.

• The common meaning of personality is the role played by an

individual in public.

• Personality is defined as “the dynamic organization within the

individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his

unique adjustment to his environment”

---- Allport (1937)

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Learning Objectives

• After this unit, you will be able to understand

– Personality determinants

– Personality theories

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Personality Determinants

• These are the factors that affect the personality development of an individual.Heredity

• The attributes of personality like physique, eye color, hair color, height, temperament, energy

level, intelligence, reflexes, etc. depend on the parents of an individual.

• The heredity approach suggests that an individual’s personality depends on the molecular

structure of the genes, present in the chromosomes.

Environment

• Environment includes culture, family, social and situational factors.

• The environmental factors also affect the personality of an individual.

• These factors determine an individual’s views about life , both positive and negative.

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Culture• Culture determines norms, attitudes and values that pass from generation to generation.

• Every culture is different and expects and trains individuals to behave in a particular way that

is acceptable to the whole group.

• People from different cultures have different attitudes.

• But, an individual’s personality cannot always be judged on the basis of culture because

people from same culture may behave differently.

Family • An individual’s personality is largely dependent on his family.

• Family greatly affects an individual’s behavior especially in the early stages of life.

• The type of influence depends on social and economic status of the family, family size, race,

religion, parent’s education and geographic location.

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Situation

• Factors related to situation also play a very important role in

determining the personality of an individual.

• Every person has different experiences in his/her life.

• Some of these experiences play an important role in

determining an individual’s personality.

• For example – a deep shock or upset faced by an individual in

childhood may change his/her personality.

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Personality Theories

William Sheldon, 1940’s

• William Sheldon (1940, 1942, cited in Phares, 1991) classified

personality according to body type. He called this a person’s

somatotype.

• Sheldon identified three main somatotypes. They are

1. Endomorph

2. Mesomorph

3. Ectomorph

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Somatotypes

• In 1940s, Sheldon proposed a theory about how some body types are associated

with some personality characteristics.

• William Sheldon (1898-1977) was an American Psychologist who observed the

variety of human bodies and temperaments.

• According to him there are three somatotypes: endomorphy, mesomorphy, and

ectomorphy.

Endomorphy• Focus on the digestive system, particularly the stomach (endoderm). Has the

tendency towards plumpness (fatness), corresponds to Viscerotonia temperament

tolerant, love of comfort and luxury, extravert.

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Mesomorphy

• Focuses on musculature and circulatory system (mesoderm), has the

tendency towards muscularity, corresponds to the somatotonia

temperament, courageous, energetic, active, dynamic, assertive,aggressive, risk later.

Ectomorphy

• Ectomorphy focused on the nervous system and the brain (ectoderm) –

the tendency towards slightness, corresponds to Cerebrotoniatemperament artistic, sensitive, apprehensive, introvert.

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a) Endomorphic Body Type:

• Soft body

• Underdeveloped muscles

• Round shaped• Over-developed digestive system

Associated personality traits:

• Love of food

• Tolerant

• Evenness of emotions

• Love of comfort

• Sociable

• Good humored

• Relaxed

• Need for affection

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b) Mesomorphic Body Type

• Hard, muscular body

• Overly mature appearance

• Rectangular shaped

• Thick skin

• Upright posture

Associated personality traits

•

Adventurous• Desire for power and dominance

• Courageous

• Indifference to what others think or want

• Assertive, bold

• Zest for physical activity

• Competitive

• Love of risk and chance

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c) Ectomorphic Body Type

• Thin

• Flat chest

•

Delicate build• Young appearance

• Tall

• Lightly muscled

• Stoop-shouldered

• Large brain

Associated personality traits

• Self-conscious

• Preference for privacy

• Introverted• Inhibited(Shy)

• Socially anxious

• Artistic

• Mentally intense

• Emotionally restrained(Reserved)15



Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Model

•Cattell’s (1973) is one of the most important personality traittheory, where the number of traits have been reduced.

• Cattell called these 16 factors as primary factors.

• Primary factors and descriptors in Cattell’s 16 Personality

Factor Model are

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Descriptors of Low Range Primary Factor Descriptors of High Range

Reserve, impersonal, distant, cool,detached, formal, aloof Warmth Warm, outgoing, attentive toothers, kindly, easy going,

participating, like people

Concrete thinking, lower general

mental capacity, less intelligent,

unable to handle abstract

problems

Reasoning Abstract thinking, more

intelligent, bright, higher

general mental capacity, fast

learner

Reactive emotionally, changeable,

affected by feelings, emotionally

less stable, easily upset

Emotional

Stability

Emotionally stable, adaptive,

mature, faces reality, calm

Deferential, cooperative, avoids

conflict, submissive, humble,obedient, easily led, docile,

accommodating

Dominance Dominance, forceful, assertive,

aggressive, competitive,stubborn, bossy

Serious, restrained, prudent,

taciturn, introspective, silent

Liveliness Lively, animated, spontaneous,

enthusiastic, happy go lucky,

cheerful, expressive, impulsive17




Expedient, nonconforming,

disregards, rules, self indulgent

Rule-

Consciousness

Rule-conscious, dutiful,

conscientious, conforming,moralistic, staid, rule bound

Shy, threat-sensitive, timid,

hesitant, intimidated

Social Boldness Socially bold, venturesome,

thick skinned, uninhibited

Utilitarian, objective,

unsentimental, tough minded,

self-reliant, no-nonsense, rough

Sensitivity Sensitive, aesthetic,

sentimental, tender minded,

intuitive, refined

Trusting, unsuspecting, accepting,

unconditional, easy

Vigilance Vigilant, suspicious, skeptical,

distrustful, oppositional

Grounded, practical, prosaic,

solution orientated, steady,

conventional

Abstractedness Abstract, imaginative, absent

minded, impractical, absorbed

in ideas

Forthright, genuine, artless, open,

guileless, naïve, unpretentious,

involved

Privateness Private, discreet, nondisclosing,

shrewd, polished, wordly,

astute, diplomatic

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Self-assured, unworried,

complacent, secure, free of guilt,confident, self satisfied

Apprehension Apprehensive, self-doubting,

worried, guilt prone, insecure,worrying, self blaming

Traditional, attached to familiar,

conservative, respecting

traditional ideas

Openness to

change

Open to change, experimental,

liberal, analytical, critical, free

thinking, flexibility

Group-oriented, affiliative, a joiner

and follower dependent

Self-reliance Self-reliant, solitary,

resourceful, individualistic, self-

sufficient

Tolerated disorder, unexacting,

flexible, undisciplined, lax, self-

conflict, impulsive, careless of

social rues, uncontrolled

Perfectionism Perfectionistic, organized,

compulsive, self-disciplined,

socially precise, exacting will

power, control, self-sentimental

Relaxed, placid, tranquil, torpid,

patient, composed low drive

Tension Tense, high energy, impatient,

driven, frustrated, over

wrought, time driven

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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

• Human beings are classified into four opposite pairs, on the

basis of their psychological opposites.

• These four opposite pairs are

– Extroverted or Introverted (E or I)

– Sensing or Intuitive (S or N)

– Thinking or Feeling (T or F)

– Perceiving or Judging (P or J)

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• These classifications are combined into sixteen personality

types – INTJs (introverted, intuitive, thinking, judging) are visionaries (Have

innovative minds and great ideas. Described as skeptical, critical,

independent, determined, stubborn)

– ESTJs (extroverted, sensing, thinking, judging) are organizers. (They are

realistic, logical, analytical, decisive. Like to organize and runactivities.)

– ENTPs (extroverted, intuitive, thinking, perceiving) are conceptualizers.

(They are innovative, individualistic, versatile, and have

entrepreneurial ideas. Solve challenges but may neglect routine task.)

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Big Five Traits-Basis of an individual’s total personality and affect

his performance at work.

• TheBig Five

Personality

Model

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Emotional Stability

Openness to Experience

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The Big Five Model

• Researchers (McCrae and Costa, 1990 and Digman, 1997) suggest that five

basic elements cause all other personality dimensions.

• The five basic elements are

1. Extraversion – It is an individuals comfort state with relationships.

Extraverts are gregarious, assertive and sociable. Introverts are reserved,timid and quiet.

2. Agreeableness – It is an individual’s tendency to defer to others. People

with high agreeableness are cooperative, warm and trusting. People with

low agreeableness are cold, disagreeable and aggressive.

3. Conscientiousness – It is a measure of a person’s reliability. A personwith high conscientiousness is responsible, organized, dependable and

persistent. People with low conscientiousness are unfocused,

disorganized and unreliable.

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4. Emotional stability – It is person’s ability to bear stress.

People with positive emotional stability are calm, self-

confident and secure. People with negative emotional

stability are nervous, anxious, depressed and insecure.

5. Openness to experience – It is a person’s range of interests.

Highly open people are creative, curious and artistic. People

who are not open are traditional and are comfortable with

the familiar.

Research has proved that there is an important relationship

between personality dimensions and job performance. (Barrick

& Mount, 1991)

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Locus of Control

• It is a person’s view about the source of his/her fate.

• According to Rotter (1975), internality and externality are two

ends of a range.

• Internals believe that the result of an event is under their

own control.

• Externals believe that the result of an event depends on

external circumstances.

• The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate. • For example, college students who have an internal locus of control believe that they

achieved their marks and grade by their own abilities and efforts whereas college students

with an external locus of control believe that they achieved their marks due to good or bad

luck.

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• Individuals with external locus of control

– Are less satisfied with their jobs

– Have higher absenteeism rates

– Are more separated from the work setting – Are less involved in their jobs as compared to internals

• Individuals with internal locus of control

– Believe that organizational results depend on their own

actions

–Believe that health is under their control with proper habits

– Are less sick and hence show low absenteeism

– Perform better on their jobs

– Make a decision after searching for information

– Are motivated to achieve

– Try harder to control their environment – Do well on complicated tasks

– Want autonomy and independence

– More suitable for jobs that require initiative and

independence

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Machiavellianism

• It is a person’s tendency to mislead or cheat others for personal benefit.

• This concept is named after Renaissance diplomat and writer Niccolo

Machiavelli.

• People with high Machiavellianism are pragmatic, maintain emotional

distance, and believe that bad or unfair method of doing a task isacceptable if results are good or positive.

• They are manipulators and win more.

• They are suited for jobs that require bargaining skills.

Machiavellianism (Mach)

Degree to which an individual is practical inhis approach, maintains emotional distance,and believes that ends can justify means.

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Self-esteem (SE)•

It is defined as the degree to whichpeople like or dislike themselves

(Robbins, 2003).

• People with high self esteem take more

risks in job selection and choose unusual

jobs as compared to people with low

self-esteem.

• People with low self esteem are more

sensitive to external influence as

compared to people with high self

esteem.

• People with low self esteem like positive

evaluation from others.

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Self-mentoring

• It is an individual’s ability to adjust his/her behavior

according to external factors.

• People with high self mentoring ability are very

adaptable.

• They can behave differently in different situations.

• Their personality in public and their privatepersonality are very different.

• They pay attention to the behavior of others.

• These type of managers receive more promotions.

• People with low self monitoring ability display their

true nature and attitude in every situation.

Self-Monitoring

A personality trait that measures an individualsability to adjust his or her behavior to the situational

factors. 29



Type A and Type B Personality

Type A personality• People with Type A personality are impatient, very time conscious, insecure about their

status, highly competitive, aggressive and do not like to relax (Friedman & Rosenman 1974).

• They walk and eat very fast, are impatient with the speed of events taking place, try to do

two or more things at a time.

• They measure their success in terms of numbers.• They work under stress.

• They are fast workers and give preference to quantity rather quality, can work for long hours

and are not creative.

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Type B Personality

• People with Type B personality do not have desire to achievea number of things.

• They do not show urgency of time.

• They do not show their achievements unless the situation

requires them to do so.• They can relax without guilt.

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Achieving Personality-Job-Fit

• According to Holland (1997), if an individual’s personality and

the work environment match, the individual will enjoy the

work and grow in the career.

• If people who match organizational culture are hired, it will

provide higher employee satisfaction and reduced turnover.

• Holland has proposed six themes of people and work

environments:

– Realistic

– Investigative

– Artistic

– Social

– Enterprising

–

Conventional 32

li h i i i



Type Personality Characteristics Congruent Occupation

Realistic – Prefer physical

activities that require skill,

strength and coordination

Shy, genuine, persistent,

stable, conforming,

practical

Mechanic, drill press

operator, assembly-line

worker, farmer

Investigative – Prefer

activities that involve

thinking, organizing and

understanding

Analytical, original, curious,

independent

Biologist, economist,

mathematician, news

reporter

Social- Prefer activities thatinvolve helping and

developing others

Sociable, friendly,cooperative, understanding

Social workers, teacher,counselor, clinical

psychologist

Conventional – Prefer rule-

regulated, orderly and

clear activities

Conforming, efficient,

practical, unimaginative,

inflexible

Accountant, corporate

manager, bank teller, file

clerk

Enterprising – Prefer verbal

activities with opportunity

to influence others

Self-confident, ambitious,

energetic, domineering

Lawyer, real estate agent,

public relations specialist,

small business manager

Artistic – Prefer unclear

and unsystematic activities

Imaginative, disorderly,

idealistic, emotional,

impractical

Painter, musician, writer,

interior decorator33



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