persian idioms in english

8/11/2019 Persian Idioms in English

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International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)

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STRATEGIES USED BY PERSIAN TRANSLATORS IN

TRANSLATING IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS FROM ENGLISH

INTO PERSIAN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BASED ON

GOTTLIEBS (1997) MODELNasser Rashidi

Associate Professor, Shiraz University

Rahele Mavaddat

MA in TEFL, Shiraz UniversityABSTRACT

This purpose of this study is to investigate the strategies used by Persian translators intranslating idiomatic expressions from English into Persian. It is an attempt to understand which

strategies in translating idiomatic expressions are the most and which are the least frequentlyused ones. To this end, the story of Animal Farm and three of its Persian translations were

analytically contrasted with regard to the rendering of idiomatic expressions based on the modelproposed by Gottlieb. The works were carefully studied and all the idiomatic expression in both

the English work and its Persian equivalents were determined. Then, the gathered data wassubjected to descriptive statistics and the frequency and percentage of the used strategies were

also given. The findings of this study revealed that the most frequently used strategies wereParaphrasing (PAR), Lesion (LES), Elimination (ELI), and Transposition (TRA), respectively.

The least frequently used ones were Reduction (RED), Adherence (ADH), Compensation(COMpen), Falsification (FAL), Elaboration (ELA), and Alienation ( ALI), respectively. While

Complication (COMpli), Lacuna ( LAC), and Emulation (EMU) had not been used at all.

KEYWORDS: translation strategies, quality of rendering, idiomatic expressions, non-idiomatic

expressions.

INTRODUCTION

Every language has a large number of phrases, idiomatic expressions, which can be troublemaking for those involved in translating or learning that language. These are phrases which

cannot be understood literally no matter how well your knowledge of grammar or individualvocabulary is. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary defines and exemplifies the word idiom in

the third entry of the word as: 3 [C] (abbreviated as idm in this dictionary) a phrase or sentencewhose meaning is not clear from the meaning of individual words and which must be learnt as a

whole, e.g. give way, a change of heart, be hard put to it p.589. Understanding this aspect oflanguage is of primary importance for every native speaker of the language in order to be able to

communicate effectively. However, obtaining this knowledge is of more importance ininterlingual communication. For this reason, there have been a large number of researchers who

have studied different aspects of idioms. Some research on translation and on contrastive analysishas also focused on idiomatic expressions; expressions containing idioms. In doing so, they have


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had benefits from a number of different models (Yarmohammadi & Rashidi, 2010). One of themost prominent models is proposed by Gottlieb (1997). In his study on the rendering of English

idioms in Danish television subtitles vs. printed translationhe proposes, Gottlieb propsed a matrixfor judgements of semantic and stylistic quality between idioms in source and target texts

(p.332). The matrix includes three relations between idioms in source and targerrt texts:

Effect Quality of Rendering

1) Correspondent +

2) Insufficient -

3) Defective

In the above matrix, A plus (+) represents an idiom, a minus (-) represents a non-idiom, and avoid () indicates a missing expression.

Gottlieb (as cited in Yarmohammadi & Rashidi, 2010) defines these relations in the followingway:

Correspondent rendering (CR)(+ Quality) isa way of rendering Source Language (SL) text into

Target Language (TL) in which there is a positive agreement of semantic/stylistic qualitybetween SL idiomatic expressions and their TL counterparts.

Insufficient rendering (IR)(-Quality) isa way of rendering SLT into TL in which the translation

strategies used cannot acceptably meet the needs of a particular situation or a proposed endsuggesting somehow a negative semantic/stylistic quality of rendering SL idioms into the TL text.

Defective rendering (DR)( Quality) is a way of rendering SL text into TL in which the

translation lacks something essential or necessary for SL idioms completeness, adequacy, orperfection carrying void semantic/stylistic quality of rendering between SL idioms and TL ones

(pp. 154-155).

Based on the above difinitions therefore, correspondent rendering can be regarded as the mostsuccessful and effective way of translating from SL text into TL.

Gottlieb further stated that each of the above general strategies includes other specific strategies

based on quality of rendering the idiomatic expressions in the specified languages. Thesestrategies have been defined under their relevant categories in the following section

Correspondent rendering (CR):

Paraphrase (PAR) isa translation strategy in which the SL idiom is correspondently rendered asa TL phrase. It is an expression of the meaning of an idiom using the words and phrases often in

an attempt to make the meaning easier to understand.Transposition (TRA)isa translation strategy in which the SL idiom is correspondently rendered

as a TL idiom.Expansion (EXP)isa translation strategy in which the SL idiom is correspondently rendered as

a TL phrase through using circumlocution.


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Elimination (ELI) isa translation strategy in which the SL idiom is set aside while translatedinto TL text without creating a considerable semantic deficiency in target text.

Adherence (ADH): a structural relation between idioms in SL and TL texts in which theidiomatic expressions in the SL, are rendered metaphorically in TL texts.

Compensation (COM(pen))isa translation strategy in which a non-idiom SL is correspondently

translated as a TL idiom. In this idiom translation strategy one may either omit or play down afeature such as idiomaticity at the point where it occurs in the source text and introduce itelsewhere in the target text (Baker, 1992, p078).

Elaboration (ElA) is a translation strategy in which a non-idiom SL is correspondentlytranslated as a TL idiom using more words in the target text with no counterparts in the source

text. It is done for sake of clarity and understandability of the SL text.

Idiomatization (IDI)isa structural relation between idioms in the SL and the TL texts in which

non-idioms in SL text are rendered metaphorically while translated into the target text(Gottlieb,as cited Yarmahmoudi & Rashidi, 2010, pp. 154-156).

Insufficient rendering (IR):

Reduction (RED)isa translation strategy in which the SL idiom is insufficiently rendered as aTL word.

Lacuna (LAC):a translation strategy in which the SL idiom is insufficiently cut off in the TL textcreating a negative semantic quality in the TL text.

Emulation (EMU): a translation strategy in which the SL idiom is insufficiently treated as anequal TL idiom, or it tries to approach quality with the target language carrying a somehow

negative semantic quality in the target language text.Deletion (DEL): a structural relation between idioms in the SL and TL texts in which the SL

idioms are omitted while translated into TL text.Literalization (LIT): a structural relation between idioms in the source and the target texts inwhich the idioms in the SL are rendered non-metaphorically in TL texts. In other words, it is a

translation which approximates to a word-for-word representation of the original involving strictmeaning of the words not figurative or metaphorical ones.

Complication (COM(pli)): a translation strategy in which a non-idiom SL, is insufficientlyrendered as a TL idiom. Here the translation involves more complexity and intricacy of

comprehension than the SLT (Gottlieb, as cited Yarmahmoudi & Rashidi, 2010, pp. 154-156).

Defective rendering (DR)( Quality):

Lesion (LES): a translation strategy in which the SL idiom is defectively treated as a non-idiom

in TL text causing an unusual structural change or lexicalized abnormality in the body of targetlanguage text.

Falsification (FAL): a translation strategy in which the SL idiom is defectively rendered as a

false TL idiom.Amputation (AMP): a translation strategy in which SL is cut off from the translation while itcreates an inadequate and defective effect in the semantics of the target language text.

Alienation (ALI): a translation strategy in which a non-idiom SL, is rendered as a TL idiomcausing a diverted change of meaning which is totally different from that of the original text

meaning (Gottlieb, as cited Yarmahmoudi & Rashidi, 2010, pp. 154-156).


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In the following sections some of the studies on translation, with an amephasis on Persian andEnglish languages have been presented.

LITRATURE REVIEW

Eftekhar Paziraie (2012) did a discourse analysis of the novel "Things Fall apart" and two of itstranslations, one by Bahrami and the other by Safavian, at micro and macro levels based on themodels proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976), Hatch (1992), and Farzad (2008). The results of

her study indicated that Bahramis translation was the most successful one as it was the mostcoherent one and depicted the theme of the novel, the postcolonial theme, better than the other

two works.

Khajeh (2003) investigated the rendering of English idiomatic expressions into Persian Englishdramas and their corresponding Persian translations in contrast. In conducting her study, she used

two sets of data. The first set constituted the English drama Makbeth and its two Persiantranslations, one by Ashuri (1999) and the other by Ahmadi (2001). The second set included the

English drama Waiting for Godt and its two Persian translations, one by Abedinifar (2001) andthe other Rastegar (2002). Based on her findngs, both translations of Makbeth were successful

because they had benefitted from correspondent rendering of the source text into target text to alarge extent. However, in case of the second drama, the translation by Abedinifar seems more

successfulthan that by Ashuri because it had benefitted from corresponding rendering strategiesmore. Furthermore, of the all strategies mentioned above, only 13 strategies were used by Persian

translations. Paraphrase, Expansion and Transposition were the most frequent strategies used byPersian translators in translating the two works. Elimination and Reduction were among the least

frequent used strategies.

In their study, Khajeh, Mobaraki, Farooghi, and Gorjan, (2013), utilized Bermans (1985)

framework to investigate those deforming tendencies,of a subtitler to favor a strategy overanother, which had the highest frequency in Persian and their English-equivalent subtitles of five

animations. Their findings revealed that the most frequent tendencies in translating the subtitleswere the destruction of expressions and idioms and the destruction of linguistic patterning,

respectively.

Khosravi and Khatib (2012) examined strategies which were used in translation of Englishidioms into Persian in novels To kill a mockingbird by Harper Lee and Of mice and men by

John Steinbeck and their translations. They did their study based on Bakers (1992) model whoproposed four strategies for translating idioms, i.e., using an idiom of similar meaning and form,

using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, and translation

by omission. Baesd on their findings, paraphrasewas the most common strategy and using anidiom of similar meaning and form was the least common strategy applied in translation of thetwo novels. Marashi and Poursoltani (2009) used Gottliebs classification of interlingual

subtitling strategies to do an analysis of Farsi into English subtitling strategies employed inIranian feature film. The materials used in their study were two corpora of the Farsi audio scripts

of twelve Iranian films and their translations in English which were in the form of subtitles.


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Based on their finfings, Gottliebs model was applicable was applicable to Farsi to Englishsubtitling of Iranian feature films. In addition, their study revealed transfer as the most frequenly

used strategy and deletion as the least frequently one in translating the subtitles.

Of the models which have been utilized in the above studies, Gottiebs model for translating

idiomatic expressions seems as the most applicable one because as he has stated in his study,such a typology [of the potential strategies developed by him] may also serve for contrastiveanalysis of ther other phenomena, extra-linguistic as well as intra linguistic, e.g. culture-specific

elements (p.323). Therefore, Gottliebs model for rendering idiomatic expressions was selectedto conduct the present study. A few Persian researchers, as it was mentioned above, have used

this model for investigating the rendering of idiomatic expressions from English to Persian. Butmore studies still are needed to be done to determine the strategies which are used by Persian

translators in translating idiomatic expressions and to see whether the previous findings will beconfirmed or not. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the strategies used by

translators in translating idiomatic expressions from English to Persian. To achieve this objective,the story of Animal Farm (George Orwell, 1950) was selected and contrastively compared with

three of its translations. This story has been translated into many languages and it has also beentranslated into Persian by different translators. Therefore, by selecting this book for analysis, the

present researchers were able to examine different possible ways of rendering SL idiomaticexpressions into the TL through comparing the translations. The translations which were selected

were produced by Firoozbakht (2004); Alizadeh (2005); and Moosaie (2007). These are amongthe most recent translations of the story and they even have gone to their fifth editions.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to do a contrastive analysis on the story of Animal Farm and threeof its Persian translations with regard to the rendering of idiomatic expressions based on the

model proposed by Gottlieb (1997). It is an attempt to understand which translation strategies aremost frequently used by Persian translators in translating the mentioned work.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Considering the effects of strategies in translating idiomatic expressions from SL to the

TL, as proposed by Gottlieb (1997), how successful Firoozbakht (2004); Alizadeh (2005);and Moosaie (2007) have been in benefiting from corresponding rendering in their works?

2. Which strategies in translating idiomatic expressions are the most and which are the leastfrequently used in the Persian translations of the Animal Farm?

METHODOLOGY

Material

In order to conduct the study the story of Animal Farm, full text, which has ten chapters wasselected. Then, three of the recent Persian translations of the book were selected; Firoozbakht

(2004), Alizadeh (2005), and Moosaie (2007). These works have been published times. For


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contrastively analyzing the story and becoming aware of the strategies in translating idiomaticexpressions, three chapters of the book were selected and compared with each of the three

corresponding Persian translations. In order to identify idiomatic expressions, Oxford advancedLearners Dictionary was used.

ProceduresFor doing a detailed analysis, first three chapters of the Animal Farm were selected. They wereChapters One, Six, and Ten, respectively. Then they were studied several times carefully and

every supposed idiomatic expression was looked up so that it was made certain that all theidiomatic expressions had been identified and included in the analysis. It should be mentioned

here that Khaje (2003) enumerated idioms, phrasal verbs, collocations, proverbs, metaphoricchunks and fixed lexical phrases as idiomatic expressions (Yarmohammadi, Rashidi, 2010).

However, in his analysis there was no trace of common phrases which are among collocationsand can be regarded as idiomatic expressions. Thus, common phrases have been investigated in

the present study along with other idiomatic expressions. It is also worth mentioning that OxfordDictionary identifies common phrases in thick, some along with a definition in parenthesis,

below each specified individual entry. Thus, in identifying the common phrases, individualentries were looked up as well when necessary. After identifying each idiomatic expression, its

definition was written beside it. Then the Persian translations were studied in order to find thecorresponding translations for the identified idiomatic expressions. At last, the idiomatic

expression, its definition, three of its translation and also the three strategies applied in translatingthe English idiom were obtained and depicted through a table. It should be mentioned here that

Persian translations were also investigated for finding other Persian idiomatic expressions. Whena Persian idiomatic expression was found in each of the translation, its English correspondent

was found to see what strategy has been employed in rendering it. Each of the other two Persiancorrespondents were further found and checked to see whether they involve any idiomaticrendering or not. In order to have a better understanding of these Persian idioms and their

correspondents, they were depicted in separate tables.

Dependability of the collected data was approved through interrater agreement. After identifyingall the idioms and the strategies used in translating/rendering idiomatic expressions in the two

languages, the raw transcripted data was given to a translator. She had a B.A. degree in EnglishTranslation major. First, all the strategies were explained to her and she was instructed how to

detect each strategy through some examples. Then, she read all the73 pages of the transcript anddetermined all the idiomatic expressions. Next, points of disagreement between the two sets of

analyzed transcripts were identified and discussed with her and finally, the nature of each specificstrategy was decided upon.

Then the frequency and percentage of occurrence of each strategy was computed and thetranslations were ranked based on their quality. With regard to the term Quality, it is worthmentioning again that correspondent rendering can be regarded as the most successful and

effective way of translating from SL text into TL.


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

After studying the story and its three translations, 202 cases of idiomatic expression were found.

Of this, 170 idiomatic expressions were found in the I Animal farm and 32 Persian idiomaticexpressions in the translations. The 32 Persian idiomatic expressions had non-idiomatic

counterparts in the source text included 12, 8, and 10 idiomatic expressions in translations by

Firoozbakt, Moosaiee, and Alizadeh, respectively. As presenting all the identified idiomaticexpressions is beyond the scope of this study, the identified idioms in Chapter One of the bookand their Persian translation equivalents are presented in the following tables so that a better

picture will be obtained.

Table 1: The list of idiomatic expressions found in Chapter One of the animal farms and their translations

counterparts

..kick off his boots at the back

door

Kick sth off:

To remove sth by kicking

1. Pootinhayash ra ba noke panjeash

be poshte dar partab kard.

CR:PAR

2. Pootinhaye khod ra poshte dar be

goshei part kard.

CR: ELI

3. Poshte dar pootinhayash ra az pa

dar avard va be sooi part kard.

CR:PAR

..drew himself a last glass

of beer from the barrel

1.

2.

3.

.and made his way up to

bed

Make ones way (to/toward

sth):

To go; to make progress

1. Baraye raftan be rakhtekhab

amade shod.

CR:PAR

2. be samte takhte khabe khod raft. CR:PAR

3. Be tarafe otaghe khab dar

tabagheye bala raft.

CR:PAR

As soon as the light in the

bedroom went out

(used as a conj) at the

moment that; not later than

the moment when

To stop burning or shining

1. Hamin ke Cheraghe Otaghe khab

khamoosh shod

CR:PAR(as

soon as)

CR:PAR

2. be mahze inke otaghe khab tarikshod

CR:PARDR:LES

3. be mahze khamoosh shodane

cheraghe otaghe khab

CR:PAR

CR:PAR

Word had gone round during

the day that

(of a news, a story, etc) to

pass from person to person;

to circulate

1. An rooz baraye Meijer e pir be har

hal gozashte bood.

DR:LES

2. Shaye shode bood ke Meijer . CR:PAR

3. Dar toole rooz shaye shode bood

ke Meijer e Pir

CR:PAR

It had been agreed that they

should meet in the big barn as

soon as Mr. Jones was safely

out of the way

The idiomatic expression

has been mentioned in the

previous cells. (!)

1.

2. ...

3.

Old Major (so he was alwayscalled, though the name under

which he had been exhibited

was Willingdone Beauty) was

so highly regarded on the.

Under the name of sth:using sth as a name instead

of ones real name

1. Meijere Pir (Hamishe oo ra be innam seda mi kardand, garche be

esme zibaye velingdon dar

namayeshga sherkat karde bood.

DR:LES

2. Meijere pir (hamantor ke hamishe

namide mishod, garche esmi ke

hame oo ra ba an mishenakhtand;

CR:PAR


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zibaye veling dan bood)

3. Mejere Pir (Agarche dar midel

vayt ba name vilingdon biyooti

sherkat karde bood, vali hamishe oora be in nam seda mizadand

DR:LES

was quite ready to lose an

hours sleep in order to hear

what he had to say.

in order (to do sth) (fml)

allowed according to the

rules of a meeting, etc

1. Chenan ke har kasi mayel bood

saati az vaghte khabash ra bedahad

va goftehaye oo ra beshnavad

CR:PAR

2. Va hame hazer boodand ke yek

saat az khabe khod ra baraye

shanidane anche ke mikhast begoyad

az dast bedahand

CR:PAR

3. Ke hame hazer boodand saati az

khabe khod bogzarand va be

harfhaye oo goosh fara dahand

CR:PAR

but he was still a majestic-

looking pig, with a wise and

benevolent appearance in

spite of the fact that histushes had never been cut

In spite of sth : or being

prevented by sth; regardless

of sth; despite sth

1. Ba zaheri mehraban va jeddi va

kheradmand. Dar haghighat

dandanhaye

DR:LES

2. Amma hanooz yek Khoke porobohhat va zaheri modabberane va

kheir khahane dasht ba vojode in

CR:PAR

3. Amma hanooz ba azemat bood va

ba in ke dandanhaye nishash ra

hargez naboride boodand zaheri

aaghel va mehraban dasht.

CR:PAR

Before long the other animals

began to arrive and make

themselves comfortable after

their different fashions.

After the fashion of sb/sth

Like sb/sth; in the style of

sb/sth

1. Ghabl az inke digar heivanat

beresand va jaye khod ra entekhab

konand, pish az hame se sag

amadand

CR:ELI

2. Moddate ziyadi nagozasht ke

sayere heivanat ham residand va har

kodam jaye rahati baraye khod peidakardand

CR:ELI

3. Tooli nakeshid ke sayere heivanatamadand va har kodam be shiveye

khasse khod dar goshei aram

gereftand

CR:PAR

and then the pigs, who

settled down in the straw

immediately in front of the

platform.

To get into a comfortable

position, either sitting or

lying

A position further forward

than but close to sb/sth

1. Va sepas khokha ke be tondi

khodeshan ra joloye jaygah rooye

kahha be zamin andakhtand va aram

gereftand

CR:PAR

2.Va baad khookha ke roye kah

moghabele sakkoo rahat neshastand

CR:PAR

3.Va baad khookha dorost joloye

sakko roye kah ja gereftand

CR:ELI

Clover who had never

quite got her figure back after

her fourth foal.

Get sth back

To obtain sth again after

having lost it; to recover sth

1. Va az zamane korregi ta be hal dar

shekel oo farghi hasel nashode bood

DR:LES

2. Va baad az choharomin korreye

khod hanooz az shekl va ghiyafe

nayoftade bood.

DR:FAL

3. Va baad az tavallode choharomin CR:PAR


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korreash hargez andame avvaliyeash

ra baz nayafte bood

.. and as strong as any two

ordinary horses put together.

(used after a n or ns

referring to a group ofpeople or things) combined;

in total

1. Bakster janevari bozorg ba

hodoode hijdah pa ghad va beghodrate do asbe maamooli bood

CR:ELI

2. va be andazeye do asbe

maamooli ghavi bood

CR:ELI

3. va ghodratash moaadele do

asbe maamooli bood

CR:ELI

in fact he was not of first-rate

intelligence, but he was

universally respected for his

steadiness of character and

tremendous powers of work.

In (actual) fact: (used for

emphasizing that sth is

true)

Actually, really

1. Dar haghighat oo hoosh va

kherade khobi nadasht.

CR:PAR

2. Albatte dar haghighat oo ziyad

ham bahoosh nabood

CR:PAR

3. Dar vaghee kheli bahoosh nabood CR:PAR

For instance, he would say

that God had given him a tail

to keep the flies off, but that

he would sooner have had no

tail and no flies.

for instance: as an

example; for example

Keep sb/sth off

Keep off: to prevent sb/sth

from approaching,

touching, etc sb/sth

1. Baraye mesal migoft: khoda

baraye in be oo dom dade ke

magasha ra az khod beranad

CR:PAR (for

instance)

CR:PAR

2. Masalan migoft ke khodavand be

oo domi dade ast ke magasha ra az

khod door konad

CR:PAR

CR:PAR

3. Masalan migoft khodavand be

man domi dade ke mitavanam ba an

magasha ra az khod beranam

CR:PAR

CR:PAR

he would say that he sawnothing to laugh at.

Laugh at sb/sthTo show that one is amused

by sb/sth

1. Migoft chizi nemibinam kekhande dar bashad

CR:PAR

2. Migoft ke chizi baraye khandidan

be an nemibinad

CR:PAR

3. Goft chize khandedari nemibinad CR:PAR

he was devoted to Boxer Devote oneself/sth to sb/sth

To give ones time, energy,

etc to sb/sth

1. aasheghe bakster bood CR:PAR

2. nesbat be bakser sadegh bood

va oo ra doost dasht

CR:EXP

3. Nesbat be bakser eradate khassi

dasht

CR:PAR

the two of them usually spent

their Sundays together in the

small paddock beyond the

orchard, grazing side by side

and never speaking.

Close together, facing in

the same direction

1. Vaghteshan be chara migozasht.

Az in soo be an soo miraftand .

DR:LES

2. Pahloo be pahlooye yekdigar rah

miraftand

CR:TRA

3. va bi anke harfi bezanand

kenare ham micharidand

CR:PAR

a brood of ducklings .

wandering from side to side

to find some place where they

would not be trodden on.

From side to side (side: any

of the surfaces of sth that is

not the top or bottom, front

or back)

1. Va az in soo be an soo sargardan

boodand ta jaee baraye neshastan

peyda konand

CR:PAR

2.Va az yek taraf be tarafe digar

miraftand ke jaee ra peyda konand ta

lagadmal nashavand

CR:PAR

3. be in taraf va an taraf miraftand

va be donbale jaie boodand ta zire pa

leh nashavand

CR:PAR

Clover made a sort of wall

round them with her great

foreleg

A sort of sth (infml)

An uncertain or unusual

type of sth

1.Kelaver pahaye bozorgash ra

joloye anha gozasht va nowee divar

barayeshan dorost kard

CR:PAR


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2. Kelaver ba pahaye joloie khod

atrafe anha divari dorost kard va joje

ordakha dakhele an gharar gereftand

CR:PAR

3. kelooverdasthaye bozorgash radore anha halghe zad va ordakha

dakhele an gharar gereftand

CR:ELI

At the last moment Mollie,

.., came

The last minute/moment

The latest possible time

before an important event

1. Dar akharin lahzat CR:PAR

2. Dar akharin daghighe CR:PAR

3. Dar akharin lahze CR:PAR

hoping to draw attention to

the red ribbons it was plaited

with.

Draw (sb s ) attention to

sth/sb

To cause sth/sb to be

noticed

1. Va baraye jalbe tavajjohe digaran

shorooe be takan dadane pahaye

khod nemood ba omidvari be in ke

be roobanhaye sorkh range roye

balhayash tavajjoh konand

CR:PAR

2. Va shorooa be var raftan ba yale

sefide khod kard be omide inke

tavajjohe hame ra be roobane

ghermezi ke ba an yalash bafte shode

bood jalb konad

CR:PAR

3. Va mashghoole bazi ba yalesefidash shod, be in omid ketavajjohe hame ra be roobane

ghermezi ke be an bafte shode bood

jalb konad

CR:PAR

Last of all came the cat, who

looked round, as usual, for

the warmest place,

Look round/around: to turn

ones head in order to see

sb/sth

as usual:

1. Akhar az hame gorbe amad ke

tebghe maamool be atraf baraye

peida kardane jaye garm va narm

minegarist

CR:PAR (as

usual)

CR:EXP

2. Akhar az hame gorbe amad dar

hali ke mesle hamishe be atraf negah

mikard ta garmtarin mahal ra peyda

konad

CR:PAR

CR:EXP

3. Akharin nafari ke amad gorbebood va tebghe maamool, donbale

jaye garm va narmi migasht

CR:PARCR:PAR

and before I die, I feel it myduty to pass on to you such

wisdom as I have acquired.

Pass sth on (to sb)To hand or give sth to sb

else, esp after receiving or

using it oneself

1. Va ghabl az inke bemiram vazifekhod midanam kherad va tajrobeie ra

ke kasb kardeam ba shoma niz dar

miyan begozaram.

CR:TRA

2. Ehsas mikonam ke in vazife man

ast chizhaee ra ke amokhteam be

shoma enteghal daham.

CR:PAR

3. Va ghabl az inke bemiram,

vazifeye khod midanam ta tajarobi ra

ke dar toole salha be dast avardeambe shoma montaghel konam.

CR:PAR

And the very instant that our

usefulness has come to an end

we are slaughtered with

hideous cruelty.

Come to an end (ie

finished)

1.Va zamani ke digar mofid

nabashim va bahre nadahim be tarze

vahshatnaki az bein miravim

CR:EXP

2. Besyar mohemtar inke vaghtidigar be dardkhor nistim va bifayde

CR:EXP


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baraye engheraze nezhade basher

talash konim.

CR:TRA

that sooner or later justice

will be done.

1.One day; eventually;

whether soon or later on2.Do justice to sb/sth: do

sb/sth justice

1. Be zoodi ya dirtar farmanravaiye

ma shorooe khahad shod.

IR:LIT

IR:LES

2. Motmaen hastam ke edalatdir yazood anjam khahad shod.

CR:PARIR:LIT

3. Ke dir ya zood edalat

bargharar khahad shod.

CR:PAR

CR:PAR

And above all, .. Most important of all;

especially

1. Va baraye tamame an, DR:LES

2. Va az hame balatar IR:LIT

3. Va az hame mohemtar CR:PAR

pass on this message of mine

to those who come after you,

Pass (sth) on (to sb):

To hang or give sth to sb

else, esp after receiving or

using it oneself

1. In payame mara be naslhaye baad

az khod beresanid.

CR:PAR

2. In payame manra be anhai ke baad

az shoma miayand beresanid

CR:PAR

3. In ke in peygham ra be gooshe

kasani ke baad az shoma miayand

beresanid

CR:PAR

so that future generations

shall carry on the struggle

until it is victorious.

Carry on (with sth/doing

sth); carry sth on: to

continue doing sth

1. Garche ba saay va kooshesh nasle

ayande be piroozi dast khahand yaft

CR:ELI

2. Be in tartib naslhaye ayande

mobareze ra edame midahand ta

pirooz shavand.

CR:PAR

3. Ta naslhaye ayande ta lahzeye

piroozi be mobarezeye khod edamedahand

CR:PAR

No argument must lead you

astray.

Lead sb astray (common

phrase):

Astray: a way from the

correct path or direction

1. Hich moshajere va mojadelei

nabayad shoma ra az rahe khodetan

monharef sazad.

CR:PAR

2. Va be khater dashte bashid

rofagha, azm va eradeye shoma

hargez nabayad zaif va motezalzelshaved.

CR:ELI

3. " Rofagha, be yad dashte bashid ke

hargez tardid be del rah nadahid

CR:ELI

The dogs had suddenly

caught sight of them,

Catch sight of sb/sth:

To see sb/sth for a moment

1. Sagha ke in vaza ra didand baraye

gereftane anha be sorat jast zadand

IR:LIT

2. Sagha nagahan anha ra didand CR:PAR

3. ke nagahan chashme sagha be

anha oftad

CR:PAR

The vote was taken at once, Immediately; without delay 1. Ray be sorat gerefte shod CR:PAR

2. Raygiri be sorat anjam shod CR:PAR

3. Raygiri bedoone moaatali anjam

shod

CR:PAR

No animal must .. engagein trade

To take part in sth or makesb take part in sth

1. Hich heivani mojaz nist va dartejarat sherkat nemayad

CR:PAR

2. Hich heivani nabayad va ya

varede tejarat shavad

CR:PAR

3. Hich heivani hargez nabayad

va ya dad va setad konad.

CR:PAR


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And, above all, no animal ! 1.

2.

3. ...

But it reminded me of

something that I had long

forgotten.

Remind sb of sb/sth:

To cause sb to remember or

think about sb/sth becauseof certain similar features

or mental associations

1. Vali an chizi ra be yadam andakht

ke az moddatha ghabl faramoosh

karde boodam.

CRPAR

2.

Amma man ra be yade chizi

andakht ke moddatha bood

faramoosh karde boodam.

CR:PAR

3. Amma in khab chizi ra be

khateram avard ke moddatha bood

faramoosh karde boodam.

CR:PAR

it came back to me in my

dream. And what is more, the

words of the song also came

back-..

Come back (to sb):

To return to sb s memory

Came back:!

1. . DR:AMP

2. Dishab dobare an avaz be khabam

amad va loghate an avaz dobare be

zehnam amadand

IR:LIT

CR:PAR

3. Ta in ke shabe gozashte, dar alame

roya an ahang va hamintor shearash

ra dobare be khater avardam.

CR:PAR

CR:PAR

Old Major cleared his throat

and began to sing.

(common phrase):

(i.e. make a small sound

like a small cough (1) in

order to be able to speakclearly)

1. Meijere pir galooyash ra saf va

shorooa kard be khandan.

CR:TRA

2. Meijere pir galooyash ra saf kard

va shorooe be khandan kard.

CR:TRA

3. Meijere pir galooi saf kard va

shorooa kard be khandan.

CR:TRA

Soon or late ! 1.

2.

3.

On the day that sets us free. (common phrase)Set: (of a person) not a

slave or prisoner; allowed

to go where one want

1. Roozi ke hame chiz azad ast DR:LES

2. Va dar an rooz ma azad hastim. CR:PAR

3. Roozi ke azadi az ane ma bashad. CR:PAR

All must toil for freedoms

sake.

For sb/sth s sake:

In order to help sb/sth or

because one likes sb/sth

1.Hame bayad baraye azadi zahmat

bekeshand

CR:PAR

2.Hame bayad baraye azadi berizand

araghha

CR:PAR

3.Hame bayad baraye azadi aragh

berizand

CR:PAR

The singing of this song

threw the animals into the

wildest excitement.

Throw oneself/sth into sth:

To begin to do sth

enthusiastically

1. Ba khandane in tarane hayajane

vahshiyanei be heivanat dast dad.

IR:LIT

2. Khandane in avaz anchenan

hayajani ra dar beine heivanat

bevojood avard ke

CR:PAR

3. Khandane in sorood heivanat ra

sakht be hayajan avard.

CR:PAR

Even the stupidest of them

had already picked up thetune and a few of the words,

Pick sth up:

To learn a foreignlanguage; a technique, etc

by hearing or seeing it

often, rather than by

making a deliberate effort.

1. Hatta ahmaghtarine anha tone

ahang va chand kalame az tarane rayad gerefte bood

CR:PAR

2. Hatta kodantarine anha az ghabl

ahang va chand kalame az an ra yad

gerefte boodand.

CR:PAR

3. Hatta nadantarine anha ahang va CR:PAR


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yeki do kalame az sheer ra fara

gerefte bood.

and as for the clever ones,

such as the pigs and dogs,they had the entire song by

heart

As for sb/sth: with regard to

sb/sthSuch as: Like; for example

By heart: from memory

1.Va hamintor hoshyaran va zirakha

choon khookha va sagha tamametarane ra ba alaghe va az tahe del

mikhandand.

CR:PAR (as

for)CR:PAR

(such as)

IR:LIT

2. Bahooshtarine anha mesle

khookha va sagha hameye avaz ra

dar arze chand daghighe hefz

kardand.

IR:DEL

CR:PAR

CR:PAR

3. Va heivanate bahooshtar mesle

khookha va sagha tamame sorood ra

dar arze chand daghighe az hefz

shode boodand.

CR:P

CR:PAR

CR:PAR

the whole farm burst out into

Beasts of England .

Burst out: to speak

suddenly, loudly, and with

strong feeling; to exclaim

1. Lahazati baad tamame mazrea az

taraneye janevarane sarzamine ma

monfajer shod ke ba hamahangiye

khassi mikhandand.

CR:TRA

2. Baad az kami tamrin va talashhameye mazrea avaze heivanate

engelestan ra betore besyar

hamahang va yekseda khandand.

CR:PAR

3. Sepas ba kami tamrin nagahan

tamame mazrea yekseda soroode

heivanate engelis ra sar dadand.

CR:PAR

they sang it right through five

times in succession,

(common phrase)

Succession: a number of

things or people following

each other in time or order;

a series

1. In tarane ra panj bare pey dar pey

ejra kardand.

CR:PAR

2. ke . Poshte sare ham an ra

khandand.

CRA:PAR

3. ke panj martabe poshte sare

ham an ra tekrar kardand

CR:PAR

The pellets buried themselvesin the wall of the barn and the

meeting broke up hurriedly.

Break up:(of members of a group) to

go away in differentdirections

1. Sachmeha dar divare tavile dafnshodand va jalase be ajale ghat shod.

CR:LIT

2. Gololeha be divare tavile esabat

kardand va jalase be sorat be hamkhord.

CR:PAR

3. Gololeha dar divare tavile foroo

raftand va jalase be sorat beham

khord.

CR:PAR

and the whole farm was

asleep in a moment.

Common phrase: very soon 1. Chand lahze baad tamame mazrea

dar khab bood.

CR:PAR

2. Va dar yek lahze hameye mazrea

be khab raft.

CR:PAR

3. Va tamame mazrea dar yek lahze

be khab raft.

CR:PAR


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Table 2: Persian idiomatic expressions and their English counterparts in Chapter One of the story

Yet he is lord of all the animals. 1. Oo khodavande heivanat ast. CR:IDI

2. Amma hanooz sarvar va khodaye

tamame heivanat ast

CR:ELA

3. Ba in hame oo arbabe tamamiyeheivanat ast

What has happened to that milk .. 1. Bar sare anha che rafte CR:IDI

2. Va hala che ettefaghi baraye an shirha

oftade ast

3. Che bar sare shiri ke bayad amade

ast?

CR:IDI

..The wild creatures, such as rats and rabbits-are they..? 1. Makhlooghate zaban baste DR:ALI

2. Heivanate vahshi mesle mooshha va

khargooshha

3. Aya heivanate vahshi, az ghabile

mooshha va khargooshha .

.who sprang out of bed.

Spring: to jump quickly or suddenly esp from the ground in

a single movement; to move suddenly upwards or forwards

1. Mesle fanar az rakhtekhab biroon jahid CR:IDI

2. moteassefane aghaye jonz ra ke taze

az khab paride bood

3. az rakhtekhab biroon parid

All must toil for freedoms sake.

Toil: To work very hard or for a long time.

1. Hame bayad baraye azadi zahmat

bekeshand.

2. Hame bayad baraye azadi berizand

araghha

CR:IDI

3. Hame bayad baraye azadi aragh

berizand

CR:IDI

Who should have been the support and pleasure of your old

age?

1. Che kasi az to dar zamane piri va

natavani hemayat khahad kard.

2. Va bayad hami va mayeye delkhoshiye

salhaye piri to bashand koja hastand?

3. Va bayad sare piri asaye dast va mayeyedelkhoshiye to mishodand

CR:IDI

Is it not crystal clear that 1. Aya in vazeh va roshan nist ke ..

2. Pas rofagha vazeh ast ke .

3. Aya mesle rooz roshan nist ke CR:IDI

Almost overnight we could become rich and free. 1.

2. Va ma mitavanim taghriban yek shabe

servatmand va azad shavim.

CR:IDI

3. Taghriban yek shabe servatmand va

azad khahim shod

CR:IDI

As it can be seen, the above tables include most of the 21 strategies proposed by Gottlieb. It canalso be seen that the most frequently used strategies are PAR, and TAR in table.1 and IDI in

Table.2.

But in order to answer the first question as to how successful the translations have been, a furtherinvestigation through the following tables based on the analysis of all the identified idiomatic

expressions in the English text, are necessary.


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Table 3: Strategies used in the translation of idiomatic expressions in Firoozbakht (2004)

Frequency Percentage

CR:PAR 94.0 55.3

CR:TRA 9.0 5.3

CR:EXP 4.0 2.4

CR:ELI 13.0 7.6

CR:ADH 1.0 .6

IR:DEL 4.0 2.4

IR:LIT 10.0 5.9

DR:LES 21.0 12.4

DR:AMP 14.0 8.2

Total 170.0 100.0

Table 4: Strategies used in the translation of Idiomatic expressions in Moosaie (2007)


CR:PAR 119 70.0

CR:TRA 7 4.1

CR:EXP 4 2.4

CR:ELI 14 8.2IR:DEL 4 2.4

IR:LIT 6 3.5

DR:LES 10 5.9

DR:FAL 1 .6

DR:AMP 5 2.9

Total 170 100.0

Table 5: Strategies used in the translation of idiomatic expressions in Alizade (2005)


CR:PAR 137 80.6

CR:TRA 12 7.1

CR:EXP 2 1.2

CR:ELI 8 4.7

IR:RED 1 .6

IR:DEL 1 .6

IR:LIT 2 1.2

DR:LES 5 2.9

DR:FAL 1 .6

DR:AMP 1 .6

Total 170 100.0

The above tables reveal that the most successful and effective translation belonges to Alizadeh:CR: 159 (93.53%), IR: 4 (2.35%), DR: 7 (4.12%). The most frequently used strategies by him

have been PAR (80.6%), TRA (7.1%), and ELI (4.7%), respectively. The least frequently used

strategies by him have been RED, DEL, FAL, and AMP, each with 0.6% of frequency.

Mosaiees translation comes in the second place: CR: 144 (84.70%), IR: 10 (5.88%), and DR: 16

(9.41%). She has used PAR (70%), ELI (8.2%), and LES (5.9%) as the most and FAL (0.6%),DEL (2.4%), and EXP (2.4%) as the least frequent strategies in her translation.


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Firoozbakht, as compare to the other two translators, ha used fewer corresponding renderingstrategies and much more defective rendering strategies. Therefore, the least successful

translation among the three belonged to Firoozbakht: CR: 121 (71.18%), IR: 14 (8.23%), andDR: 35 (20.59%).The most frequently used strategies by him have been PAR (55.3%), LES

(12.4%), and AMP (8.2%), respectively. And ADH (.06%), EXP (2.4%), and DEL (2.4%) have

been the least frequently used strategies in his translation.

One can see that EMU, and LAC has not been used in these translations at all.

The following tables present strategies which involved idiomatic rendering of non-idiomaticexpressions

Table 6: The idiomatic rendering of non-idiomatic expressions in Firoozbakht (2004)

FIROOZBAKHT

Frequency Percentage Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid CR:ELA 1 4.5 8.3 8.3

CR:IDI 7 31.8 58.3 66.7

DR:ALI 4 18.2 33.3 100.0

Total 12 54.5 100.0

Missing System 10 45.5

Total 22 100.0

Table 7: The idiomatic rendering of non-idiomatic expressions in Mosaiee (2007)

MOOSAIE


Valid CR: COMpen 1 4.5 12.5 12.5

CR:ELA 2 9.1 25.0 37.5

CR:IDI 4 18.2 50.0 87.5

DR:ALI 1 4.5 12.5 100.0

Total 8 36.4 100.0

Missing System 14 63.6Total 22 100.0

Table 8: The idiomatic rendering of non-idiomatic expressions in Alizadeh (2005)

ALIZADEH


Valid CR:ELA 1 4.5 8.3 8.3

CR:IDI 11 50.0 91.7 100.0

Total 12 54.5 100.0

Missing System 10 45.5

Total 22 100.0

As one can see above, COMpli strategy has not been used in the above translations. Alizadehs

translation with 12 occurances of CR strategies (37.5%) can be considered as the best translation.Mosaiees translation has included 7 occurences of CR strategies (21.9%) and one occurrence of

IR strategy (3.12%) and can be considered as the next best translation. And finally, the translationby Firoozbakht with 8 occurences of CR strategy (25%) and 4 occurences of ALI strategy

(12.5%) has been the least successful translation among the three.


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With regard to the next question, the frequency of each of the used strategies in the threetranslations has been presented below:

1. PAR=3502. LES=36

3. ELI=35

4.

TRA=285. IDI=226. AMP=20

7. LIT=188. EXP=10

9. DEL=910.ALI=5

11.ELA=412.FAL=2

13.RED=1, ADH=1, COMpen=1

As it is obvious now, one can see that the most frequently used strategies in all the threetranslations have been PAR, LES, ELI, TRA, respectively. The least frequently used ones are

RED, ADH, COMpen, FAL, ELA, ALI, respectively. And the COMpli, LAC, and EMUstrategies have not been used at all.

In the present study, PAR was the most frequently used strategy in the translations. This confirms

the findings of Khajeh (2003). In the study done by Khajeh (2003), however, ELI and RED werethe least frequent used strategies. But in the present study, although RED has been amongst the

leaset frequent strategies, Eli has been the third most frequent strategy in the translations.

Khosravi and Khatib (2012) used Bakers (1992) model and examined strategies which were used

in translation of English idioms into Persian in novels To kill a mockingbird by Harper Lee andOf mice and men by John Steinbeck and their translations. Thir results reveled paraphrase as

the most common strategy used in the translations. in the present study too, as it was mentionedbefore, PAR was the most common strategies in the translations.

Marashi and Poursoltani (2009) used Gottliebs classification of interlingual subtitling strategies

to do an analysis of Farsi into English subtitling strategies employed in Iranian feature film. Theirstudy revealed TRA as the most frequenly used strategy and DEL as the least frequently one in

translating the subtitles. In the present study however, TR has been the fourth most frequentstrategy used in the studied translations and DELcannot be included amongst the least frequent

strategies in these studies.

Finally, again it should be mentioned that although the extent to which translators benefit fromcorrespondent rendering and avoid insufficient and defective rendering can be considered as a

criterion in determing the success of each translation work, Quality is not easily quantifiable.No mater how many factors or diminsions translation scholors or critics insert between the


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phrasing of the texts analyzed and their individual judgements on quality, their own (hopefullyfine-tuned) intuition will be always the final judge (Gottlieb, 1997, p.322).

CONCLUSION

The contrastive analysis of the Animal farm and its three translations showed that all the threetranslations are almost well qualified. CR was the most overall strategy within the source texts.The most successful translation belonged to Alizadeh and translations by Mosaiee and

Firoozbakht in the next places, respectively. With regard to the rendering of non-idioms toidioms, one can state that for a translation to be well qualified, the important criterion is not how

many strategies the translator has used. Rather the important criterion is the fact that whether thetranslator has been successful in rendering the SL text into TL in an acceptable way. This can be

approved by comparing the translations by Mosaiee and Firoozbakhtthe through which one cansee that although Mosaiee has used fewer strategies, her translation quality is better than that of

Firoozbakht who has used more but less appropriate strategies.

In conclusion, translators should be faithful as much as possible to the source text becausefaithfulness to the source text is the most important strategy in every translation.

Limitations of the study

In this study, only three chapters of the storyAnimal Farm and its Persian equivalents wereselected and contrastively analyzed. It was not possible to investigate opinions of the three

Persian translators in terms of the way they have translated the story and the probable factorswhich might have affected the quality of their works. It was not possible to compare other works

of the three translators and their English equivalents to see whether they follow the same patternin translating idiomatic expressions.

REFERENCES

Alizadeh, Z. (2005).Animal farm. ( G. Orwell, Trans.). Tabriz: Yaran Publication.Eftekhar Paziraie, M. (2012): A discourse analysis of "Things fall apart" and two of its Persian

translations at micro and macro levels,English Linguistic Research, 1(2), 13-24.Firoozbakht, M. (2004).Animal farm. (G. Orwell, Trans.). Tehran: Hekayati Digar Publication.

Gottlieb, H. (1997). Quality revisited: The rendering of English idioms in Danish Televisionsubtitles vs. printed translation in Trosborg, A (E.d.), Text typology and translation.

Amsterdam: Benjamin.Khajeh, Z. (2003). The rendering of English idiomatic expressions into Persian English dramas

and their corresponding translations in contrast. MA Thesis. Shiraz: Shiraz Islamic Azad

University.Khajeh, M., Mobaraki, M., Farooghi, J., & Gorjan, B. (2013). Deforming tendency in subtitling

animations.Advances in Asian Social Science (AASS), 4(2), 815-819.

Khosravi, S., & Khatib, M. (2012). Strategies used in translation of English idioms into Persianin novels. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(9), 1854-1859.


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Marashi, H., & Poursoltani, k. (2009). An analysis of Farsi into English subtitling strategiesemployed in Iranian feature film. Journal of Teaching English as a Foreign Language

and Literature, 1(1), 15-29.Moosaiee, H. (2007).Animal farm. (G. Orwell, Trans.). Tehran: Selsele Mehr.

Orwell, G. (1950).Animal farm. Esfahan: Jungle Publication.

Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (2005). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Yarmohammadi, L., & Rashidi, N. (2010).Practical contrastive analysis of English and Persian

with special emphasis on vocabulary. Shiraz: Fanoose Andishe.

persian idioms in english

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