personality & attitude
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Personality &
Attitude
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Introduction
Introduction Personality looks at some
aggregate whole that is greater than the sum
of the parts.
It is the sum total of ways in which an
individual reacts to and interacts with others.
It is most often described in terms ofmeasureable traits that a person exhibits.
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What is Personality?
Who are we- Our uniqueness
Has a baring on our behaviour, thoughts,
moods, attitudes, emotions, even ourunconscious feelings.
Is reflected in our interactions with other
people and the environment around us.
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Personality Determinants
Heredity
Refers to those factors that were determined
at conception. Physical stature, facial attractiveness, gender,
temperament, muscle composition and
reflexes, energy levels, and biological rhythms
are some characteristics.
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Environment
Among the factors that exert pressures on our
personality formation are the culture in which
we are raised; the norms among our family,
friends, and social groups; and other
influences that we experience.
An individuals personality, although generally
stable and consistent, does change in different
situations.
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What are Personality traits?
Traits are enduring characteristics that
describe an individuals behaviour.
Some popular characteristics include shy,aggressive, submissive, lazy, ambitious, loyal,
and timid.
Those characteristics, when theyre exhibited
in a large number of situations, are called
Personality traits.
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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
It is the most widely used personality-
assessment instrument in the world.
Its a 100-question personality test that askspeople how they usually feel or act in
particular situations.
On the basis of the answers individuals give to
the test, they are classified.
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Classifications of Myers-Briggs
Extraverted Vs. Introverted- Extraverted
individuals are outgoing, sociable and
assertive. Introverts are quite and shy.
Sensing Vs. Intuitive- Sensing types are
practical and prefer routine & order. They
focus on details. Intuitive rely on unconscious
processes and look at the big picture.
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Classifications of Myers-Briggs
Thinking Vs. Feeling- thinking types are reason
and logic to handle problems. Feeling types
rely on their personal vales and emotions.
Judging Vs perceiving- Judging types want
control and prefer their world to be ordered
and structured. Perceiving types are flexible
and spontaneous.
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The Big Five Model
Extraversion: A personality dimension describingsomeone who is sociable, gregarious andassertive.
Agreeableness: A personality dimension thatdescribes someone who is good-natured,cooperative, and trusting.
Conscientiousness: A personality dimension that
describes someone who is responsible,dependable, persistent, and organized.
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The Big Five Model
Emotional Stability: A personality dimension
that characterizes someone as calm,, self-
confident, secure (positive) versus nervous,
depressed and insecure (negative).
Openness to experience: A personality
dimension that characterizes someone in
terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.
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Attributes of Personality
Core Self- Evaluation
Self-Esteem
Locus of Control Machiavellianism
Narcissism
Self-Monitoring
Type A Personality
Type B Personality
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Core Self-Evaluation
Degree to which individuals like or dislikethemselves, whether they see themselves ascapable and effective, and whether they feel
they are in control of their environment orpowerless over their environment.
SelfEsteem: individuals degree of liking ordisliking themselves and the degree to whichthey think they are worthy or unworthy as aperson.
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Core Self-Evaluation
Locus of control: The degree to which people
believe that they are masters of their own
fate.
Internals: individuals who believe that they
control what happens to them.
Externals: Individuals who believe that what
happens to them is controlled by outside
forces such as luck or chance.
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Machiavellianism
Degree to which an individual is pragmatic,
maintains emotional distance, and believes
that ends can justify means.
They carry the attitude: if it works, use it.
High machs manipulate more, win more, are
persuaded less, and persuade others more
than do low machs.
High Machs flourish
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Narcissism
The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose
sense of self-importance, require excessive
admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.
In psychology, narcissism describes a person
who has a grandiose sense of self-importance,
requires excessive admiration, has a sense of
entitlement, and is arrogant.
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Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures an
individuals ability to adjust his or her
behaviour to external, situational factors.
Individuals high in self-monitoring show
considerable adaptability in adjusting their
behaviour to external situational factors.
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Risk Taking
People differ in their willingness to take chances.
High-risk taking managers made more rapiddecisions and used less information in making
their choices than did the low risk-takingmanagers.
This propensity to assume or avoid risk has beenshown to have an impact on how long it takes
managers to make a decision and how muchinformation they require before making theirchoice.
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Type A Personality
Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;
Feel impatient with the rate at which mostevents take place;
Strive to think or do two or more things at once;
Cannot cope with leisure time;
Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their
success in terms of how many or how much ofeverything they acquire.
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Type B Personality
Never suffer from a sense of time urgencywith its accompanying impatience;
Feel no need to display or discuss either theirachievements or accomplishments unless suchexposure is demanded by the situation;
Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to
exhibit their superiority at any cost;
Can relax without guilt.
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TransactionalAnalysis
TA is a theory of personality and a systematic
psychotherapy for personal growth and personal
change.
It is an integrative approach to the theory of
psychology and psychotherapy.
Describes how people are structured
psychologically. It uses what is perhaps its best known model, the
ego-state (Parent-Adult-Child) model to do this.
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TransactionalAnalysis
It is a theory of communication that can be
extended to the analysis of systems and
organizations.
In practical application, it can be used in the
diagnosis and treatment of many types of
psychological disorders, and provides a
method of therapy for individuals, couples,families and groups.
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Philosophy ofTA
People are OK; thus each person has validity,
importance, equality of respect.
Everyone (with only few exceptions, such asthe severely brain-damaged) has the capacity
to think.
People decide their story and destiny, andthese decisions can be changed.
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The Ego-State
Parent
Adult
Child
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The Ego-State
Parent :A state in which people behave, feel,
and think in response to an unconscious
mimicking of how their parents (or other
parental figures) acted, or how they
interpreted their parent's actions.
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The Ego-State
Adult : a state of the ego which is most like a
computer processing information and making
predictions absent of major emotions that
could affect its operation. Learning to
strengthen the Adult is a goal ofTA.
Child :A state in which people behave, feel and
think similarly to how they did in childhood.
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ATTITUDE
Attitudes are evaluative statements- whether
favourable or unfavourable- concerning
objects, people, or events. They reflect how
one feels about something. Attitudes are
complex in nature.
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Components ofAttitude
Cognitive component (Evaluation) The opinion
or belief segment of an attitude.
A
ffective Component (Feeling)T
he emotionalor feeling segment of an attitude.
Behavioural Component (Action) An intention
to behave in a certain way towards someone
or something.
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Nature & Dimension ofAttitude
An attitude is a cognition (form of thought) that isformed through experience and influences ourbehaviour.
The fact that attitudes are formed throughexperience means that we can, potentially,change them.
The fact that attitudes influence our behaviour
means that we can use persuasion as a means toachieve our goals -- when the behaviour, oractions, or others can help attain those goals.
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Nature & Dimension ofAttitude
Attitudes have two basic components: Beliefs
are, roughly, statements of facts.
Beliefs are potentially verifiable. Values are judgments of worth, like good or
bad, useful or useless, expensive or cheap,
efficient or inefficient.
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THANK YOU
Harish Bansal
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