BRAZIL IN SOUTH AMERICA PERCEPTIONS IN CHANGING CONTEXTS

Prof. Dr. Aldomar A. Rückert UFRGS – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

CNPq

With inputs from Camilo Pereira Carneiro Fº, Roberto Uebel and Eduarda Scheibe

March, 2014

BRAZIL IN SOUTH AMERICA PERCEPTIONS IN CHANGING CONTEXTS

• 0. INTRODUCTION

• 1. MENTAL ATTRACTIVINESS OF THE WORLD

• 2. BRAZIL’S ECONOMIC POSITION IN THE WORLD

• 3. MOBILITY AND MIGRATION : RELATIONS BETWEEN BRASIL AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES • 4. BRAZIL IN “SOUTH AMERICA” AND NOT IN “LATIN AMERICA” ? • CONCLUSIONS

• MAIN REFERENCES

• Main object and approach of this presentation: the Eurobroadmap project and some of its results of the survey made in Brazil (2010) analysing students’ perceptions of Europe and Brazil in South America.

• This presentation is an initial essay about:

• a) some results of the survey in Brazil and

• b) their contexts - highlights in Brazilian and South-American changing scenarios.

• Assertion of the Eurobroadmap project: the perception of the students can be influenced by their academic discipline (management, health and biology, political sciences, geography, history, languages) (Eurobroadmap Project, 2007).

• The survey in Brazil in 2010: 1.005 students in four state capitals (São Paulo, Porto Alegre, Fortaleza and Manaus) were asked to participate (economics or management, health or medicine, geography, arts) drawing their mental maps of Europe and Brazil in South America and answering questions about countries.

BRAZIL, A CONTINENTAL COUNTRY IN SOUTH

AMERICA

IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO LOCALIZE IT IN SOUTH AMERICA AND PERCEIVE IT IN A CONTINENT

DIVIDED BY DIFFERENT SETTLEMENTS, CULTURES AND LANGUAGES.

TWO WORLDS APPART SINCE THE 16th

CENTURY.

STUDENTS THAT PARTICIPATED IN THE EUROBROADMAP SURVEY LIVE IN QUITE

DIFFERENT REGIONS IN 2010

MANAUS - AMAZON - NORTH FORTALEZA - CEARÁ – NORTHEAST

SÃO PAULO – SÃO PAULO – SOUTHEAST PORTO ALEGRE – RIO GRANDE DO SUL –

SOUTH

GUIDING QUESTIONS

• Did the survey deal with the regional and local differences in Brazil and South America to analyse these results?

• Are there regional differences in Brazil that might imply in other results, beyond the students’ academic disciplines?

• Are there new socio-economic and political events in Brazil that might reveal new scenarios in the students concepts after the survey (2010) ?

• What other contents might be included to have a deeper analysis of the first results of this survey?

1. MENTAL ATTRACTIVINESS OF THE WORLD

• Brazilian students’ world mental map of: a) countries positively, b) negatively perceived and c) countries ignored (Eurobroadmap)

• Brazilian students would like to live in nine countries: France, UK, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Germany, Canada and Australia.

• USA and Argentina were also countries mentioned in which they would like to live - (lower frequency); others declared they would not like to live there (Eurobroadmap).

• Brazilian students have some knowledge about Uruguay and Chile – probably - due to their proximity to Brazil and the Mercosur international treaty (Eurobroadmap).

• Remark 1: Chile is not a Brazil’s neighbour country and the relations are not so close between Chileans and Brazilians.

• Remark 2. Uruguay is a former part of the Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves and afterwards of the Brazilian Empire (Província Cisplatina, between 1820-1828).

• There are great close cultural and familiar relations in the Pampa Region in the grand transboundary region of the La Plata River basin.

PROXIMITIES WITH STRONG ASSIMETRIES – POPULATION, GDP IN RELATION TO BRAZIL

• It is not so difficult to understand why Brazilian students would not like to live in some countries (like Venezuela, Bolivia, Paraguay, etc).

• These are countries and people that live apart since their origins.

• Remarks: there is a leftist vision in Brazil identified with Latin America’s social problems, specially with Central America.

• The Sandinista Revolution and Che Guevara , for instance, continue to be icons for some leftist groups.

• Political sympathies with leftist governments in the region: Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador.

• In general, after all, these countries are not desirable for middle class students because there would be few attractions for them (Eurobroadmap). Possibly yes, possibly no…

MANY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SPANISH AND THE PORTUGUESE SPEAKING COUNTRIES LIE IN THE GEOPOLITCAL ORIGINS: COASTAL SETTLEMENTS FROM ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC OCEANS

TO THE HINTERLANDS WERE TOO FAR AWAY.

THE “HEARTLAND OF THE CONTINENT” WAS DIFFICULT TO CONQUER FOR SPANIARDS AND PORTUGUESE

ANCIENT RIVALRIES THAT HAVEN’T FINISHED YET....JUST TO REMIND...

• There are ancient rivalries among Brazilians, Argentineans, Bolivians and Paraguayans.....

• Brazil is seen as an imperialist country due to its economic expansion in building roads (IIRSA’s project) in Bolivia and Peru, exploiting oil and gas in Bolivia, .....

• Besides, it seems that Bolivia and Paraguay don’t forget the 19th century wars....

• Paraguay War - 1864 / 1870 (Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay against Paraguay) that killed most part of the Paraguayan men.

• Acre War (1899 – 1903) against Bolivia that resulted in the annexation of the

present Acre’s state territory to Brazil. Evo Morales, Bolivia's president, has stated, recently, that Brazil paid for Acre’s territory with an old horse.

• *(Brazil paid Bolivia with territories in Mato Grosso state, 2 millions British pounds, the building of the Madeira-Mamoré railway and the Bolivian Syndicate received 110 thousand British pounds).

MOBILITY OF STUDENTS BRINGS DIFFERENT PEOPLE TOGETHER: UNIVERSITIES ASSOCIATION OF THE MONTEVIDEO GROUP (AUGM)

(BRASIL, URUGUAI, ARGENTINA, BOLÍVIA, PARAGUAI, CHILE)

TOTAL: 3.078 FONTE: AUGM

http://www.grupomontevideo.org/escala/index.php/es/

BRAZILIAN STUDENTS ARE THE MOST ACTIVE IN ACADEMIC EXCHANGES

FONTE: AUGM

http://www.grupomontevideo.org/escala/index.php/es/

ALSO...BRAZIL HAS AN ACTIVE POLICY TO ATTRACT FOREIGNER STUDENTS, FOR UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE LEVELS...

• PEC-G – Undergraduate – 570 foreign students selected for 2014.

• Main countries that send students to Brazil (by continents):

• 1st: Africa: highlights for Cape Verde (103), Benin (73), Angola (59), Ghana (26) and São Tomé e

Príncipe (19). (CPLP – Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa – Portuguese Speaking Countries Community)

• 2nd: Spanish America: 14 countries: Honduras (35), Paraguay (18); Peru (16), Colombia (12)

e Ecuador (11).

• 3rd: Asia: Pakistan (02), Thailand (01), East Timor (01) (www.mec.gov.br).

• Total of university students in Brazil in 2012 : + than 7 millions;

• Total of courses: 31.866

• Total of institutions: 2.416 different kinds (public and private)

UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES EDUCATION CENSUS - 2012

“SCIENCE WITHOUT BORDERS” - A BRAZILIAN POLICY FOR ACADEMIC EXCHANGES IN THE WORLD

IMPLEMENTED SCHOLARSHIPS - 45 621 ACTIVE SCHOLARSHIPS– 26 554

CURRENT FACTS: “THE 20 CENTS REVOLUTION”- THE BRAZILIAN SPRING REVOLUTION ?

QUICK RECENT CHANGES OF STUDENTS’ AND NON STUDENTS’ POLITICAL VIEWS – SCHOOLS, PUBLICH HEALTH AND TRANSPORT WITH

“FIFA’S HIGH LEVEL STANDARD” ARE DEMANDED

.

PHOTO: PEOPLE OCCUPIED THE CONGRESS IN BRASILIA, jun 17, 2013

THE PROTESTS IN RIO DE JANEIRO – REMARKABLE PUBLIC MANIFESTATIONS, MANY INJURED, ONE JOURNALIST DEAD

“WE WANT SCHOOLS WITH FIFA STANDARDS”

PROTESTS ALL OVER THE COUNTRY FOR LOWER PRICES OF BUS TICKETS

“PROTESTS ARE NOT ONLY FOR

0,20 CENTS”

PROTESTS BEGAN EARLY IN PORTO ALEGRE, THE ORIGINAL CAPITAL

OF WORLD SOCIAL FORUM, IN 27 MARCH 2013

2. ECONOMIC POSITION IN THE WORLD

ASYMMETRIES OF EXCHANGE IN THE FIELD OF MEDIUM AND HIGH TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS: DOMINANT (IN RED/ORANGE) OR DOMINATED (IN GREEN) IN TERMS OF

TRADE EXCHANGES

• Brazil is on an intermediate position between the South and the North in economic terms.

• It is the 7th economy in the world - GDP US $ 2,19 trillions.

• Considering only the rhythm of expansion - 2,3% - the country had the third biggest tax of growing after China and South Korea in 2013.

• The country is one of the most important world exporters of steal, iron, soybean, automotive parts, aircrafts, meat, etc....53% of all are manufactures.

• But.....it is has one of the worst income distribution in the world: Brazil is in the second worst position in the OECD ranking (2013).

• Social programs like “Bolsa Família” and many types of financial support to small economies are helping to change the situation...

Source: http://braises.hypotheses.org/

CAN BRAZIL STILL BE CONSIDERED AN EXPORTING COUNTRY ACCORDING TO THE “ANCIENT” MODEL OF INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR ? IS IT STILL A RAW

MATERIALS EXPORTER? IS IT JUST AN IMPORTER OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY?

EX: SÃO JOSÉ DOS CAMPOS, SÃO PAULO STATE – REGIONS WITH HIGH TECHNOLOGICAL DENSITY AND STRONG URBANIZATION

• Brazilian National Institute for

Space Research (INPE)

• Research in areas such as Earth observation, space sciences and

space technologies.

• Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology (CTA)

•

EMBRAER S.A. a Brazilian aerospace

conglomerate that

produces commercial, military, and executive

aircrafts and provides aeronautical services.

The company competes

with Canadian rival Bombardier for the title of the third largest aircraft manufacturer

after Airbus and Boeing

BRAZIL IS ONE OF THE LEADING EXPORTING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD OF BUSES AND TRUCKS BODIES

• « Aujourd’hui, les bus interurbains brésiliens sont bien plus modernes et confortables que leurs équivalents européens et même nord-américains : climatisés, équipés de WC et de circuits de télévision, ils sont en outre dotés de soutes immenses qui permettent d’emporter beaucoup de bagages. (...) » http://braises.hypotheses.org/

•

BUSES AND TRUCKS BODIES INDUSTRIES IN SOUTH BRAZIL

GENETIC RESEARCH IN THE EXPANSION OF THE AGRICULTURE FRONTIER IN THE MIDWEST AND AMAZON

OIL : NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, A GEOPOLITICAL CAUSE: BRAZIL’S OWN RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

NATIONAL / INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES; SCIENCE & POLES OF TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH

THE NUMBER OF PATENT REGISTRATION IS LOW BUT IT IS GROWING....

• IN 2012: 6.600 PATENTS IN THE WORLD – 28th in the world ranking.

10 x less than France

20 x less than Germany

almost 100 x less than China

• Http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,china-foi-pais-que-mais-registrou-patentes-em-2012,1106546,0.htm

GROWING NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS

DOMINANCE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

• 2006 to 2008: more than 25.000 indexed articles every year in the Web of Kowledge (Thomson-Reuters)

• 2007 to 2011 = 2,6% of the global scientific production,

• 8,8% of all agriculture research,

• 6,6% of plants and animals research

• Other highlights:

• pharmacology, microbiology, ecology, social sciences, medical clinics, neurosciences, immunology ...

• http://www.inovacao.unicamp.br/destaques/china-domina-producao-cientifica-de-emergentes-no-brasil-

biologicas-preponderam

THE SOUTH AMERICAN ECONOMIC HUB: THE REAL MERCOSUR COINCIDES WITH THE CONCENTRATION OF THE GDP IN BRAZIL AND

ARGENTINA

3. MOBILITY AND MIGRATION

• Mobility of students: important for a vision of the world, but they are just a small part of the mobility

• Brazilian middle class, mainly, has growing expenses abroad.

• 2013 - first semester: US $ 23 billions spent abroad

• 2012 - first semester: US$ 20 billions spent abroad

• Students have increased their participation in student exchanges in universities and commercial modalities. Tourism of young middle class has been preferential to the U.S. and then Europe. The countries of the La Plata Basin – a transboundary macroregion – has intense population flows.

• On the other hand, Guyana, Suriname and the French Department of the Guyana Plateau are substantially isolated or closed (the case of visa requirements to French Guyana...)

EMIGRANTS FROM BRAZIL: A VERY IMPORTANT MATTER (1)

• More than 100.000 Brazilians were emigrating every year before the European crisis.

• Over 2 millions are abroad, and around one third are illegal immigrants in their host countries.

• The European crisis of 2008 sent thousands of Brazilians back home: around 200.000.

• But now they are starting to return to Europe: they prefer the European crisis to insecurity, low wages, education and the public health system in Brazil.

• http://feriadopessoal.com/2012/05/04/brasileiros-voltam-pra-casa/igrantes internacionais.

IMMIGRANTS IN BRAZIL . A VERY IMPORTANT MATTER (2)

• Large intra-regional inequalities in South America as the imbalances of GDP - Gross Development Product Bolivian workers in São Paulo: 67.000 Bolivians registered with the Federal Police. About 300.000 legal and illegal Bolivians are estimated to live in the city of São Paulo.

FOLHA DE SÃO PAULO, 15 FEV 2014

SELLING BOLIVIAN SLAVES IN SÃO PAULO CITY, FEB. 2014

300.000 BOLIVIANS LIVE IN SÃO PAULO IN REGULAR OR IN

SEMI-SLAVE CONDITIONS

REGIONAL INEQUALITIES (1): GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY COUNTRIES,

SOUTH AMERICA, 2012

0500000

100000015000002000000250000030000003500000400000045000005000000

REFERENCE – DGP – US $ BRAZIL: 2,3 TRILLIONS US $ SOUTH AMERICA: 4,9 TRILLIONS US $

SOURCE: UNITED NATIONS

CONTRADICTIONS AND DISPARITIES BETWEEN COUNTRIES AND REGIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA

UNEQUAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEXES – HDI - DISTRIBUTION.

BRAZIL IS A MULTIPLE COUNTRY, EVEN IF IT LOOKS

POOR OR WITH LOW STANDARDS OF LIVING

COMPARED TO ARGENTINA AND CHILE IN A NATIONAL

SCALE

RICHEST REGIONS ARE IN THE SOUTH-CENTRAL BRAZIL, BUT THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN THE STANDARDS OF LIVING AFTER TEN YEARS (2000-2010)

HIGHLIGHTS FOR INCOME AND EDUCATION CONCENTRATED IN INDUSTRIAL AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL REGIONS: SOUTH, SOUTHEAST, MIDWEST AND

FEDERAL DISTRICT (2010)

BRAZIL REPEATS ITS HISTORY: A LAND OF HOPE FOR IMMIGRANTS

• A country built by international immigrants since the 16th century enters the 21st century again like a land of hope for thousands of people from many regions of the world.

• West Africa

• Oceania / Australia and islands

• Europe

• North America

• Central America

• South America

• Asia

VARIATION BY NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, BY COUNTRY (2000/2010)

Roberto Rodolfo Georg Uebel , 2014.

• A visible change in the aspect of immigration to Brazil by country of origin.

• Special attention to the decade of 2000 to neighbour countries as Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay and from Asia as Taiwan, China and Japan.

• In the decade of 2010 the great change is visible in categorization of nationalities: many Americans, Bolivians, Paraguayans, Spaniards, Portuguese and Haitians have chosen Brazil to live and work.

• This variation follows the global context in economic and social growth and

instability, like the economic crisis in Spain and Portugal and social and territorial instability in Haiti, for example.

• The USA case is interesting because it follows also the context of immigrants from European Union: they appoint Brazil as a country of opportunities for specialized manpower.

TWENTY MAIN POSITIVE VARIATIONS BY NATIONALITIES OF IMMIGRANTS IN

BRAZIL BETWEEN 2000 (76.175 im.) AND 2010 (345.626 im.)

REFERENCE: TOTAL OF IMMIGRANTS IN YEAR 2.000: 76.175 TOTAL OF IMMIGRANTS IN YEAR 2.010: 345.626

Roberto Rodolfo Georg Uebel , 2014. SOURCE: IBGE

.

• USA, Japan, United Kingdom, Italy, France and Germany: specialized manpower seeking job opportunities in Brazilian growing industry of technology allied to the

economic crisis in the northern hemisphere between 2007 and 2010.

• Paraguay, Bolivia, Colombia and Peru: looking for better

conditions of life in Brazil even working on insalubrious and semi-slave jobs in Brazil;

• Haiti: the best opportunity of growth, social stability, non-

deportation is Brazil after the social crisis in the country caused by an earthquake in 2010;

• About 20.000 Haitians immigrants in Brazilian territory.

• The thematic map below shows the percentage of immigrants in Brazil by their country of origin related to the total of immigrants in the country in the year of 2010.

• Here we have the main highlights that explain the Brazilian migratory profile of this decade, with special attention to Bolivia, Paraguay, Haiti, USA, Japan, Portugal and Spain.

• New configuration of immigration in Brazil after about seventy years, creating the hypothesis of a cycle of growth-stabilization-decline-growth of immigration to Brazil (Uebel, 2013).

PERCENTAGE OF IMMIGRANTS IN BRAZIL ACCORDING TO THEIR COUNTRY OF ORIGIN RELATED TO THE TOTAL OF IMMIGRANTS IN

THE COUNTRY IN 2010

Roberto Rodolfo Georg Uebel , 2014.

IMMIGRANTS FROM HAITI WAITING TO ENTER BRAZIL IN BRASILÉIA - ACRE STATE, AMAZON REGION, 2013-2014

IMMIGRANTS FROM SENEGAL EMBRACE THE SIMBOL OF THE ITALIAN

IMMIGRANTS (19th century) IN CAXIAS DO SUL, RIO

GRANDE DO SUL, SOUTH BRAZIL

4. BRASIL IN SOUTH AMERICA AND NOT IN LATIN AMERICA ?

• Brazilian students are primarily “Brazilians”, and the first level of inclusion coincides with the country's borders (Eurobroadmap).

• The feeling of belonging to Brazil is based on the long and difficult process of unification of the ancient territory and the construction of a national identity even amid wars of secession in some regions (south, north and northeast), especially in the nineteenth century.

• Wars for borders in the La Plata Basin, the homogenization of the Portuguese language by religious education, later secular romantic literature and the distancing of Portugal contributed to the formation of identity in belonging to the new country.

APPARENT HOMOGEINITIES, BUT SOUTH AMERICA AND BRAZIL ARE VERY COMPLEX TERRITORIES, HARD TO DEFINE AND UNDERSTAND

• A second level includes areas in which the pioneers pushed beyond Brazil’s borders with: the Guyanas, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay (Eurobroadmap).

• Remarks:

• The areas identified as "beyond the Brazil’s borders with : the Guyanas, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay" only partially corresponds to the facts with regard to occupation by Brazilians.

• The occupation by Brazilians in French Guyana, Suriname and the Cooperative Republic of Guyana is – perhaps - related to the presence of miners, legal and illegal, coming from the poorest regions from the North and Northeast of Brazil (Amazonas, Pará and Maranhão, mostly).

It is estimated that at least 30.000 Brazilians are immigrants in Suriname. Illegal miners are controlled and expelled by the French police in French Guyana that uses to burn their documents - when they carry them.

•

• A neighbourhood in Paramaribo (the capital of Suriname) - "Tourtonne" - for Brazilians is "Belenzinho" (reference to Belém, capital of Pará state, Brazil).

• To remind: in Suriname the Albina Massacre occurred in Christmas 2009 when 80 Brazilian miners were attacked by 200 "marroons" Surinamese miners. Deaths, injuries and rape.

Networks of prostitution and trafficking of women is another important fact in the Guyana Plateau region.

LATIN AMERICA IS A TRADITIONAL DENOMINATION IN BRAZILIAN SOCIETY,

BUT RECENT DIPLOMATIC AND GEOPOLITICAL CHOICES FOR SOUTH AMERICA PERHAPS HAVE INFLUENCED TO CHANGE THE TERRITORIAL

IDENTIFICATION.

Brazilian students included

themselves in South America, as 50% of the

responses followed the

contours of the continent in the Eurobroadmap

survey (1005 students)

• The presence of Brazilian farmers in Bolivia is not very significant but the presence of small farmers in Paraguay (around 500.000 brasiguaios) and some land owners in Uruguay is most significant.

• However, the extent to which college students, mostly urban middle class, identify these processes of settlements as "areas of influence of Brazil" can be a very unknown matter. Moreover it is a controversial issue facing political resistance in Spanish speaking countries.

The question of areas of influence is hardly known publicly, except in the case of brasiguaios - there are numerous kinship networks in southern Brazil that connect thousands of Brazilian farmers families of immigrant origin (from Europe in the nineteenth century).

Students from Manaus (Amazon) and Ceará (Northeast), for instance, may not even know the realities of the macroregion of the Plata Basin or what Mercosul means in geographical terms.

• Eurobroadmap argued that some Brazilian students might use the economic criterion and reduce their world region to Mercosur. But this would seem almost impossible. Students in North and Northeast Brazil hardly understand what Mercosul is and, mostly, under a geographical viewpoint.

• Alternatively, they might consider historical relations and associate themselves with Portugal and Spain in a cross-oceanic region says our result. But this would also seem a little bit difficult due to historical relations, even if “natural relationship” with Portugal is mentioned.

• At last, Eurobroadmap argued that Brazilians would identify themselves with the Spanish world, but this seems still more distant than Portugal. The Spanish world is almost out of Brazilians' everyday life.

SOUTH AMERICA: A VERY RECENT GEOPOLITICAL MACROREGION

UNASUL – CREATION IN 2008 IN BRASILIA – BRAZIL’S GEOPOLITICAL OPTION BY THE SOUTH AMERICA

UNASUR - BRASÍLIA, MAI

2008, 12 COUNTRIES

"The rise of regional

policy based on

cooperation, at

reorganizing

logistics systems in

South America

overcomes the

spatial segregation

that prevailed in the

Cold War"(Roseira,

2011, p. 197).

• IIRSA – Initiative for South American Regional Integration / COSIPLAN – Infrastructure and

PlanningCouncil - a geopolitical decision on reestructuring the territory.

IIRSA / COSIPLAN STRATEGIC PHYSICAL CONNECTIONS OF INFRASTRUCTURES: AN UNASUL’S BET IN

TERRITORIAL COHESION

IIRSA’S PROJECTS ARE CONCENTRATED IN FEW PRIORITY REGIONS – THE RIVER PLATE IS A CROSSBORDER MACROREGION

As divisões político-administrativas representadas nos mapas são: partidos e departamentos na Argentina, províncias na Bolívia, microrregiões no Brasil, províncias no Chile, departamentos na Colômbia, províncias no Equador, regiões na Guiana, departamentos no Paraguai, províncias no Peru, território nacional no Suriname, departamentos no Uruguai e estados na Venezuela."

BRAZIL’S BOUNDARIES STRIP: 15.719 KM.

THE OLD DISTANT DEFENSIVE REGIONS NOW ARE CONSIDERED STRATEGIC

FOR INTEGRATION AND TERRITORIAL COHESION

• The resumption of the territorial defence policy in the context of South American integration.

• Brazil has its National Defence Policy - PDN - since 2005, which updates the concepts of national security and focuses on the major issues of criminalization under different forms in the region - PEF (Frontiers Strategic Policy).

• In South America none can not ignore that the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and its members have since 2008 a Council of Defence that encourages, among other assignments, joint defence policies.

The South American borders are inserted in processes that are conditioned on the one hand by the ongoing integrationist processes and, on the other, by the building of defence policies.

PEF (FRONTIERS STRATEGIC POLICY)

BRIEF CONCLUSIONS – SOME ANSWERS

• Apparently in the Eurobroadmap’s survey in 2010 we did not consider the enormous social, economic and interregional differences inside Brazil, as well as different social and political groups inside the universities.

• The hypothesis of the Eurobroadmap project was that the vision of Europe and Brazil in South America, apparently, is related more to the area of education of students.

• The survey has dealt with a continental country with several and severe internal asymmetries, as shown here, considering the subject of study in four universities in four states in four country’s macroregion.

• An apparent non-detailed focus gave place to generalist interpretations by our working group.

• Social networks, however, have produced great informational transformations in political behaviour and political visions of young and not so young people.

• New political views might have influenced Brazilian students in drawing a certain area of influence of Brazil on neighbouring countries (Eurobroadmap, 2010 survey)? In which ways could they answer and point out new maps today ?

•

Is the “Revolt of the 20 Cents” affecting students’ and the population’s "worldview" in Brazil? Would there be something different, as the World Cup 2014, for example, which could turn students and more educated people with new eyes to the "world"? My affirmative answer goes to the first hypothesis.

•

How to explain that the protests of June 2013 began in southern Brazil (Porto Alegre) and only later erupted in São Paulo? The reasons may not be in the large cities but in the social networks that bring together explosive new political elements besides the leftist political positions in the country.

• Protests against old political patterns during the years of military repression – the conservatism, the authoritarian tradition and power of land owners, the patrimonialism and widespread corruption in public affairs - now reaches new global actors considered conservative and that represent interference in the

country.

One of the global actors nowadays that receives protests is FIFA - International Federation of Football Association. FIFA is not applauded and its image is associated with corruption and global money laundering.

•

Better public health and public schools are demanded by thousands of people instead of the government’s carrying money to FIFA‘s interests.

•

The agro-export economy is also protested; the demand for innovation increases not only in the "world of capital" but also in social movements - innovation that includes education in various stages of production: globalization with social inclusion.

• Longstanding circulation models in cities today, for example, also receive protests. The transport models based on buses - even with many improvements in infrastructure and transport models –> multinational economy that began in the late 50s no longer finds echo neither public support.

•

Brazilian society seems to see globalization as a chance of opportunities but also of many evils. Visions of Brazil in South America - and Latin America - are changing rapidly in the public conception.

•

It is not so simple to explain the empathy of Brazilian people by the South or Latin American continents, because of historical reasons of

worlds apart that have not become extinct yet. But there are changes.

• Visions of renovation bring together the old Portuguese and Hispanic worlds in new bases of cooperation and approximation of peoples’ identities.

• Social networks now also transcend old barriers. Perhaps the old geopolitical sense of the Brazilian expansionism in South America is not a dream of the young Brazilian university students.

• The integration of ideals of solidarity and cooperation between people on the American continent is currently

on the agenda of Latin America.

• Thank you

• aldomar.ruckert@gmail.com

With initial inputs from the Brazilian team:

Neli Aparecida de Mello-Théry,

Andrea Cavicchioli,

Fernanda Padovesi Fonseca,

Alfredo Pereira de Queiroz Filho,

Sidnei Raimundo

Hervé Théry

Aldomar A. Rückert

Eustogio Dantas

Pery Teixeira

Camilo Pereira Carneiro-Filho

Enos Feitosa

Tayana Corrêa Nazareth

Fernanda Righi

Débora Ramos Santiago

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BRASIL. Proposta de reestruturação do Programa de Desenvolvimento da Faixa de Fronteira. Bases para uma política integrada de desenvolvimento regional para a Faixa de Fronteira, Brasília: Ministério da Integração Nacional. 418 p. [Em ligne : http://www.retis.igeo.ufrj.br/wp-content/uploads/2005-livro-PDFF.pdf]

BRUSLÉ, Laetitia P. La dernière frontière. Loin des Andes, trop près duBrésil. La frontière orientale et la construction du territoire en Bolivie. Paris: Université Paris I, 2005. (Thèse de doctorat).

COSTA, Wanderley M. da O Brasil e a América do Sul: cenários geopolíticos e os desafios da integração. Confins. Révue franco-brésilienne de Géographie. Nº 7, 2009.

CARNEIRO FILHO, Camilo P. Processos de transfronteirização na Bacia do Prata: a tríplice fronteira Brasil-Argentina-Paraguai. Porto Alegre: UFRGS, 2013. (Tese de Doutorado).

EUROBROADMAP Project. http://www.ums-riate.fr/mapper/index_country_mode.php EUROBROADMAP. A review of visions of Europe in the world. Version 6 – 23 Nov. 2007.

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