period of georgia’s history
TRANSCRIPT
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SS8H2b TSW analyze the colonial
period of Georgia’s history. b. Evaluate the Trustee Period of Georgia’s colonial history, emphasizing the role of the
Salzburgers, Highland Scots, malcontents, & the Spanish
threat from Florida.
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The Role of the Salzburgers
In March 1734, Oglethorpe was planning to leave for Great
Britain to report to the colony’s trustees when new settlers arrived.
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A group of German Protestants had been forced to leave Salzburg, which was then controlled by Catholics. They were led by John Martin Bolzius and they asked to live in Georgia.
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Oglethorpe took the Salzburgers to a place 25
miles from Savannah. There they began a town called
Ebenezer which means “the
Rock of Help.”
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However, because the land was marshy with poor soil for crops,
the Salzburgers asked Oglethorpe for a better site. In 1736, they moved to Red Bluff on the Savannah River.
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There near Red Bluff they built another town
which they called New Ebenezer.
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Oglethorpe made a trip to Great Britain. When he
returned to Savannah in early February 1736, he brought 300 new colonists with him.
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Included were another group of Salzburgers, some Moravians (Protestants who banded together in Saxony, Germany, 1722) and 2 religious leaders, John and Charles Wesley.
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Upon his return, Oglethorpe helped the Salzburgers move to Frederica on
St. Simons Island.
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Highland Scots
James Oglethorpe wanted to protect the Georgia colony from
possible attacks from Spanish Florida. The men of Scotland had
the reputation of being good soldiers, and so
Oglethorpe recruited about 175 of them
to settle south of Savannah.
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The group arrived at the Altamaha River in 1736 and established a settlement they originally called New Inverness. Later they changed the name to Darien.
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Darien was the only Gaelic [gae-lick] speaking settlement in
Georgia. The Highland Scots kept many of their culture's
traditions, including the family clans and the wearing of kilts.
Left: Darien is located is what is
now known as McIntosh County
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The Highland Scots were hard workers. When they
found that the soil was not good for agriculture, they
changed to raising cattle and harvesting timber.
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Their successful economy encouraged other Highland Scots
to emigrate to Georgia.
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In 1739, a number of Darien leaders signed a petition asking that slavery not be introduced into the colony. The was the earliest antislavery petition in the South, and it was successful for a time. The ban against slavery wasn’t lifted until 1749.
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Upon his return from Great Britain in 1736, Oglethorpe
introduced several new regulations with the approval
of the trustees.
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Buying rum was to be against the law, and alcohol could not be used in trading with the Native Americans.
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Slavery was not allowed because Oglethorpe thought it caused
landowners to be idle, or inactive, while at the same time,
made them want more land. Left: Painting of the Georgia Colony trustees
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Oglethorpe’s new regulations weren’t popular. The
regulations, plus the earlier one about passing on land only
to male heirs, began to divide the colonists.
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They were already facing economic hardships. Their
mulberry trees were the wrong kind for producing large
amount of silk. They weren’t able to grow hemp, flax,
indigo for making blue dye or grapes for wine.
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To make matters worse, their South Carolina
neighbors, who had large amounts of land, slaves,
and rum, were doing well.
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They were growing rice, cotton, and tobacco, and their success was due, in part, to the use of slave labor. Growing numbers
of Georgia settlers also wanted slaves.
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There was less and less support for the trustee’s regulations. Many of the
malcontent settlers moved to places where they could live more nearly
as they wished.
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When Oglethorpe returned to Georgia after one of his
trips to Great Britain, he found upset
people all over the
colony. (She doesn’t look very
happy, does she?)
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Great Britain controlled Georgia’s borders, and Spain controlled Florida’s. There
seemed to be no way to keep the two groups from fighting.
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In the fall of 1739, a war broke out between Great
Britain and Spain. It was called the “War
of Jenkins's Ear.”
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Several years earlier, Spanish sailors were said to have cut off the ear of Robert Jenkins, a British seaman, to serve as a warning to British ship captains smuggling goods off the Florida coast.
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Oglethorpe welcomed the war. It gave him a good
reason to invade neighboring Florida.
Left: James Oglethorpe Leads Attack on St. Augustine, 1740
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A force of about 2,000 men, mostly Native Americans and
settlers from Georgia and South Carolina, was quickly organized.
They tried to take major
Spanish forts in Florida,
particularly St. Augustine. map showing British siege of St. Augustine
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However, a well-organized Spanish militia met Oglethorpe and his soldiers with a surprise
attack on June 15, 1740.
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However, the Spanish won, and Oglethorpe's forces
had to retreat to St. Simons Island.
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During the next two years, there were numerous attacks and counterattacks between the Spanish and British settlers,
with neither gaining much ground.
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In July 1742, Oglethorpe got the opportunity he needed. His
forces, assisted by the Highland Scots, waited in the dense woods along the
marshes on St. Simons Island.
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Spanish troops who came that way were caught completely by
surprise and forced back across the Florida border.
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Even though the action was known as the Battle of
Bloody Marsh, it was neither big nor bloody.
• Left: Reenactment of the Battle of Bloody Marsh
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This battle did, however, mark the beginning of a
safe southern frontier for the British.
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An Evaluation of the Trustees
Period
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In 1743, Oglethorpe was called to Great Britain to answer charges that he hadn’t acted correctly when he failed to capture the Spanish-held St. Augustine.
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Oglethorpe was cleared of the charges, but he did not return
to Georgia. Instead, he remained in Great Britain.
Left: Site of James Oglethorpe's Burial Site (Beneath the Red Carpet at the Front of Parish Church of All Saints, Cranham, England
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William Stephens, the trustees’ secretary, was
named president of a colony filled with disagreement.
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The effort to keep rum from being sold stopped in 1742.
The people still wanted to own more land and to have slaves.
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By 1750, this was allowed. The regulation against slavery was
repealed, along with the one that allowed a colonist to own only 500
hundred acres of land.
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When President Stephens retired in 1751, he was
replaced by his assistant, Henry Parker. President Parker died a year later.
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Over the next three years (1752-1754), Georgia was led by President Patrick Graham.
During his tenure, many settlers who had left under
the rule of the trustees returned to the colony.
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In 1752, one year before the charter’s end, the
trustees returned Georgia to King George II.
Georgia’s Royal
Colony Seal
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During the 20 years of the original charter, 5,500 people
had settled in Georgia. They had built new homes
and started new lives. Reverse
side of Georgia Royal Seal
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Although some left the colony to go elsewhere, they still made an imprint of the
society and culture.
Seal of the Georgia Trustees
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A large number of settlers were European Protestants who came to the colony to
escape religious persecution. In Georgia, they were able
to practice their beliefs
without fear of punishment.
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Treaties with American Indians and the elimination of the threat of Spanish invasion
ended the need for British military protection. Georgia
was a safe haven on the southern frontier.
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The colony also had noteworthy religious, social, and political accomplishments, Evangelist
George Whitfield established the Bethesda Orphans
Home in Ebenezer.
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Later, it was expanded into a school and renamed Bethesda House. The school provided a basic education for many of
Georgia’s future leaders.
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In Savannah, John and Charles Wesley established the first
Sunday School in America. They also founded the
Methodist Church.
John (left) and Charles Wesley
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The court system, established during the early days of the
settlement, still functioned. By 1750, when the colonists gained
outright ownership of the land, women were able
to inherit property.
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Perhaps the trustees’ greatest accomplishment was their ability to
enable the Georgia colony to survive the many hardships
encountered during the first 20 years. The survival set the stage
for Georgia to become a successful and profitable royal colony.
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As we look back on the Georgia colony, it’s important to remember
the state motto, Non Sibi Sed Allis which meant
“Not for themselves,
but for others.”