periods in the history of al andalus and its
TRANSCRIPT
PERIODS IN THE HISTORY OF AL-ANDALUS AND ITS ART
Almudena Corrales Marbán
Social Studies
2013/2014
DEPENDENT EMIRATE
Al-Andalus was
governed by an emir who
was under the authority
of the Caliph of
Damascus. After
occupying the Iberian
Peninsula, the Muslims
continued to advance.
They crossed the
Pyrenees but they were
defeated by the Franks
in Poitiers (732).
INDEPENDENT EMIRATE
When the
Abbasids defeated the
Umayyad Caliphate,
Abd-al-Rahman I, a
member of the Umayyad
family, escaped to al-
Andalus and proclaimed
himself emir. This
region became politically
independent, although it
continued to recognise
the religious authority
of the caliph.
CÓRDOBA CALIPHATE
The emir Abd-al-
Rahman III proclaimed
himself caliph in 929, and
so al-Andalus became
independent of Baghdad
both from a political and
religious point of view.
This was the high point of
al-Andalus history.
CALIPHAL ARCHITECTURE
• Semicircular arches• Horseshoe arches• Polylobed arches• Alfiz was applied• Caliphal ribbed vault
Distinctive buildings
Great Mosque at Córdoba Medina
Azahara palace
Bib-al Mardum Mosque in Toledo
TAIFA KINGDOMS
At the beginning
of the 11th century, al-
Andalus was split into
taifa kingdoms. The
Christians took
advantage of this weak
position to conquer lands
from the Muslims.
NORTH AFRICAN DYNASTIES
In 1086, the
Muslims asked the
Almoravids for help. As a
result, they controlled all
of al-Andalus again until
the beginning of the 12th
century.
TAIFA ARCHITECTURE
• Basic materials (brick) covered with very ornate decoration, especially arabesque.
• Polylobed and mixtilinear arches.
Distinctive buildingsAljafería
Palace in Zaragoza
Zaragoza was one of the most important taifa
kingdoms
THE LAST TAIFA AND NASRID KINGDOM
After the disappearance of
the Almoravids, al-Andalus was
again split into taifa kingdoms. .
In the middle of the 12th century,
the Almohads arrived on the
Peninsula and ruled Islamis
territories, but they were
defeated by the Christians in the
13th century. Only the nasrid
kingdom of Granada survived
until the year 1492, when it was
conquered by the Catholic
Monarchs.
The Nasrid dynasty (Arabic: نصر (banū Naṣr بنوwas the last Arab Muslim dynasty in Spain. The Nasrid dynasty rose to power after the defeat of the Almohad Caliphate in 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Twenty-three different emirs ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1232 by Mohammed I ibn Nasr until January 2, 1492, when Muhammad XII surrendered to the Christian Spanish kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Today, the most visible evidence of the Nasrids is the Alhambra palace complex built under their rule.
The Capitulation of Granada by the painter F. Pradilla y Ortiz, 1882: Muhammad XII of Granada confronts Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic Monarchs
ALMOHAD ARCHITECTURE
• Tended to be more austere.
• Panels composed of diamond shapes.
Distinctive buildings
The GiraldaOld minarete
of the nowadays
Seville cathedralThe outside
was decorated
with sebka.(paños de sebka que
simulan los tapices árabes)
This is The Torre del Oro or golden tower, a defensive watchtower built to control the access to Seville via Guadalquivir river.
THE NASRID ARTThe most important monument is the Alhambra in Granada. It was built in the 14th century as a fortress palace and it has a castle and a palace complex.
NASRID ARCHITECTURE
• Basic materials: brick (exterior), plaster (inside decoratons), wood (roofs).
• Pointed horseshoe arches.
• Stilted semicircular arches.
• Very narrow columns.
• Muqarna vaults.
Simulating palmtrees of the Arbian oasis .
Here you have the palace complex.
Hall of the two sisters
Partal Gardens
Royal baths
Court of Lions