Periodic Table of Elements

By: Suad, Khadija & Sahra

Reviewing the Atom...● The first official discovery of the atom was by Dalton who came up with a atomic theory which

stated:

o All elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles

o Atoms of the same element are identical. The atoms of any one element are different

from those of any other element

o Atoms of different elements can physically mix together or can chemically combine in

simple whole-number ratios to form compounds

o Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated from each other, joined, or

rearranged in a different combination. Atoms of one element, however, are never

changed into atoms of another element as a result of a chemical reaction

● After Dalton a new explosion of studies around this area of chemistry erupted

o Schrodinger devised the quantum mechanical model

o Thomson discovered the electron, as well as isotopes.

o Rutherford discovered that there was a nucleus in atoms

o Bohr proposed that electrons had energy levels and that they revolved around the atomic

nucleus but electrons can jump from one energy level (or orbit) to another.

o Dobereiner organized elements into triads

o Mendeleev was known for creating the first version of the periodic table

Reviewing Atomic Make-up...The atom is divided up into three parts which vary from element to

element. The neutrons added to the protons is called the mass number.

Neutrons

● a subatomic particle

found in the nucleus like

proton but without an

electric charge

● They help determine an

atom's isotope

● Mass is that of 1 mass

unit

Protons

● a subatomic particle in

an atom's nucleus, with a

positive electric charge

● They also determine an

atom's atomic number

● Mass is that of 1 mass

unit

Electrons

● a subatomic particle with

a negative electric

charge

● They help determine an

atom's ability to bond

and location on the

periodic table

● Mass is 1/1840 relative

to the mass of proton

Organizing the Periodic TableThere are many ways to organize the periodic table;

1. You can divide it up into Metals, Non Metalsand Metalloids (shown below)

2. You can divide up the elements on the table

by Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metal, Transitional

Metals, Inner Transitional Metals, Halogens, Metals, Non Metals,

Metalloids and Noble gases (shown right)

What Makes NOBLE GASES special

The noble gases are located in the far right of the periodic table and were

previously referred to as the "inert gases" due to the fact that their filled

valence shells, making them extremely unreactive. The elements in this group

are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon

(Rn).

The ACTINIDE Period...

They are all radioactive and some are not found in nature. Some of the

elements with higher atomic numbers have only been made in labs. This atoms that

are made in lab usually have short life-spans. The elements from 99-103 are

synthetic, and 89-98 are occur naturally from different circumstances. The elements

in this period include actinium (Ac), thorium (Th), protactinium (Pa), uranium (U),

neptunium (Np), plutonium (Pu) americium (Am), curium(Cm), berkelium (Bk),

californium (Ca), einsteinium (Es), fermium (Fm), mendelevium (Md), nobelium (No),

lawrencium (Lr).

The LANTHANIDE Period...

Unlike Actinides, all the Lanthanides occur naturally in nature. The

elements of this section of the period table are lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce),

Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm), Samarium (Sm),

Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy), Holmium (Ho),

Erbium (Er), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb), and Lutetium (Lu)

What Make HALOGENS special

The halogens are located on the left of the noble gases on the periodic table.

These five toxic, non-metallic elements make up Group 17 of the periodic table and

consist of: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At).

Although astatine is radioactive it is often included in the halogen group. Because the

halogen elements have seven valence electrons, they only require one additional

electron to become “happy” atoms. This characteristic makes them more reactive

than other non-metal groups.

ALKALINE EARTH METAL Family

They are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive metals and are most

likely gonna lose their two outermost electrons to form cations with a positive

charge. The alkaline earth metals are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca),

strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). They are in the second group and

therefore have 2 valence electrons. All the discovered alkaline earth metals occur in

nature.

ALKALI METALS FamilyAlkali metals are among the most reactive metals. This is due in part to their

larger atomic radii and low ionization energies. They tend to donate their electrons in reactions a become positive cation. The alkali metals include: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (RB), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr), hydrogen (H)

Metals, Nonmetals & Metalloids

When you divide the Periodic Table into three general groups you come up with Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids

Metals

● Makes up 80% of the

table. It includes areas

like the transition

metals and alkali metals

● Some notable qualities

are their sheen,

conductibility, that their

ductile and malleable,

metals are also solid at

room temp.

Nonmetals

● Is mostly found in the

upper-right corner

except for hydrogen

which is on the left.

Includes noble gases

● Some notable qualities

are that they the are

poor conductors and

most gases at room

temp.

Metalloids

● The metalloids part of

the periodic table is the

stepping stair between

the metals and

nonmetals

● Share qualities of both

metals and nonmetals

Important Terms to Know!● Octet Rule- That when forming compounds, elements like to have similar electron

configurations to noble gases, which is to have eight electrons in their highest occupied shell

● Valence Electrons- Are the electrons in the highest occupied shell of an atom

● Cations- An ion with a positive charge

● Anion- An ion with a negative charge

● Ion- Is an atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge. This is dependant on if the electrons in an atom is equal to the protons in an atom

● Ionization Energy- The energy required an electron from an atom

● Electronegativity- Is the ability of an atom of an element to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound

JOKES/RIDDLES

A.What do you do with a sick chemist?

B.Anyone know any jokes about sodium?

Answers

A.If you can't helium, and you can't curium, then you might as well barium.

B.NA