perceptions of tenure security: an exploratory analysis of pre-treatment data in rural communities...
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PERCEPTIONS OF TENURE SECURITY: An exploratory analysis of pre-treatment
data in rural communities across
Ethiopia, Guinea, Liberia, and Zambia
1The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily the views and opinions of the United States Agency for International Development.
M. MERCEDES STICKLER, USAID1 HEATHER HUNTINGTON, Cloudburst Consulting Group
25 March 2015
OVERVIEW
Introduction Motivation Interventions Methodology Findings Summary Next Steps
INTRODUCTION
Impact Evaluation at USAID
• USAID Evaluation Policy (2011)– Evaluation is important for learning and
accountability– Impact evaluation required: pilots, scaling proven
methods– Third party (independent) evaluations
• USAID Land Tenure and Resource Management Office supporting 7 impact evaluations in Africa
• USAID is committed to building local capacity and promoting women’s empowerment in our work
Evaluation, Research, and Communication (ERC) Project• USAID Land Tenure and Resource Management
(LTRM) Office• 5 year project designed to improve the evidence
base on land tenure and property rights interventions
• Primary objective: Generate rigorous empirical evidence on the impact of newer customary rights recognition interventions
• ERC impact evaluations: – Ethiopia (2)– Guinea– Liberia– Zambia (2)
MOTIVATION
Motivation for the Research
• Africa effect– Land tenure formalization in Africa has shown
relatively weak impacts compared to other regions (Lawry, et al., 20141)
• Dearth of empirical evidence on the impact of newer customary rights recognition interventions
• Absence of gender-relevant evidence
1Lawry, S., Samii, C., Hall, R., Leopold, A., Hornby, D., and F. Mtero. 2014. The impact of land property rights interventions on investment and agricultural productivity in developing countries: a systematic review. Campbell Collaboration, Oslo, Norway.
INTERVENTIONS
Ethiopia: Land Administration to Nurture Development (LAND)
• USAID/Ethiopia
• Borana pastoralists in southern Oromia Regional State
• Formal demarcation and certification of customary pastoral land use claims
• Strengthen customary rangeland management institutions
• USAID/LTRM
• Improve compliance with the Kimberley Process
• Formalize customary tenure of land rights (surface)
• Introduce refinements to the existing system of parceling mining claims (subsurface)
Guinea: Property Rights and Artisanal Diamond Development (PRADD)
• Namati and the Sustainable Development Institute
• Integrated community land documentation methodology
• Boundary demarcation and conflict resolution
• Land governance and community empowerment
Liberia: Community Land Protection Program (CLPP)
• USAID/LTRM
• Codify customary land use and administration rules
• Issue customary land certificates at parcel/field level
• Extension services to promote the adoption of climate-smart agriculture
Zambia: Tenure and Global Climate Change (TGCC)
METHODOLOGY
Methodology• Prospective impact evaluations
– Randomized Control Trial (TGCC) – Difference in Differences (LAND, PRADD, CLPP)
• Mixed methods • Standard data collection instruments
– Household survey – Leader/community survey – Key informant interviews– Focus group discussions
• Sub-groups of interest– Women, poor, youth
Key Survey Modules
• Mediating factors: country contexts (governance, land use, cultural practices, socio-economic status, markets)
• Interventions: ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ interventions designed to strengthen tenure security
• Mechanisms: land governance, community empowerment, conflict, perceived tenure security, knowledge
• Proximate outcomes: perceived tenure security, investment, conflict mitigation
• Distal outcomes: land productivity, livelihood/asset changes
Data
Country
Project
Data Collection Period
Household Sample Size
Ethiopia
LAND Aug – Sep 2014 3,851
Guinea PRADD Oct – Dec 2014 2,000
Liberia CLPP Feb – Mar 2-14 1,661
Zambia TGCC Jun – Jul 2014 3,523
FINDINGS: LAND CONFLICT
Perceived likelihood of tenure insecurity
1 2 3 4 5
Significance: *=90-95%; **=95-99%; ***=99%+
Prevalence of land-related conflicts
• Varied % of households reporting land dispute in past 3 years– Ethiopia: 14%– Guinea: 2% – Zambia 26%
• But field-level data from Zambia suggests incidence is quite low– 11% of all fields had experienced a dispute in the
past 3 years• Sub-groups not always most disadvantaged
– In Ethiopia, youth significantly more likely to experience conflict…• 18% vs. 14% overall average
– …but the poor are slightly less likely to have experienced conflict• 12% vs. 14% overall average
Of those experiencing conflict, % HHs experiencing typesDispute Type Ethiopia Guinea Zambia
Boundary 52 48 71
Grazing 19 0 3
Inheritance Not asked 11 26
Land reallocation
Not asked 20 8
Natural resource
8 8 3
Rental Not asked 11 1
Satisfaction with dispute resolution: % households
FINDINGS: INVESTMENTS
Tree planting by subgroup: % households
Country
Overall Poor Youth Female Head
Guinea 21 (fruit) 13*** 17*** 12*
Liberia 88 (rubber) 82*** 88 83*
Zambia 11 (agroforestry)
11 10 11
Significance: *=90-95%; **=95-99%; ***=99%+
FINDINGS: DOCUMENTATION
Land documentation: % households
FINDINGS: LAND GOVERNANCE
Most important land decision maker1: % households
Authority Guinea Ethiopia Liberia Zambia
Customary2 77 54 87 100
Government
22 42 10 0
1For Liberia and Zambia, question asked for “most important decision maker for land-related issues;” for Guinea, question asked “who helps with farmland encroachment?”; for Ethiopia, “who has control of community grazing area?”2Customary here includes “Traditional Authorities” and “Communities as a whole” depending on country context.
Liberia: Ladder of Power
Transparent decision-making: % households
1 2 3 4 5
Significance: *=90-95%; **=95-99%; ***=99%+
Sub-groups disadvantaged by rules/decisions
1 2 3 4 5Significance: *=90-95%; **=95-99%; ***=99%+
Satisfaction with community land rules: % households
Perceived fairness of land allocation by subgroup (Lickert)
1 2 3 4 5
Significance: *=90-95%; **=95-99%; ***=99%+
SUMMARY
Summary• USAID’s impact evaluations represent some of the first on
interventions that strengthen customary land tenure security• Overall findings
– Customary tenure systems provide high levels of security to the majority
– Customary land governance institutions remain highly relevant– Customary land institutions broadly seen as fair and responsive
• Tenure security & land governance are highly context-specific– Wide variance in concerns about land
encroachment/expropriation– Differing directions in tenure security-investment relationships
• Sub-group effects vary across country and indicator– Statistically significant effects often expected direction but
mostly small– Sub-groups seen as slightly disadvantaged in land rules and
decisions– Baseline suggests that females are NOT consistently
disadvantaged
NEXT STEPS
Next Steps• Share baseline data with project implementers and the public
– http://usaidlandtenure.net/data
• Improve generalizability and external validity of the research– Standardized survey modules – Growing the USAID evaluation portfolio
• Link survey results to administrative data• Increase attention to the gendered nature of impacts• Improve measures of tenure security and land governance
– New proxies– Improved questionnaire design– Embedded survey experiments – Behavioral games
THANK YOU
http://usaidlandtenure.net/data
RETAINER
Impact Evaluation at USAIDUSAID designs, tests, and evaluates innovative and cost-effective land tenure and property rights
approaches around the globe that can be adapted, scaled, or used to inform new research, program
design, or national policies.
New research from USAID land and resource governance impact evaluation is building an evidence
base to demonstrate how secure land tenure may improve economic growth, food security, climate
change mitigation, and adaptation efforts, and gender equality.