periodontal ligament
TRANSCRIPT
Periodontal Ligament
PDL Periodontium PDL – Definition Synonyms Macroscopic features Development Functions Microscopic features Cementicles Blood & nerve supply Clinical consideration
Periodontium The tissues which invest & support the tooth are
collectively called periodontium
Components: 2 Mineralized Tissues
- Alveolar Bone
- Cementum 2 Fibrous Tissues
- Periodontal Ligament
- Lamina Propria of Gingiva
Periodontal Ligament
It is a fibrous connective tissue that is noticeably cellular & vascular, which surrounds the tooth root & anchors it to the bony socket.
Synonyms
Desmodont Gomphosis Pericementum Dental periostum Alveolar ligament Periodontal membrane
Macroscopic features It is a soft fibrous connective tissue Interposed between roots of teeth & inner wall of alveolar
socket (Periodontal space) It is neither a true ligament or membrane
Width - variable - Ave: 0.15 – 0.38 - Decreases with age - Reduced function – Reduced width of ligament
Shape “Hour glass” shape Narrowest in middle 3rd of root & widens
both apically & near the crest
Development Develops from Dental Follicle.
Follicle Cells: Cementoblast – Cementum Osteoblasts – Bone Fibroblast – Fibres & Ground substance of
PDL
Functions
Supportive / physical Sensory Nutritive Homeostatic / formative /
developemental
Supportive
Attaches the tooth to the bone Transmits masticatory forces to the bone Acts as a shock absorber against external forces Maintains the proper relationship between
gingiva & the tooth Protects the vessels & nerves from injury by
mechanical forces by cushioning
Tooth support & Shock absorption
3 theories
Tensional theory Viscoelastic system theory Thixotropic theory
Tensional theory
Ascribes to the principal fibres of the PDL the major responsibility in supporting the tooth & transmitting forces to the bone
Viscoelastic system theory
According to this theory displacement of tooth is largely controlled by fluid movements, fibres have only secondary role
Thixotropic theory
PDL has rheologic behaviour of a thixotropic gel
sensory
The PDL through its nerve supply provides efficient proprioceptive mechanism
Nutritive
The PDL transmits blood vessels which provide anabolites & remove catabolites from cells of ligament, cementum, alveolar bone
Homeostatic
Synthesis Resorption
PDL stabilizes & reorganizes alveolar bone & helps in cementum formation through its cells
Microscopic features
Synthetic cells - Osteoblasts - Cementoblasts - Fibroblasts
Resorptive cells - Osteoclasts - Cementoclasts - Fibroblasts Progenitor cells
Epithelial cell rests of malassez
Connective tissue cells - Mast cells - Macrophages
Cells Extracellular substance
Fibers - Collagen (type I & III) - Oxytalan - Elaunin
Ground substances - Proteoglycans - Glycoproteins
Structures present in Connective tissue cells
- Blood vessels - Lymphatics - Nerves - Cementicles
PDL
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells derived from either multipotent mesenchymal cell or perivascular cells called preosteoblasts.
Cover the periodontal surface of alveolar bone & constitute a modified endosteum
Functions of Osteoblasts: Formation of organic matrix of bone (osteoid) Mineralization of matrix
Cementoblasts
Cementun forming cells derived from undifferentiated ectomesenchymal cells of the dental follicle and they resemble osteoblasts
Distrubuted along cementum surface of PDL
Function: Formation of cementoid
Fibroblasts
Most numerous connective tissue cells Plump spindle-shaped or fusiform Large cells with extensive cytoplasm containing
abundant cellular organells They are oriented parallel to collagen fiber bundles
Function: synthesis & degradation of collagen
Osteoclasts
Multinucleated large cells, Approximately 20-100 in diameter Found in Howship’s lacunae Has brush or ruffled border
Function: Resorption of bone
Cementoclasts
Resembles osteoclasts
Function: Resorbs cementum
Progenetior cells Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells that have a capacity to
undergo mitotic division They have small close-faced nucleus & little cytoplasm
Daughter cell
Differentiates into functional type
Daughter cell
Remains undifferentiated
Progenitor cell
Divides further
Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells
Epithelial cell rests of Malassez
Remnants of HERS
Found close to cementum
Persists as a network, strands, islands or tubule like structures near or parallel to root surface
Cells exhibits tonofilaments & are attached to one another by desmosomes
They are isolated from the connective tissue cells by a basal lamina
Decreases with age
Physiologic role unknown
Undergo rapid proliferation & give rise to certain pathologic conditions like cysts & tumors of jaw
Epithelial cell rests of malassez
Mast cells
Small round / ovoid cell with Small, pale & centrally placed nucleus
Cytoplasm contain numerous metachromatic granules
Granules possess histamine, heparin, serotonin and other inflammatory mediators
Granules stain with metachromatic dyes like Azure A & Toludine blue
Macrophages
Scavenger cell Round or ovoid cell with horse shoe /
kidney shaped nucleus Cytoplasm contain numerous lysosomes Derived from blood monocytes Usually located near blood vessels
Collagen fibers Collagen is a high molecular weight protein to which
small number of sugars are attached
Collagen are rod like macromolecules & are arranged to form fibrils
Fibrils are packed to form bundles
PDL has Predominantly collagen type I & III
Principal fibers
Collagen fibers are found to be gathered into bundles & organized into functional groups having clear orientation relative to the periodontal space. These are termed as principal fibers
They run a wavy course from cementum to bone & straighten out under load
Principal fibers Alveolar crest group Horizontal group Oblique group Apical group Inter-radicular group
Accessory fibers Gingival fibers Trans-septal fibers
A. Principal fibersB. Trans-septalC. Gingival groupD. Alveolar bone
Alveolar crest group Fibers radiate from crest of alveolar process
& attaches to the cervical part of cementum
Function: Prevent extrusion of tooth Resist lateral tooth movement
Alveolar crest fibers
Horizontal group Fibers run at right angles to the long axis
from cementum to bone
Function: Resist tooth displacement against lateral
pressure
Horizontal fibers
Oblique group Most numerous of all fibers Fibers run obliquely attached to cementum apically
from their attachment to bone
Function: Suspend the tooth in socket They bear vertical occlusal forces Transform the masticatory stress on to the alveolar
bone
Oblique fibers
Apical group Fibers radiate from apical region of root to
surrounding bone Absent on incompletely formed roots
Function: Prevent oral tipping of tooth
Apical fibers
Inter-Radicular group Seen in multi-rooted teeth
Fibers radiate from crest of inter-radicular septum to the furcation area
Inter-radicular fibers
Trans-septal fibers
Extend inter-proximally over alveolar crest & are embedded in the cementum of adjacent teeth
Trans-septal fibers
Sharpey’s fibers
Principal fibers of PDL embedded in bone or cementum
Sharpey’s fibers
Intermediate plexus
Light microscopic examination of longitudinal section of PDL gives an appearance, that as though fibers arising from cementum & bone are joined in mid region of the periodontal space giving rise to a zone of distinct appearance. This is called as intermediate plexus
It was belived that intermediate plexus provides a site where rapid remodelling of fibers occurs allowing adjustments in PDL to accommodate small tooth movement
EM, radio-autography studies & surgical experiments, intermediate plexus is considered as an artifact arising out of the plane of sectioning
Oxytalan & Elaunin fibers Immature elastic fibers found in the PDL
Run in axial direction, one end being embedded in cementum or bone & other in the wall of a blood vessel
Function: Supports the blood vessels of the PDL
Oxytalan fibers
Ground substances Space between cells, fibers, blood vessel &
nerves in Periodontal ligament space is occupied by ground substance
Compound of proteins & polysaccharides
Proteoglycans & glycoproteins
Interstitial tissues
Loose connective tissue surrounding blood vessels, nerves & lymphatics of PDL
Cementicles Small foci of calcified tissue which lie free in the
PDL They represent areas of dystrophic calcification Commonly seen in older individuals
Size: 0.2 – 0.3mm in diameter
Too small to be seen in x-ray No clinical significance
Types: Free Attached Embedded
Origin: Calcification of Degenerated epithelial cells Calcification of sharpey’s fibers Calcification of thrombosed blood vessels Cemental tears
Free cementicle
Embedded cementicle
Blood & nerve supplySource of arterial supply Apical vessels Inta-alveolar vessels Gingival vessels
Venous drainage Venous vessels run axially to drain to apex Arterio-venous anastomoses
Lymphatics Follow the path of blood vessel & provides lymph
drainage of PDL Lymph flow PDL adjacent alveolar bone
Nerve supply Large diameter Myelinated Nerve fibers Myelinated Small diameter Unmyelinated
Nerve endings
Free endings Ruffini endings Coiled endings Spindle type endings
Free endings Ramify in a tree like fashion Originate mainly from unmyelinated fibers Located at regular intervals along length of root Both nociceptor & mechanoreceptor
Ruffini endings Appear denritic Simple & compound Found around root apex Mechanoreceptor
Coiled endings Found in mid region of PDL
Spindle like endings Located at root apex
Clinical consideration
Restorative dentistry Prosthetic dentistry Orthodontic tooth movement Periapical inflammation Gingival inflation