perceptions of health
TRANSCRIPT
Perceptions of health and well being
Lived experiences, health, illness and disease.
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Lifestyle and health
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Lifestyle and health
How we live, how we think about and understand our lives influences our behaviour.
How we behave affects our health
Our health is determined, to a large extent, by the decisions we make in our everyday lives.
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Physical Activity, Fatness and Health
Sunday, February 22, 2009
• In addition to allergic diseases, educational level and physical activity are associated with adult onset asthma, which indicates a role for factors associated with life style. (Huovinen et al 2001)
• There is strong evidence that physical activity reduces the risk of colon cancer by up to 50%. (Peters et al 2001)
• Relationships between C-R fitness and CHD risk status in adolescents are mediated by fatness, whereas the observed relationships with fatness are independent of fitness. Primary prevention of CHD during childhood should therefore concentrate upon preventing or reversing undue weight gain. (Boreham et al 2001)
Physical Activity, Fatness and Health
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Diet and Cancer
Sunday, February 22, 2009
• Cancer is mostly a preventable disease. The chief causes of cancer are use of tobacco and inappropriate diets
• Current data support previous findings that inappropriate diets cause around one-third of all cancer deaths
• Substantial and varied amounts of vegetables and fruits will prevent 20 per cent or more of all cases of cancer.
• Keeping alcohol intake within recommended limits will prevent up to 20 per cent of cases of the aerodigestive tract, the colon and rectum and breast
• Cancers of the stomach and colon and rectum are mostly preventable by appropriate diets and related factors.
Diet and Cancer
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Health Behaviour
Why do people adopt positive health behaviours?
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Social Behaviour, Cognition and Health
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Social Behaviour, Cognition and Health
• Social behaviour is a consequence of perceptions of reality.
• Social cognition is concerned with understanding how individuals make sense of social situations.
• We can divide this into:
Person Perception
• making sense of others
Self Regulation
• making sense of ourselves
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Health Belief Model
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Health Belief Model
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Health Belief ModelThreat
PerceptionsBehavioural Evaluation Cues to Action
Susceptibility BenefitsEfficacy
InternalExternal
Severity Costs Barriers
Health Motivation
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Health Belief ModelThreat
PerceptionsBehavioural Evaluation Cues to Action
Susceptibility BenefitsEfficacy
InternalExternal
Severity Costs Barriers
Health Motivation
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Health Belief ModelThreat
PerceptionsBehavioural Evaluation Cues to Action
Susceptibility BenefitsEfficacy
InternalExternal
Severity Costs Barriers
Health Motivation
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Protection Motivation Theory
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Protection Motivation Theory
Adaptive health behaviour is a
consequence of-
Threat Appraisal Coping Appraisal
Adaptive health behaviour is a
consequence of- Susceptibility
Action-outcome efficacy
Adaptive health behaviour is a
consequence of-
Severity Self-efficacy
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Protection Motivation Theory
Adaptive health behaviour is a
consequence of-
Threat Appraisal Coping Appraisal
Adaptive health behaviour is a
consequence of- Susceptibility
Action-outcome efficacy
Adaptive health behaviour is a
consequence of-
Severity Self-efficacy
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Protection Motivation Theory
Adaptive health behaviour is a
consequence of-
Threat Appraisal Coping Appraisal
Adaptive health behaviour is a
consequence of- Susceptibility
Action-outcome efficacy
Adaptive health behaviour is a
consequence of-
Severity Self-efficacy
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Planned Behaviour Theory
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Planned Behaviour Theory
Attitudes
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Planned Behaviour Theory
Attitudes Consequences=
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Planned Behaviour Theory
Attitudes Consequences=
Value
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Planned Behaviour Theory
Attitudes Consequences=Efficacy
Value
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Planned Behaviour Theory
Attitudes
Subjective Norms
Consequences=Efficacy
Value
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Planned Behaviour Theory
Attitudes
Subjective Norms
Consequences=Efficacy
Value
Views of Others=
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Planned Behaviour Theory
Attitudes
Subjective Norms
Consequences=
Compliance+
Efficacy
Value
Views of Others=
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Planned Behaviour Theory
Attitudes
Subjective Norms
Behavioural Control
Consequences=
Compliance+
Efficacy
Value
Views of Others=
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Planned Behaviour Theory
Attitudes
Subjective Norms
Behavioural Control
Consequences=
Resources=
Compliance+
Efficacy
Value
Views of Others=
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Planned Behaviour Theory
Attitudes
Subjective Norms
Behavioural Control
Consequences=
Resources= Opportunity+
Compliance+
Efficacy
Value
Views of Others=
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Self Efficacy Theory
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Situation
Outcome
Evaluation of
Self Efficacy Theory
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Situation
Outcome
Evaluation of
Action
Outcome
Self Efficacy Theory
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Situation
Outcome
Evaluation of
Action
Outcome
Self Efficacy Theory
Self
Efficacy
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Situation
Outcome
Evaluation of
Action
Outcome
Self Efficacy Theory
Self
Efficacy
ActionMotivation
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Stress Appraisal: Lazarus
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Stress Appraisal: Lazarus
Primary Appraisal
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Stress Appraisal: Lazarus
Primary Appraisal
Is this harmful, beneficial, threatening
or challenging?
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Stress Appraisal: Lazarus
Primary Appraisal
Is this harmful, beneficial, threatening
or challenging?
How do I feel about this?
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Stress Appraisal: Lazarus
Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal
Is this harmful, beneficial, threatening
or challenging?
How do I feel about this?
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Stress Appraisal: Lazarus
Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal
Is this harmful, beneficial, threatening
or challenging?Can I cope?
How do I feel about this?
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Stress Appraisal: Lazarus
Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal
Is this harmful, beneficial, threatening
or challenging?Can I cope?
What are the alternatives?
How do I feel about this?
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Stress Appraisal: Lazarus
Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal
I can cope
Is this harmful, beneficial, threatening
or challenging?Can I cope?
What are the alternatives?
How do I feel about this?
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Stress Appraisal: Lazarus
Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal
I can cope
Is this harmful, beneficial, threatening
or challenging?Can I cope?
What are the alternatives?
How do I feel about this?
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Stress Appraisal: Lazarus
Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal
I can cope
I can’t cope
Is this harmful, beneficial, threatening
or challenging?Can I cope?
What are the alternatives?
How do I feel about this?
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Stressful Events
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Stressful Events• Salient : What is most important?
• Work, Family, Status, Money
• Overload
• Not just one event but the general background of stressful events
• Ambiguous Events
• Events that are not clearly defined may be more stressful
• Uncontrollable Events
• Surprise or shock
• Predictability may be important
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Self EfficacyLazarus and Folkman 1987
I can do this I can’t do this
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Self EfficacyLazarus and Folkman 1987
More StressfulLess Stressful
I can do this I can’t do this
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Other Theories
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Other Theories
• Hardiness (Kobasa 1982)
• Feelings of control
• Desire to accept challenges
• Commitment
• Mastery (Karasek and Theorell 1990)
• The degree to which I think I can manage stressful events.
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Physiological Consequences of Stress
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Physiological Consequences of Stress
Sympathetic Nervous System Activationincrease in:
• Heart rate• Blood pressure• Sweating• Pupil dilation• Respiration
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Some Questions
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Some Questions
• Are some people more stress sensitive?
• If so does this mean they suffer more physical consequences?
• Does gender make a difference?
• If we talk about negative stress more (cultural predisposition) do we suffer more?
• Do we learn to be stressed?
• What factors increase stress in contemporary society?
Sunday, February 22, 2009