Period 2

1607-1754AP US History

(APUSH)

Key Concept 2.1 (Period 2, Concept 1)

Key Concept 2.1 “Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.”

Big ideas:

What were similarities in colonization among the Spanish, French, Dutch, and English?

What were the experiences like with Native Americans among these European countries?

How and why did slavery evolve in these colonies?

How did climate and geography affect British colonies?

Key Concept 2.1, I “Seventeenth-century Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social and

economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization.”

Spain established strict control over colonization and converted and exploited many natives

Spain’s biggest goal was $

All trade had to go through a few Spanish controlled ports

Small group of Spaniards ruled indigenous population

Spain sought to convert natives to Christianity, forced many into the encomienda system

French and Dutch colonization:

French – intermarried w/ natives; extensive trade partnerships

Coureurs de bois – French fur traders – beaver furs; lived among natives; helped build alliance w/ the Algonquin Indians

Dutch – Like the French, the Dutch built extensive trade routes – mostly in NY

Encouraged settlement of the New World – New Netherland

English Colonization (2.1.I continued):

Colonies were based on agriculture, large

number of immigrants, hostile relations w/

Natives

Tobacco became a large cash crop

Headright system encouraged immigrants –

benefitted the wealthy

Conflicts with natives – Powhatans, Bacon’s

Rebellion, Pequot War, King Philip’s War

Jamestown

Jamestown Colony, VA

Jamestown - 1607 – first permanent British settlement in North America

Joint-stock companies: investors pool wealth hoping to profit

Virginia Company (private entity) settles Jamestown w/150 colonists

John Smith – first leader; early struggles for survival

Disastrous Start Capt. John Smith warns of disaster

Problems:

Disease from bad water

Colonists not used to hard labor; focused only on gold

Smith : “He that will not work shall not eat”

Also assistance from Powhatan Indians

Starving Time

1609: 600 more colonists arrive

Powhatans dislike larger colony – begin raiding

Winter 1609: famine

Colonists eat rats, snakes, & shoe leather

Cannibalism

60 colonists survive

Brown Gold – would later save colony

Brown “gold” and Virginia Colony

John Rolfe – cross-bred Brazilian tobacco with local native American

variety (1612)

High-quality hybrid

1620 – 1.5 million pounds of tobacco exported

British became addicted

Self-Government in Virginia

House of Burgesses – established 1619

Ordinances for Virginia – July 1621 – gave power to House of

Burgesses in place of Virginia Company; Virginia Company could not

pass laws without House of Burgesses approval – early foray into self-

government

Puritans and Plymouth Colony Wanted religious freedom

wanted to “purify” Church of England

Experience God through faith, prayer, and study of the Bible

Puritans = Separatists = Pilgrims

1620: Founding of Plymouth Colony (2nd permanent)

Mayflower Compact – founding document – self-government based on authority from God and the King

Myles Standish – elected first commander of colony by signers of Compact

Miles Standish

Key Concept 2.1 – part III !!!!!!!!

(yes, I skipped part II – I will go back to it, I

promise)

Key Concept 2.1 “Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North

American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to

develop diverse patterns of colonization.”

III - Along with other factors, environmental and geographic variations,

including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences

in what would become the British colonies.

Big Idea: - Because of different kinds of climate, geography, and types of

people – all of the 13 colonies were unique and special

Types of Colonies

Royal colonies were owned by the king.

Proprietary colonies, such as Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware, were

basically land grants from the British government. Colonial governors

reported directly to the king.

Self-governing colonies, included Rhode Island and Connecticut, formed

when the king granted a charter to a joint-stock company, and the company

then set up its own government independent of the crown.

Seeds of Democracy Massachusetts Bay Company: John Winthrop (gov.)

1000’s arrive both Puritan & non-Puritan

All adult males in Puritan church & stockholders could vote

Church & State

Church & state very close

Civic officials (also members of the church) believed they had to carry out God’s

will.

Criminalize swearing, theft, idleness

Puritans keep a watchful eye on the family

Roger Williams Two Controversial Views:

English = no right to land unless purchased from Natives

Gov’t shouldn’t punish settlers for religious beliefs

Fled, founded Providence – Rhode Island

church-state separation, religious freedom

Anne Hutchinson Believed that worshippers didn’t need the church or ministers to interpret

the Bible

Banished to Rhode Island

General Land Disputes

1 acre needed for colonial farmer

20 acres for Native: hunting/fishing/agriculture

“land treaties”

Natives lease land for blankets, guns, etc.

Colonists saw this as one-time deal

Pequot War

The Dutch

New Netherland

Dutch Company profits from fur

Highly diverse colony w/Germans,

French, Jews, free/enslaved Africans

Friendlier relations w/Natives

English Takeover

New Netherland split the English colonies

apart

Duke of York ready to invade Dutch

surrendered - 1664

Duke of York now the proprietor – New

York would be come a Royal Colony

New Jersey would befall the same fate,

although it would be divided between

East and West Jersey for awhile

East and West Jersey –

mind-boggling!

William Penn

Devout Quaker

Believed no place for Quakers in England

Quakers:

Dress plainly

Everyone has an “inner light”

Pacifist

Equality & cooperation

Harassed for “radical views”

This is not William Penn

Penn’s Sylvania

William Penn granted a charter by King Charles II

to repay a debt owed to Penn’s father

Colony = holy experiment

Every male settler 50 acres of land & right to vote

Freedom of religion

Philadelphia = capital

“City of Brotherly Love”

William Penn

Believed people approached in friendship

would respond in friendship

Regulates trade w/natives fairly

Penn creates court to settle any differences

50 years no major conflicts

HOWEVER, Natives were still affected by

European disease, pushed west due to

European encroachment on lands

SOUTHERN COLONIES………..

Key Concept 2.1 – part III !!!!!!!!

(yes, I am continuing to skip part II – I will go

back to it, I promise)

Key Concept 2.1 “Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North

American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to

develop diverse patterns of colonization.”

III - Along with other factors, environmental and geographic variations,

including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences

in what would become the British colonies.

Big Idea: - Because of different kinds of climate, geography, and types of

people – all of the 13 colonies were unique and special

Maryland was granted to Cecil Calvert in

1632 as a proprietary colony

Calvert (a.k.a. Lord Baltimore) declared Maryland a haven of religious tolerance for all Christians, and it became the first major Catholic enclave in English America

After the English Civil War, the reign of

Charles II was called the Restoration

because it restored the English monarchy.

Charles repaid political favors by establishing proprietary colonies, or colonies owned by one person, who usually received the land as a gift from the king

Colonization of Maryland

The Carolinas

As a reward for helping

him gain the throne,

Charles II granted a huge

tract of land between VA

and Spanish Florida to 8

nobles in 1663

The Carolinas were also a proprietary

colony, which ultimately split in two:

Settling South Carolina

Charles town was formed in 1670

Settled by the descendants of Englishmen who had colonized Barbados.

Barbados’ primary export was sugar, and its plantations were worked by slaves.

Initially, the economy was based on trading furs and providing food for the West Indies

By the middle of the 18th century, large rice-growing plantations worked by African slaves created an economy and culture that resembled the West Indies

•Although South

Carolina was

geographically

closer to the

Chesapeake

colonies, it was

culturally closer to

the West Indies in

the seventeenth

century since its

early settlers—both

blacks and whites—

came from

Barbados.

Democratic North

Carolina Settled by Virginians and

developed into a Virginia-like colony

Farmers from VA and New England established small, self-sufficient tobacco farms

Region had few good harbors and poor transportation so there were fewer large plantations and less reliance on slavery

By the 18th century, the colony earned a reputation for democratic views and autonomy from British control

Georgia – last colony – founded 1732 James Oglethorpe wanted debtors to

have a new start in life instead of going to prison.

He and 20 other trustees received a charter to settle Georgia.

Buffer against Spanish Florida

Would rid England of jailed debtors

Georgia’s population included former debtors, impoverished British craftspeople, religious refugees from Germany and Switzerland – initially slavery and rum were banned

By 1770 nearly half of the population was made of enslaved Africans.

Virginia---1607

•Jamestown

Joint Stock Company

Virginia Company

Captain John Smith

John Rolfe

Attract new settlers

for Dutch and

Swedish colonists

Representative Govt

•House of

Burgesses

Royal Colony

Maryland--1634 Lord Baltimore

Religious toleration—

those who believed in

Christ---allowed

persecuted Catholics

to settle in Maryland

Representative govt

Proprietary Colony

North/South Carolina

In 1663 8 English nobles

Setup a new colony

based upon social

classes…Failed and

divided into 2 parts

Representative govt

Royal Colony

Georgia—1732 James Oglethorpe

Provide a place for

debtors could start a

new life---Acted as a

buffer against

Spanish Florida

Royal Colony

Colony/Date Person Responsible Why Founded Governed/Owner

Key Concept 2.1, II

Key Concept 2.1 “Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and

the North American environments that different empires

confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of

colonization.”

II: “The British-American system of slavery developed out of the economic,

demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British-controlled

regions of the New World.”

Labor Needed

Field laborers needed for tobacco

Virginia Company: headright

system

Anyone who pays their own

way to VA receives 50 acres of

land

Attempt to lure people to

Jamestown

More Labor!

Owners use indentured servants

passage to North America in

exchange for limited term of

servitude

Receive freedom in 4-7 years

1619: Africans arrive in small

numbers

First indentured servants

late 1600s - slaves

English and Conquest

Colonists forbidden from living among Natives

Demand tributes of corn/labor from Natives

Soldiers set Powhatan villages on fire, kidnap children

Marrying for peace?

Rolfe marries Pocahontas (temporary peace)

1622: Powhatans launch attack

King James I declares VA a royal colony (king’s control)

Sends more troops and settlers to conquer Natives

Powhatan population falls rapidly

Bacon’s Rebellion -1676

Economic differences -poor settlers vs. landowners

Settlers beg gov. for military assistance against Natives gov. refuses

Nathaniel Bacon (farmer) raises army

Defeats Natives - goes after gov.

Violence erupts

displayed power of former indentured servants, black and white

Development of a Racial Hierarchy

English colonies encouraged immigration of men, women,

and families and rarely intermarried with natives and/or

Africans

Headright System encouraged more immigrants since landowners

would receive additional land

Natives were often seen as “savages”

Helped lead to racial hierarchy

Emergence of Atlantic Slave Trade Abundance of land – labor needed for agriculture; Shortage

of indentured servants – especially after Bacon’s rebellion in

1676

Hard to enslave natives – knew the land, were not immune

to European diseases (many Africans were); increased

demand for colonial goods required more labor

Slavery in British America Based on a belief of racial superiority; children of slaves

became slaves as well

Families could be broken up at any time; slaves relied on

kinship networks and “surrogate relatives”

Resistance to Slavery

Slave resistance:

Most likely covert – working slowly, faking illness, running away,

breaking tools, etc.

Occasional rebellion– Stono Rebellion (1739 – South Carolina)

100 Africans killed several whites and tried to flee to Spanish Florida

Most were executed, more harsh laws were passed

Anti-Slavery Movements – written words – used religious

arguments

1688 – Germantown Protest (petition by Quaker converts)

1700 – The Selling of Joseph – Samuel Sewall - Puritan

Land that was ever under British Control

Key Concept 2.2, I

Key Concept 2.2 “European colonization efforts in North

America stimulated intercultural contact and intensified

conflict between the various groups of colonizers and

native peoples.”

I - “Competition over resources between European rivals

led to conflict within and between North American

colonial possessions and American Indians.”

Key Concept 2.2, I Cont.

Each European nation sought to acquire valuables and

new labor:

English focused on tobacco; used indentured servants -> slaves

French focused on furs in Ohio value; traded with natives

European and colonial interests often varied:

Colonists wanted to expand (especially post 7 Years War);

Britain forbade it

Britain passed acts to raise $ - Molasses Act; many colonists

smuggled

Would become a major point of contention between 1763 and

1776

Britain Controls All

Mercantilism: economic system where a country wants:

To increase its wealth/power through gold and silver

Taking in more gold than spending

Favorable balance of trade.

More Exports than imports

How do we achieve this?

Colonization!

Mercantilism at its Best Britain profits off American colonies

Colonists export raw materials to Britain (tobacco,

lumber)

Colonists import English goods (furniture, china)

Colonists begin to trade w/Spain Economic threat for

Britain

Parliament passes Navigation Acts – First Act - 1651

Navigation Acts All trade w/colonies shipped on colonial/English ships

Ships crews had to be ¾ English or colonial

Certain products could only be exported to England

All goods b/w colonies and Europe had to pass through English port

Jobs/tax revenue for England

Key Concept 2.2, II

Key Concept 2.2 “European colonization efforts in North America

stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the

various groups of colonizers and native peoples.”

II: “Clashes between European and American Indian social and economic

values caused changes in both cultures.” -

Effects of English Arrival, King Philip’s

War

Contact with Europeans increased trade,

diseases, and drastically changed native life:

As time passed, Europeans increasingly encroached on

native land

1600 -100,000 natives in New England; 10,000 by 1675 – disease and

dispersion

King Philip’s War – war between natives and English in Wampanoags

(King Philip – Metacomet)

Native were rarely a threat in New England after war

Comparison to Spanish

Spanish colonization tended to be more

accommodating (after Pueblo Revolt) than English

Spain allowed more freedoms for Pueblos after revolt

English settlers tended to see natives as “savages” or

“heathens” – Colonists “clamped down”

Some Puritans sought to convert natives, many viewed them as

disposable

Tensions Emerge

After King Philip’s War – Colonies get back on the “royal radar”

Result of Navigation Acts - Colonists smuggle and trade illegally

King makes New England into a royal colony

Strict control

New England – Royal Colony

Sir Edmund Andros placed in charge of New England – 1684-88

“You have no more privileges left you, than not to be sold for slaves”

Makes thousands of enemies

Enforces the Navigation Acts

Salutary Neglect 1688 – England’s Glorious Revolution – focus taken off Colonies – Protestant

Monarchy restored to England in bloodless revolution (William and Mary)

Boston Revolt and New York Revolt (both 1689) lead to dissolution of Dominion

of New England

Salutary Neglect – beneficial neglect –loosened control on colonies - colonies’

economic loyalty

weak enforcement of navigation acts

Self-government begins growing in colonies

Changes!

Glorious Revolution – change of leadership in England

Colonists arrest Andros and Parliament restores original status of colonies

back

England and France rivals; turns attention away from colonies

Salutary Neglect: England relaxed enforcement of most regulations in return

for economic loyalty

Develop self-gov’t

Key Concept 2.3 “The increasing political,

economic, and cultural exchanges within the

‘Atlantic World’ had a profound impact on the

development of colonial societies in North

America.”

Roman Numeral I - ‘Atlantic World’ commercial, religious, philosophical,

and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American native

peoples stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, and

reshaped labor systems.”

Big ideas:

How did the colonists begin to develop an identity during this

time?

What impact did religion have on the colonies?

Key Concept 2.3, I

The 17th century Atlantic trade created a labor

market and exchange of goods:

Growth of slavery in Americas – began with Spanish and Portuguese

traders in West Africa

“Middle Passage” – Shipment of Africans in close quartered ships;

would last several weeks or months

Key Concept 2.3, I (continued

Triangular trade – rum, sugar, molasses, and slaves were

commonly traded on the Triangular Trade

Many merchants defied Navigation Acts and traded goods with the

French, Dutch, and Spanish

Key Concept 2.3, I Cont.

Strict racial categories and racial stereotyping

emerged among British colonists

Blacks &whites - separate living quarters; segregated

Like natives, Africans often seen as “savages”; way to justify treatment

resistance to slavery was treated harshly

Spanish and French were more accepting of racial

gradations

Mulattos and mestizos in Spanish Empire

Key Concept 2.3, I Cont.

What promoted Anglicization in the British colonies?

(using more English norms and customs)

Representative assemblies were similar to English government

Trade between the colonies and England increased contact

Enlightenment ideas from England and Europe traveled to America

Americans later made similar contributions – Franklin and Jefferson

Religious toleration in some colonies:

Rhode Island, Quakers in PA, Maryland Acts of Toleration – tolerance

for ALL Christians

Legal systems and customs:

Trials by jury

Evangelism:

The 1st Great Awakening saw George Whitefield from England travel

to the colonies to spread religion

Key Concept 2.3, II

Key Concept 2.3 “The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the ‘Atlantic World’ had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America.”

II - “Britain’s desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, stimulating increasing resistance from colonists who had grown accustomed to a large measure of autonomy.”

Big Ideas – The child continues to develop a mind of his own

Key Concept 2.3, II Cont.

Reasons for resistance to British imperial control:

Salutary neglect - colonial assemblies had significant power, viewed selves

as “Parliament”

Enlightenment - desire more rights and new forms of government

Great Awakening = more religious diversity and a questioning of authority

Colonists often saw selves as “Englishmen,”

Key Concept 2.3, II Cont.

Over time, regional differences in colonies gave

way to similarities in:

Laws: crimes were redefined – John Peter Zenger Trial – could

criticize government officials if it was true

Institutions: colleges were established in different colonies –

helped promote religion and increase literacy

Governance within the context of the British imperial system:

Prior to 1763, colonial governments acted independent of

Parliament

Review of Key Concepts

Key Concept 2.3 “The increasing political, economic, and cultural

exchanges within the ‘Atlantic World’ had a profound impact on the

development of colonial societies in North America.”

II - “Britain’s desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face

of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to

strengthen its imperial control, stimulating increasing resistance from

colonists who had grown accustomed to a large measure of autonomy.”

Mercantilism Review

Mercantilism’s goal = Mother country makes as much $ as possible

England’s plan for strict mercantilist policies/unified Empire not always successful:

Navigation Acts – required exports of specific goods only to England - tobacco

widespread smuggling

Dominion of New England to Salutary Neglect after Glorious Revolution

Plantation Economy Arises

Cash crops

Maryland to NC: Tobacco

SC and Georgia: Rice and indigo

Few Towns/Cities

Plantation owners produced what they needed –

functioned semi-independently

Southern Prosperity & People

Some initial diversity in the South

German, Scottish immigrants

Rapid Expansion of Slavery

1713-1774: tobacco exports triple

Southern prosperity

Women: 2nd class citizens: role of the house wife

Husbands in charge

0

20

40

60

80

1630 1700 1745 1766

Tobacco Exports

Tobacco Exports

Young John Adams Quote

Who can study in Boston streets? I am unable to

observe the various objects that I meet, with sufficient

precision. My eyes are so diverted with chimney

sweeps, carriers of woods, merchants, ladies, priests,

carts, horses, oxen, coaches market men and women,

soldiers sailors, and my ears with the rattle gabble of

them all that I can’t think long enough in the street

upon any one thing to start and pursue a thought.

Commercial North

Limited use of slavery, less cash crops

Merchants focus on commerce, manufacture

1650-1750 – colonial economy – grew 2x faster than Britain’s

PA – fastest growing colony of 1700s