period 1 ap world history notes ancient stuff: around 8000 bce to around 600 ce
TRANSCRIPT
Period 1 AP World History Notes
ANCIENT STUFF: AROUND 8000 BCE TO
AROUND 600 CE
What are civilizations all about?How does change occur within a society?How are people impacted by, and how do they
impact, geography and climate?
THE BIG PICTURE
Basic needs – shelter and foodForaging Societies – hunters and gathersPastoral Societies – taming animals
NOMADS FOLLOW THE FOOD
“New Stone Age” or Agricultural RevolutionSmall, independent groups or communitiesCultivation means staying in one place
Water and good soilDomesticated animalsSimple tools Ideas of property and ownership
SETTLING DOWN: NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
Once nomads started interacting with sedentary societies through trade or confl icts, things started to get complicated
Organized economiesGovernmental structuresReligious organizationsCIVILIZATION
Specialization of labor is key to civilization
CONSEQUENCES OF AGRICULTURE
Farming villagesDiversion of waterClearing landAnimals used for food, clothing, and labor
IMPACT OF AGRICULTURE
Metal tools began replacing stone toolsBronze metal works Iron working
TECHNOLOGY
River valleysLarge land areaLarge populations Included:
Mesopotamia Egypt India China
BIG, EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
“Land between the rivers” – Tigris and Euphrates Included civilizations of:
Sumer Babylon Persia
Fertile crescent
MESOPOTAMIA
First major Mesopotamian CivilizationDeveloped CuneiformTrade and introduction of the wheelPolytheistic - Ziggurats
SUMER
King HammurabiCode of Hammurabi – set of legal codeBabylon fell to other invaders: Assyrians, Medes, and
ChaldeansKing Nebuchadnezar – rebuilt Babylon – architecture
and cultureFell to the Persian Empire
BABYLON
Nile River Valley in Egypt to modern day Turkey and Greece to Afghanistan
Great Royal Road
PERSIA
Lydians Coined money for trade
Phoenicians Naval city-states Simple alphabet
Hebrews Judaism Monotheistic God’s chosen people
OTHERS IN MESOPOTAMIA
Nile RiverPyramidsSmaller towns
ANCIENT EGYPT
Control flood watersDrainage and irrigation systemsConstructionHieroglyphicstrade
ACHIEVEMENTS
PolytheisticAfterlifeMummificationpyramids
EGYPTIAN BELIEFS
Queen Hatshepsut – expanded tradeHigh status – many rights and opportunitiesSubservient to menMore value after having children
WOMEN OF EGYPT
PharoahPriestsNoblesMerchants and skilled artisansPeasants (generated the most wealth)
SOCIAL STRUCTURE (PYRAMID)
Around 1100 BCEConquered by the Assyrian and PersiansGreeks occupied Absorbed into Roman Empire
FALL OF EGYPT
Indus River systemMountains allowed limited outside contactHarappa and Mohenjo-Daro – major citiesStrong central governmentPolytheisticTechnologies: potter’s wheel, clothtraders
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (INDIA)
Nomads from Caucasus Mountain regionsHorses and advanced weaponsGave up nomadic lifestyle in the Indus ValleyEstablished their religious beliefs
Reincarnation Vedas and Upanishads HINDUISM
Caste system
ARYAN ARRIVAL IN INDIA
Hwang Ho River Valley (Yellow River)Agriculture surpluses led to trade centered civilizationLimited contact – traded with MesopotamiaBelieved they were the center of the world
EARLY CHINA (SHANG CHINA)
Extended family important in most ancient civilizations
Patriarchal – led by eldest maleGods controlled all aspects of liveDead ancestors “middle men” to the gods
FAMILY FOCUS
Replaced Shang around 1100 BCERuled 900 yearsMandate of Heaven – power as long as rulers
governed justly and wiselyFeudal system in China
King and nobles bureaucracies
ZHOU CHINA
Farmers of Niger and Benue River Valleys began migrating south and east
Things they took with them… Language Agriculture metallurgy
Moved to lands of the nomads – nomads either joined in or left
Not all Bantu migrated
BANTU MIGRATIONS
Bantu left due to climate changes and the growing Sahara Desert
Jenne- Jeno – fi rst city in sub-Saharan AfricaBantu are proof that not all human societies followed
the same path toward sophistication, and that urbanization doesn’t always mean civilization
Two early civilizations: Olmec (Mexico) and the Chavin (The Andes)
Urban societiesPolytheisticDeveloped similarly to other earlier civilizations in
diff erent parts of the worldNeither developed in a river valley- disproves the
idea that river valleys are necessary
MESOAMERICA
MesoAmerica Maya
India and China Mauryan Empire Gupta Dynasty Qin Dynasty Han Dynasty
Mediterranean Greece Rome
CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS
Southern MexicoCity-states ruled by the same kingPyramid buildersHieroglyphicsCalendar systemTikal – political center, 100,000 plus populationPolytheistic - ritualistic beliefs
MESOAMERICA – MAYAN CIVILIZATION
Cosmos into three parts Heavens Middle Underworld
Warfare was to gain slaves not territoryNo large animals- humans did the farmworkAdvanced agriculture – cotton and maizeMayan calendar – based on a number system that
included 0
The Mauryan EmpireGupta DynastyQin DynastyHan Dynasty
INDIA AND CHINA
IndiaDepended on trade
Silk Cotton elephants
Founded by Chandragupta Maurya – unified Aryan kingdom into civilization
Buddhism – nonviolence and moderation
MAURYAN EMPIRE
Decentralized and smaller than MauryanGolden Age – peace and advances in arts and societyMath advances = pi, zero, and decimalsArabic numeralsHinduism dominate religion in India, reinforced the
caste system
GUPTA DYNASTY
Lasted less than 10 yearsStrong economy based on agriculturePowerful army with iron weaponsGREAT WALL OF CHINAEmpire – organized, centralized, and territorialpatriarchial
QIN DYNASTY
Trade along the Silk RoadCivil service based on teachings of ConfuciusGovernment workers should be educations and well
spoken Invented paper, accurate sundials, calendars, use of
metals
HAN DYNASTY
GreeceRome Beginnings of “western civilization”Representative governmentContributed to art, architecture, literature, science
and philosophy.
MEDITERRANEAN
Peninsula – Agean and Mediterranean SeasMountainous – not good for agricultureLocation aided in trade and cultural diff usionReplaced barter system with money systemColonial nation – large empire
Powerful military Transportation Communication governance
GREECE
City-States (polis) Athens – political, commercial, and cultural center Sparta – agricultural and militaristic region
Polis had 3 groups Citizens (adult men) Free people with no political rights Noncitizens (mostly slaves)
GREEK CITIZENSHIP
Open decision making- all citizens participatedDraco and Solon – aristocrats that worked to create
democracy in Athens
GREEK DEMOCRACY
Many godsGreek gods possessed human failings
Anger Drunkeness Took sides petty
horoscopes
GREEK MYTHOLOGY
United Greek city-states against PersiaTwo Greek victories
Marathon Salamis
Golden Age of Pericles – Greek era of peace and prosperity
PERSIAN WARS
Delian League- alliance against common enemiesPhilosophy and arts flourished
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Drama- comedies and tragedies Sculpture Architecture Homer
Math and science Inspired European Renaissance and Enlightenment
GOLDEN AGE OF PERICLES
Many city-states allied themselves with Sparta forming the Peloponnesian League
Peloponnesian War (431 BCE) – Spartan victoryBUT Sparta was left weakened and vulnerableMacedonians invaded – but respected
TROUBLE FOR ATHENS
Macedonian kingConquered Persian Empire Greek empire expanded into Indus River ValleyDivided empire into 3 parts
Antigonid – Greece and Macedon Ptolemaic - Egypt Seleucid – Bactria and Anatolia
Adopted Greek ideas and spread them Hellenism- culture, ideals, and patterns of Classical Greece
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
Greek/Macedonian empire started to crumble with the death of Alexander the Great
Romans to the west became a new world force
Good geographic location Alps to the north Surrounded by sea Easy access to Northern Africa, Palestine, Greece, Iberia
ROME
PolytheisticMany gods of Greek origin - renamed
ROMAN MYTHOLOGY
Patricians (land owning nobles), plebeians (all other free men) , slaves
Representative Republic – Very similar to USCivil laws to protect individual rightsTwelve Tables of Rome – Roman law codeSocial structure
Pater families – eldest male Women did have influence within the family and could own
property Slaves – better conditions in the city than the country
ROMAN STRUCTURE
Carthage (North Africa) – Rome’s fi rst enemyPunic Wars
First to control Sicily – Rome Second – Hannibal attacked from the north using elephants,
attack on Carthage forces Hannibal back – Roman victory Third – Roman invasion of Carthage – Roman victory
Rome continued expansion through the Mediterranean Fought the Macedonians (Greece) and Gauls (Iberia)
All Roads Lead to Rome
ROMAN MILITARY DOMINATION
After Punic Wars – Roman infl uence around the world grewRestlessness in Rome
Landowners begin using slaves from lands taken over Inflation – Rome’s currency losses value Political leaders fighting among themselves
Power of Senate weakend First triumvirate – power shifted to Pompey, Crassus, and Julius
Caesar
Second Triumirate – Octavius, Marc Antony, and Lepidus Octavius known as Augustus Caesar and became emperor
Rome becomes capital of the Western worldAugustus established
Common currancy Civil service Secured travel for merchants
COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC LEADS TO IMPERIALISM
Pax Romana – peaceGroups within Roman Empire maintained their
identities Hebrews Egyptians
Arts, literature, architecture, science flourished
Paganism was state religion Sacrifices to traditional Roman gods Christians persecuted and killed at the Colosseum, threat to
PaganismChristianity takes hold in Roman Empire after
AugustusReligious tolerance – conquered territories allowed to
keep their faith391 CE – Christianity becomes offi cial religion of
Roman Empire
RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY
Collapse of Empires/Dynasties Maya Han China Gupta Empire Western Roman Empire
Cultural diff usion
LATE CLASSICAL PERIOD
No one is exactly sure what happened: Disease Drought Internal unrest and warfare
Began to desert their cities in the 800s CE
COLLAPSE OF THE MAYA
Xin dynasty seized throne using the Mandate of Heaven
During Xin rule: Land ownership reforms failed Chaos in the economy
Taxes inflation
Famines Peasant uprisings
Xin dynasty ended 23 CE and Han Dynasty back in power – unable to recover back to former power the government collapsed
Regional kingdoms for the next 400 years
COLLAPSE OF HAN CHINA
INDIA Invaded by the White Huns India’s culture (Hinduism and the caste system)
survived the Hun invasion, the empire did not.
COLLAPSE OF THE GUPTA EMPIRE
Reasons for Collapse Internal decay combined with external pressure Size of the empire Expense of maintaining the empire Weak leaders
Diocletian, emperor, in 284 tried to fix problems Divided empire into two parts with co-emperors Army under imperial control Strengthen currency Budget on the government
Civil war erupted upon Diocletian’s retirement f
COLLAPSE OF THE WESTERN PORTION OF ROMAN EMPIRE
322 Constantine comes to power Built Constantinople Able emperor After his death empire divided again into east and west
Eastern portion of Roman Empire thrivedWestern portion struggled
Pressure for Attila and the Huns Visigoths sacked Rome in 410 476, Roman emperor deposed
Eastern portion of empire renamed the Byzantine Empire
Trade routes successful Cultures, religion spread
Silk Road – China to Roman Empire Pastoral communities provided protection, shelter, and
suppliesDisease traveled as well
Black death, measles, small poxReligions spread
Buddhism from India to East and Southeast Asia via trade routes
Christianity spread into Mediterranean
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
PolytheismConfucianismDaoismLegalismHinduismBuddhism Judaismchristianity
MAJOR BELIEF SYSTEMS THROUGH 600 C.E.
Up to 600 C.E. all religions except Judaism and Christianity were polytheistic
Gods played many roles in various regions of the world
Center of art and architecture Grand works were dedicated to the gods
Rise and fall of city-states was seen as drama on earth and in the heavens between the gods
POLYTHEISM
Developed for the Chinese culture, practiced from about 400 C.E on
Confucianism is a political and social philosophy NOT a religion
Focuses on 5 fundamental relationships Ruler – subject Parent – child Husband – wife Older brother – younger brother Friend - friend
Values stressed Ren – humanity, kindness, benevolence Li – propriety, courtesy, respect, deference to elders Xiao – respect for family obligation
Compatible with most religions
CONFUCIANISM
The way of nature, the way of the cosmosBased on eternal principle governing the workings of
the worldAdvocated formation of small, self-suffi cient
communitiesCounter-balance to Confucian activismPromoted scientific discovery
DAOISM
Practiced in China – Qin DyanastyPeace and order were achievable through a
centralized, tightly governed stateDidn’t trust human nature, advocated need for tough
lawsTwo most worthy professions: Farming and MilitaryCompleted unification of ChinaCompleted the Great Wall of China
LEGALISM
Practiced in India and Indian SubcontinentOne supreme force – BrahmaPolythesitic- gods are manifestations of BrahmaLife goal is to merge with Brahma
Cannot be done in one lifetime REINCARNATION
No sacred text, Vedas and Upanishads guide HindusReligion AND social system (Caste system)Buddhism came from Hinduism
HINDUISM
Practiced in India, China, Southeast AsiaNo supreme being Four Noble Truths
All life is suffering Suffering is caused by desire One can be freed of this desire One is freed of desire by following the Eightfold Path
Life goal is to reach nirvana – state of perfect peace and harmony
Rejected social hierarchies, so appealed to those of lower rank
BUDDHISM
Practiced by the HebrewsGod selected a small group and made himself known
to themFirst monotheistic faithBeliefs:
Afterlife Set of traditions and doctrines Philosophy Personal salvation Awareness of unique relationship with God
Humans task to honor and serve God by following Laws of Moses
Beginnings of Christianity and Islam
JUDAISM
Started with a small group of Jews, expanded through the Roman Empire
Based on Old and New Testaments of the BibleBelieve that Jesus Christ is the son of GodForgiveness of sins is possible through the death of
ChristMonotheisticBy 200 C.E. most influential religion in the
Mediterranean basin
CHRISTIANITY
Farming tools Plows Hoes Rakes Wheel
Metal tools and weaponsFirst civilizations developed at the same time as iron
technologyPublic works projects
Irrigation Dikes and canals
TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIONS
Women typically lose power as societies settle in one area
Women’s freedoms depended on social class. Upper-class – restricted in public appearances Lower-class, peasants, slaves – worked outside the home
Wearing of veils in upper-class women began in the Babylonian Empire
Rights of women diff ered by religions – Christianity and Buddhism considered women equal in
ability to achieve salvation and/or nirvana Hinduism – women not allowed to read the Vedas or
participate in prayers
CHANGES AND CONTINUITIES IN THE ROLE OF WOMEN