6CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Chapter 6 explores hon v c select organize andinterpret our sensatic xc into meaningtu pc rceptions.I he chapter mt )duces a xx ide range of terminologx,especialh in thc I erceptual Organization section.Each of the txvo sections that toilow deals with animportant issue. The first issue h the role of experience, as opposed to heredity, in perception, Makesure von understand the results of studies of recox cryfrom bhndnes sensori deprivation, adaptation todistorted enx ironmentc, and perceptual set, Note alsothe rolc of psych ilogists in human tactors design.

The second i,suc cons dered in the chapter is thepossible existcncc of t SP, or perception xx ithout sensation You should be able to discuss both the claimsmade for pcp and the criticisms of these claims.

NOW: Ansxxer guidelines for all Chapter (m questionsbegin on page l6N.

CHAPTER REVIEW

I ust skim a e t n t og hcadrngs and boldfacaitems ktter react tIn section, rcxiew cachobje t xc bx a crmng thc ff1 in and essax tx pequetionc thar to1lou t \c ‘nu proceed, cx aluateyour pcrtt’rmince bx o’nsuitll’C the anwer beginning on page inS Do not continue xx ith the next sec

tion until ou understand each answer. It you needto, rex ion or reread the section in the textbook beforecontinuing.

1, fhc phil s 1f c first

prop ic f that wc p ercc i c oh’ects through the

se ses, xx t I iind,

Selective Attention (pp 2’ -24fl!

Dax id Myers at times uses idior i t ct i infamiliar to sonic reader If you o r c xxthe meaning of any of the folloxvr g xx irdsphrases, or expressions ‘n the contcx n xx hichthey appear in the text, reter to page lIn tor anexplanation: i/eli r ahic;lt:oia1 NLxaiig!u izJN; iCii

mien, drum a bia;ik sziimmteicd; Jkm[? CUt.

Objective 1: Describe the interplax’ hc Ii c entorand perception

1. Our tendency to focus at a xy momc it c r c oh a

limited aspect of all that xx e are capahlc ol experi

encing is called

Pus is mllrstrated using a

figure called a cube.

2. An example of this lim’ted focus is th

tkcablit c r

selecth el t i c nIx onc i c among

3. One e\anxpe ot our lack ot axx aronn—’ F h ioc:i

ings around u A

xx’hich—after a brict

ruption xx e fail to notic’ hauge in inc on’

ronment lxx o forms “f th c pimo’ ‘i5 hat

mx oRe x ision and hearmg espo I

d

Another cwmiiple is

Perception

mi

1 8 ap 6 Percepti

Perceotual IllusIons (pp. 240 ) lions. 1k di ti ) ‘t i ensation and perception in tc r. t it) s pes of information

t yot do not ki’cns the meat ta t n r .etnllowang isords. phrd%c%. or tpt , in processing r’ Ct lear

tnt’ context in is hkh they appear m th- text, cut tu;;i.rt4ei to page 17 for an epLanatona ‘it! iz?.1t’i%i ‘.&id;IiIk ‘i.c’’ t i,. w.:, • “ZL’?N Objective 4: Fpldin the r3’are—greunl relationship,!; d; and identit prh’ipie’ et per.eptual grouping in

torn’ pen.eption.

3. flhen tcr tic t a s.eat’. is e ‘ee the central object,Objectii e 2: 1 xplain hon illusions help i. c to understand ‘nw of the is av Ur organh/e stmuli ink’ or • a distinct tiorn sur

n.eaningrul etteption%. rounding stimuli, or tine

Identifi the mapur tuntribution’- ot t estalt cholo1. il’usions reseal the wa- vie nrps!I. gi to vu’ tinden..tandm’ or pert v’ption.

and

Our sensations

2 The tendeni of’. kioa to dorm atc th therfl’gs is referred to as

3 li (r estbc’tweenh rp r It t

dc iatc.

Perceptual Organization 242 254)

4.P it filet mu tiutv,andI oudc otknois it nai ,of nziv ftic,low i words,ptri c orcc) siors the COflflC CC it “ Y C. )tSO C’staltrulesof

ntcx nishtchthe’ape r r etext Krtop ges l-17bforan çJ.era no’- ‘ 5. iheprinc pl’tictw )t annstimuli into

t cti;nes Iwu ret they 1 c s iai rio Iw:u utcd ti,.en; 10 traal uut smooth, con w s aft r is called

loat’i fiay %z1iag:; 45 we nin t that he principle that use till inun •,rtui11q ta1’1c .nau .7y’vnzs to o c’ caIiiiW g.ips to create a oi p tte us hole object J%24 411! r fz;rc tii. a$l. ‘?!Ufl’l’ t.iL’’ r.1rpeiztt.rnf.

The grouping of items thatare clo,e to other is the principle of

ObjectIve 1: l)esriht Cf stdlt psvcho’t’g’. ‘- contribu- the wouping of item’ thattion ti’ our ui’dti’$anding it perception.. look alike i. the j’i ir:ple

I. \s. .srding to the ‘it hovl ot The ter4cn; to Petteis C

ps’ tn”knr. vit trd to ‘nganLe’— clu’-tc: jp[ ..,n. uiiift’rtn r’ aftahe¾! ‘wm as i -ir’ele v.nit s the

‘.ct(lIj’. ‘rLto ..pnnc.iplt’ ‘•

formObjective : F.plaan k iniportancr nf depth percep

2. Our teuicknc’ to percen .‘ onnplet’- t.’n1rs tion. arid discus’— thcor.rit”ution oF ual cliff

ru ol’. c’S sei”.O’’ rrah’-is, ‘ir ‘e-& arch to our undt rtar j: 1 or thk ability.

6. 1 t’c .ihihts t s t L ci ii toree dimension”.ccssing ot stintuli, a- is cli despite th ‘ s ) i i presentations on

our rct.rat use wr

0 estirrate

I c

(I idW11 lexel ,cdth

t( te’-t

13. \s an objc bctt r c

appears prog x c

c

cs

d ptl p nirinfints B

rha agO irfants

icr r a c sr ,(cstaftpcrception

f

c e c n ci ( sin and Wilks studiesxr

Objectn c 6 Dcs nF c trio binocular cues for pen ciiingdp i in nLinhn tiy hnlpthehra.niocomput distantc

For gut tions 3 1) dcnt fy th Ieptt perceptron cuethat I fined

8. \r nethatreqni csbcth ye

9. Ite ° te tin diff r’ncc bet scen thc images

rccc rca b thc tsr es thc niarer the object’

3D

snot s in’ at I ns cut bt photographing each

r is ft 1 o c mcras Fhrs h rpter s fnnda

icrt i c on stta ni arc

thc nst ucti scrom

it mu a r

13 uce i tI t r i seen as

18. IraIe1 in ay t

19. Dimmcr cm h

Objective 8: State thc ba m a i rour pcrceptions of mit ) a Bperceptions can be dcc i r

20. In gencral rs c ar

good notrerygo That

speed of me’ ‘n n

fooled hec ruse lar3t

Objective 9 1 xp)i st i

pro csscuaBe’ i I

I ic

a r

Sunir acfdc

16. Objects owe F

nc arc r

17. \siscnovc

h nor tditc a

nsf) s nrardrrhenweniew

ic icr thc object

10 Ift roccu

r id tic

Obje I’ve Fbir u earFe d

11 a

ilownc )

I cir cue Iifti n fronn 3n ula uc

smaller object

21 I hc brain intenpnc F

r anving images as

phenomcn n is ‘

22. Ihe illusion elm xci n ii

adjacent -,tatmonan I

in quick so c sue I

it

cd

12. 1 c c bc I is iresiac

I ra ci tu imagc spcr

23 0 ii Ic

tic ‘I rum

frghtncss

24. Ibis

14

160 Chapter 6 p ception

Objective 10: Describe thc shape and size constamcies, and cxplain hon our expcctations about penccix eu siac a in distancc C mtrioutc to son c sisualdiuPons

25 Dot to shapc and’ ac c onstanc an iliar objc cts

do donct ppearto

change s iapc n sizc dcspite changes ir our

images of them

26. ‘excra i lusions i icludi ig the

and

illu

sions are expla ir ed by the interpla beD cc n per

ccix c d at d perceived

remor ed, thcse illusions are

When distance cues are

(diminished strengthenc d)

I xplain hon the size-distance relationship accountsfor the Moon illusion.

27. People xi ho hare lived ti eir In cs in uncarpen

tered rural em ironments are

(more less s isceptible to thc Muller-I vet

illusicn

Objective 11: Disc us’ lightness constancy and its simiIarit n ncf,, ,irs

28. Il c u irp cs ar cc i0l t icss

sun und ng 0)1 ct

clabx t idcpc ide t

29. lhc amour t ci igi a i thjc t c ts rclatnc to

its ,orrc und ss i, called

30 Iharl’s tc

c rst Fu

wc sec cbjects as hat ing a

at to’ rcicd ioblccts.

Perceptual Interpretation (pp. 234 264)

It ou do not know the meaning ot any of thefollowing in ords phrases, or expressions in thecontext in which then appear in the text referto page W6 for an explanation Ping Pong bill’

ci ft Is Ii y thsoilc it’ll eocn d’r:y’ to secjs to bclinc , to be’ie e i’ to sec a rnonstcr inFcc (In ill’ Loc i \css’frcin rhnf s bclnnd oura Fat u i r airs ni tlit’ cuts of their hehol lets

Objective 12: Dcscribc the contribution of restoredr isbn and senso v depnn ation research in our understanding of thc nature-nurturc interplan in our penceptions

1, Thc idc a mat knott ledge comes rrom inborn

is ays of )rganizing sensory experiences was pro

posed hr the philosopher

2. On the othc r side were philosophers who main

tained that we learn to perceive the world by

experiencing it. One philosopher of this school

was

3. Studies ot cases in which r isbn has been restored

to a pcrson who ivas blind from birth show that,

upon seeing tachlely familiar objects for the first

time the person (can can

not) recognize them

4. studies of ‘c n’ern deprh ation demonstrate that

isual experic nces during

are crucial for perceptual development. Such

cxperic ncc s suggest that there is afor

normal sensory and perceptual den elopment. For

th s reason human infants born w ith an opaque

°r s callcd typicalls

han orr ‘ot xc s gery ig n ivay

Oblective 13’ Expia F ins be rcscai F oi distortuogglcs ncrc ses )u undcrstandir g of thc idptab Iy o perceptio

Ham rs t ii glasses that shift or insert the

visual f’eld (will u ill not)

adapt tc din distorted pcrception. I his is called

6. Dir s hi k

a p d ) ad pt)t iortrf cncs

161

a ft t aggogglcsrelir tremoxcdrrost 16 t

c a brief per eptual

as the pcrccptual sstcn s

c on pc isat fo the shilted visual C isc ts

5

c iv 14 I fi fCi cptualsct andcx1fainh i There Ext crc tor I 8I a s s [aacdodonotperctnc

t i C’ 4)li, Cull t kit nf’utr ptrte1 It a

Id

t ‘?

h Xf cne ace pcople acquire perc ptual

as reflected in children s

nx r s tdaftcrcnt ages lhWcxplainswlr w

r )r accuratch recognizeObjectivel7 ft t c )nsat

of I au fa es than thc se people s actual facesISP ani I t

C’ I cc reco,nataon is espccialh attuned to the re n se s ar as of the and

1 Ikrc t tio r

i 0

bjcc e 13 I xplain why the same stimulus canI lureni pc ption ‘n different nntexi

2 1 sa I I

i rubs is pcr en ed depends oia our per

ial chc nas and thc P lh )

hi iti experienccd cap I e i a cd

12 o t xtota stimulus reatesa V r 5

op downbottom up) Ia t tr a a aethe

p c ii a mar influences our perceptiou as wc I SI Jiic fr

ou (topdon n bot

t up)sigralagainstit a a I bc

bh r tIc) c ‘lior i’ also influenced by

about gender and the IC

c ntext ot our experiencesr1

C I as

16 c tc Ich naif rpsyscrf en n aiacs

c

4 tidy th mlcrt nc or

p1 Ip aciplcs n the dcs gr C I

a t p aces and as ork settings are I c

sv holog st’ 5

a i sc )f kn )wledgc,’ ted n k gr

rat otlcr C tao

ra C cia dc gt

6 ot r 6 Percepto

6 archers n 110 tried to reducc extcrnal distrawis betnier. a sender’ an Ta receiser in an

I SP cspennlent. reported perfo mance let c’Is that

s\J’ \le’u’ “t’sent tucncs,

(heat, did not beat) chance

rcpl1catt’ the results. tounJ ecuallv high

let cu of o’rtorinaike1.

PROGRESS TEST i

TIiiltipI(hojt c QIIL’stlo;ls

S oor an-xer 0’ toe roIIoc ing question andtech thorn n ith the ansc uw beginning on page 169.P r ow answer is ncorret read the explanation toto hr it o nicorrost and then consult the appropriatepages ot the tc\t (in parcnthesw follow ing the correct

r O or).

historical moseinerit associated w th thei rcnt “Tile whole may exceed the nm of its

a i r psvchoiogx.i oral psx choogy

c i r ionrl pss ho’o3rd C, sta t pc I ologs

2 ignrc tcnd to hr pcrc ‘is d as whole completec c t c en if space or saps exist in the reprecrt tror thus demor strat ng the principle of:

mectedness, c conhnuittb imilarity, d losure

3 II e hgnre-uround relationship has dcnronstra tedthat.

a. perceptton is largely innate.B. perception simply a pont-tor point repre

sentation ot consaton,

C. tile ‘-acne stInnlus can tripger more than one

n f.ntcnil

d. ciitfcrcr’ go’ ‘plo sec d’tfferent things when\ iOi’ mg ‘-cr110.

4. \\‘ie ‘e’0dft ar di, sheet. each we recedes ashi’th d.tr rco.i ;iage pros ichrg a cieptil 00

S As ox nior e. vie’s ed object’- Last changing shapes10 ow retinas, althongh is e dc i It perceive the

Is as chao”ing. ‘this l fart if thc phcnome

B. relatir e motion.c. linear perspechs e.d. continuity.

6. Which of tile tollowing illustrates the principle ofvisual capture?

a. We tend to form first impressions of other

people on the basis of appearance.

B. Because vIsual processing is automatic, we

can par attention to a r isual image and any

other sensation at the same time.c. We cannot simultaneously attend to a visual

image and another sensation.d. When there is a conflict between s isual infor

mation and that from another sense, r isiontends to dominate,

7. A person claiming to he able to read another’smind is claiming to has e the ESP ability of:

a. psychokinesis. c. clairvoyance.B. precognition. d. telepathy.

8. Which philosopher maintained that knowledgecomes from mborn way s of organizing our sensory experiences?

a. I orkeB. Kant

9. Dr. Martin is using natural mapping to redesignthe instrument gauges of automobiles to be more“user friendly.” Dr. Martin is evidently a(n):

a. psychophysicist.B. cognitive psy chologist.C. human tactors ps chologist.d. experimental psychologist.

10. The visual cliff te—ts an infant’s perceptual sensitivitv to which depth cue?

11. Kmttens and monkeys reared eeing only diffuse,unpatterned light:

a. later had difficultr distinguishing color andbrightne’-s.

b. later had difticultr perceiving, color andbrightness, hut or entuailv regained normalsensitiviti,

c. later had ditficults peneiving the shape of

objects.d. showed no impairment in perception, indicat

ing that neural feature detectors develop er enin the absence of normal senorr experiences

c. Gibsond. Walk

a. interpositionb. relative height

c. linear perspechved. texture gradient

a, Lon \eYgense

B. inear pespcstne.

c. relatrs e n(1’1t)0

d. retinam arsparitv.

‘toal c 10 t I

Pr es

12. Adults ss ho are horn blind hut later have theirvision restored:

a. are almost rinmediateh able to recognizefamiliar obje ts.

b. typ c lly tail tt ieco ,n zc familiar objects.c. are unahl t I lion noving objects ix if their

dies

d. has e escelknt cx ehand coordination.

13. protes-.ing refers to how the phi s

ical haracterstics or stmujh mtluence their intenpretat on.

14. Which of the folioss ing is not a monocular depthcue?

15. [he M iou illusion occurs in part because distancecuts at the bobion make the Moon seem’

a. tarther an ay and therefore larger.b. closer and theretore larger.c. farther axvav and theretore smaller.d. closer and therefore smaller.

16. Figure to groo id as is to

a. night iarb. top bottomc. cit ud; skid. sensation; peiception

17. fhe study ot perception is primarih concernedxx ith hon WC’

a. detect sights s )unds and other stimuli.b. ,cnse ens ir inmental stimulic. develop s nsit’s it} to illusions.d. interpret ser sc ri stiniuh,

18. ‘A inch or tie rnifns ‘ng inf!ucnces perception?

a. biob gico1 mairiration

b. tS- tontast “ a bi h ct1muh ore perccis edc. c cttitiod. hca

19. lack nit h t of teI na’ dreams that predi ttuturo cx ents. f f J,riins to has e the pox’ er ot:

20. Researchers who Ins esrigated tclepatb\ toundthat:

a. xvhen external di—traction’- are educ’-’d, OOi

the “sender” and the recvei hcc e mothmore a c irate hi dc nons at g I S

b. oni senders be rt a r it i

c. only ‘ retch ers become a a .nor ate.d. or er mans studies none or I e hex t ‘

Trite—False items

Indicate whether each statement i, truc ol Hise hplacing f or I in the blink ne\t t t item

1 Orcexsepecwc it a s Iis impossible to see i grour c

2. Lahorators e\perinlents has e laid torest all crhicisins oi Ftiif

3, Sixmaonth-old infant’- xvii! cr0’-’- a xdiii if their mother ca1k.

4. Unlike other animals human e n’critical period for s isual Un xli vi

5. Immanuel Kant argued tha xpcncnt.determined how xx e f rc en e the a orld

6. People who hi e in a carpentered xvoi idare more likely than others to c\pcrionce the Mhlierj icr illusion.

7. Alter a period of thaw, humans ire ableto adjust to hi ing a is r d nadeupside downhy dis ) tr g

8. &s our distaue Iron a obje ch gesthe object’s size omns to chanc

9. Perception is nfhentcct hi pn noiopncal tactors such as set and expectation vi

xveh as by phi ‘-iologrcai cx cuts

10. John I ocke argued hat port option is

inborn.

PROGRESS TEST 2

Progress Test 2 ‘-hould he completed otu og nn,l

chapter reviest . Ansi’ or rhe toilo’vi’iv qoestronc $tei

( u thoroughh understand tbt ‘ let t ii in fir

the section rn icr ‘s and Pie res’

1. [he tend r to o it ii’ ur )tFuninterrupted patterr s is ralle

2. Il hich of the foiloxx ing a a moi ocular di piti t Lit

a. light and shad,B eon eree ccc retm I pand. Ml oft c ahox t r mount

a. I opdoxxB Bottom u:

c Paraps chologicald. Human factors

a. texture gradientb. relatix e height

c. retinal disparitid. interposition

a. teiopathx.b. tiairxoxance,

c. precognition.

d. pss chokiue’-is.

a. clo’-ureB. continuity.

c. iu,tiiaritx.d. pi vomits.

w d ‘ptl o

164 Chapes b Perception

3. Wh of thc 1 1 ‘is ing t men’i&t t :t.,t I ()ti eptcra LIC 1 gc th atb. e ‘ptior I ‘proc ,f hereC. I :.e :‘n’nd O1tfl1/t’ .t’fl’.QtIo1l% iitti iilt’JflWI.,

tu i’irc tpt;n.d. Preptk’n result’.. di r....Jli rrt’rn ‘t. fl%dtlLut

4. 1 ‘p’ r.t’, d%Lor vi%LlclI

dc itt

b. tlc ad eactdy hum , notC. I;i.’l,dfl’. ‘.sl.ili— l’.’.it’i UL!fl.ck

ti pi..alh do siot.d. ada1’tati’.’n is pc”sib1e during.’ ‘.rti.aI period

½. :.ltJflc% ha: riot thereafter

Ttcotc’nmnrtat c I thc i rnslca ud uo F Itt s 3m ccci i

1% ‘..

6. Ihank% tothe I retordpj t tt(Ic.

a. e mdl sb. ‘n fat psitlic gstc. i’s hokinetci’J’.d. Gestalt p’.. cnologi.ts

7. \cor.1ing to the phiio;phertop( civethei uld.a ici ctt’scb. d alk

8. lIar tcidenc tc rer’eise 1 i object a& being it.i d4taiie j’. krr’n n a’.. Thi’. F’

depth4ut.

a. Iir.’ar pcrspe.t1 e; bincrnarb. C ifiC “F tt mc. lar

Li fl

d. n a

9. lhej (fliflilellO (0 ..1/t CC Stcfl } c’H$ l4”fl

tin. U .... . •‘r. tic’.’ bet. ttn ‘•‘jt’ 1’....it1 t’ rcr. itt d

10. W ticthe I t ot i, est i

a. it s.flJLitC ft,,ClLV1ai Ii mjpe%.. . .a r

p. ed for an’. length ‘.n ‘mc ‘.it d’ ct.

b 1 lt.% g ..“.i V. ‘P human t Mit nfl”.

a. tiainovant-.b. ttiepatn’.

di c ethd c

COil s.C.

b. intt.q it;o:i

IS. eler imc r

ab. sons

a. nn.%ii. Icarnec!

iflflatc jfl,%

d. nn urn

o dl tlmcr h

c. p’..’ap’. thologkt,..d. irs.

ui’. e iCV% tchstabktS ‘I’ 1 4 ,lS

C. iecloityd. re tiiemoticn.

ez’areqi ‘ks.a largc in her f rdiableF I’

‘al’. ... d in 1w an’,.tie ci 1 lb.

rcept ) ga

C. ,si..i1’illtt.

d. s.”l;st rgei.se

t’Ofl’il’ t c It has now do 6.mg cI 1% s.shei cperieric

d t Udiet

a t’c t’. C

irc’nlntr

11. l”.s choIoz.%ts who .tud I’d’ ,v ‘.alied:

a. percc’ptual ‘at.b. retwal di%paiit.

c. o’nvergence.d. visual captors.’

rio and flRh,tsesoIsedproblcr ‘usod i the c r

13. 1% hicli or the k1los.vin statementS.. s.oncernnigPSI’ n. true?a Iost SI’ ieseaib. Ihex ‘w F

des o ‘atloc Mo I arch holo’is dC skq tical of

ths. claims of deft deN ot LSP.d. Ihere ha e been wli.tble Idboratory demon

‘..trations of [SI’. but the results are no difterent tn.m those that would occur hi hancc’.

14 a-hti oisc’cvcu car tpojectsadifferentc.zc Ito ‘in I iou cy wt you do not

peceii ha b hisa. tie ual d.b. retinal disparit.C. rø”ontanc

we learn d cons ergtiice.

C Qt’X. 1iii 1

d. is ole.

lb. ihe perceptual etror in is hkh tie tail to see anobject is hen our attertion F. dii cited (.fl’efl here is:a. s bital apture.

math. ‘nalbir ‘‘S%.

‘er it!

c

17. ides of c sisu€i It hne n i’cid c dcns.t’ht Iflu’ Ii c’t .itptl. p rceptioi

a.b. sicdktaru

C ‘s.: bra.ntne.hapc S lit

‘I.. S18. or iF is,

i/ tion I:

a.1. ,4,11r

b. ink rposit on ci c ace

a. pro\lnnc\b. ccc tinniti

PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED

a. lin ir perspectn e.b. shape constancy.

a. r aM c sizeh. H terpusition

a. re!anxe luminance.h. percr’ptuai adapratnn.C. olnc intractd. I i if’s cuntant v

c. closureci. onnectcd ness.

c retinal dispariti.ci perceptual set.

c retinal disparitsci texture gradient

7. As her en Mdc walksccii es his ci e s reinaimrpercen cd dher rctinal i gc )f hr

a. incrcaccs dccreasecb. increisc ircrcaserc. decre is a, dcc ceasesci. deccea,cc, increarer

8. In the tiLacI’, of perceptual contt nci.

9. Thc .ilusior tt at thappcars taller tha i it

height and s idt5 are eqtix ity to whic i nonocular c

a. relatn c sizcb. interposition

10. flow done perceive a po!c thativa?

\riki1. r3C a sc

4. mu ii s o qua! sizc ast

linac ac t that cts ther ‘ he cc cda heir;

e ieoti r cb rc ,it than thc ) her objcct.c. cr I in the othi r h cct.d. sir i icr than the other ohlec t.

it x oc; —ton x br’nc x our finger ton ard our faceanti! it i-n r’ntIa!! rouchec i flflsi’, i-H o’-ruusele

u” called cr’r,\ cx depth inti rrna uo tocc nrc tirn,

11. Antox s ticPink rc

a. irtc o sb. iclatisc v

12. Objects h gh in our tic’? o! s cc tic- cdas due ti’ the pniic’vt

a. nearer; rekrix c !accchth. nearer; l’nea cccii- in,’’

c, tarther awax; relati\c heat,:d. !a tner an at lear ‘.pr- u

19. 4 ou p ohahh perceive the diagram above asthree —eparate ub!ec ts due to the principle of;

20. in’0ce’511Pi refers to hon our know ledgeand cxpcLtations int!uence perception.

a. I ) dcix n c Parapsi chologicalb c tt iv ip ci, tin nan factors

6. Concluding her presentahon 0 -cc;sati .n i-au

perception heih note thati

a. sen—ation A horronup pricci-sr;;’c.

b. perception is topdorc n proccsnu-m

c. a. and b. are both nut.d. sensation and p-er- c’ptiorr o ‘-ci at o-i con

tinuous proee—.

tui

\nsn er t e c q a stions ti c d v before an exam as atinal chc k r our nude standing if the chapter’sterms an4 c n opt—.

AIultrplccCIzoicc’ Qztcstwns

1. Although carpenter Smith pc’rceh ed a briethx inn ed obiect as a screw drh er, police otficerA esson perceived the same object a— a knife. Ihisii!rrstrate that perceptron i— guided hi;

a. objects would appear it cnanae ri/c i + hi- ir

distance from us hangec!.b. depth perception ould he aa.’a: ‘cu—n cli

on monocular cuesc. depth perception n ou!d be ‘a. ed e\c!c,-ix cix

on binocular cues,ci. depth pcrceç tion would i iNn.

2. Be ause thc flow cr5 it thc toreg ound appearedc misc and gr tim y the phc tographer decided thatthe pictu c vas takcr too near the subject. Ihison Iusion w s based cn which depth cue?

c x u0’l

3. I tic’ tact that a n hite object under clint illummatron appears lighter than a grat cibject underbright iiluruinahc’n jc called;

C. c ici htd. c t I dpi- ‘ti

a. a farthcr awaxb. as neaterc. a— largerci. I here iv not eniulg’c i;uh’mn, - “ ti i-lct” “a

the Nc s size 01 di ta’ c

t rcc orcc rce t

c -

d cat

a. rei’at i’ disuntc c. continutt

166 C haptcr 6 Perceptio

13. According to he prir ciplc o light and shadow, ifonc of two idc ntical objects rcllects mo e light toyour eves it rL bc pcrccircd as:

14. Your tricr d t sses rou a f isbc c. You know that it

is gcttrng closer instcad ot a ‘ger becanse ol

15 Which explanation of the \4uller t ter illusion isoffc red F r the text?

a. lhc corncs in cu carpcr tc ed irorld teach i

to intc rpret outix ard or inn ard pointingarron heads at tF e cud of a line as a cuc to thelinc s distance troin us and so to its length.

b. 1W draring r iolation of ‘inear peNpettiw.makes one line seem longer

c. 1opdown processing of thc illusion is prer ented bc cause of thc stimuli s ambiguity

d. UI ot the abox e ir crc otfered as explanations

16. When the traffic light changed from red to green,the drir crs on both sides ot Leon s rehicle pulledqokklt furvr ard, g’ ing F eun th disork nthrgfecling that his car n as rolling backward. Whichprinciple explains I con s m sperception?

a. relatir e motion c. usual c upturtb. continuity d. proximity

17. Regina claims that she can bend spoons, levitatefurniture and perform many other “mind or ermatter’ teats, Regina apparenth belier es she hasthe powc r of’

18. 1 hc predictions of eading psy hics are:

a. ohen ambiguous prcpheci s later h terpictedto mat F actuaicr s

b. it r c u t ra p csscs rad(thcrs

c. icr ‘ v ysnd. a rt’c

19. Stu ring thc ad a b f re er trp. (clccnhad ni trc ubie fo ft n irg hc route of IF c hintv ax sh planr od to tr I C ollot n’s ab’ I il us

trates the principle of’

b. is u rpr dictable.c. is influenced br cultural experiencc.d is charrctenzed by all of the aboxe.

I ssay Question

lr inant cx ic s Irom thc 193 s danccrs perlormedseemingly meaningless mox cments xx hich xx henx icu ed tr xx i abox c xx crc transformed into intricatepatterns and dc signs. Simrlarlx the formations ofmarc’ung ha ids t rren create pictures ano spellwords ldent ts and describe at least four Gestaltprmciples ci orouping I rat explain thc audience sperception )f ti e images crcated hy these types of formations (Ust the space below to list the points youwant to makc and organize thc m. I hen xx rite theessay on a sep irate piece of paper)

KEY TERMS

Writing Definitions

Using r our ow n xx ords on a separate piece of paperxx rite a brief dehnition or explanahon of each of thefolloxx ing terms

1. sc lectn c attention

2. nattcr tional blrndncss

3. sua c ptur

4. cs ft

5 hgucgo d

nrc ‘i

depth p ‘reel t 0 i

xnucl “If

9. binocular uc

10. retinal disF ant

11. cr c cc

12

a. largerb smaller

c. larthcraxxax.d nearer.

a. shape c nstancb. relathemi ion

c. size onstancx.d all if thc ahoxe

a. telepathy.b. clairvox ance.

c. precognitiond. psx chokmcsis

6.

7

8.

a closure.b sir ilarit

r it c20

c. contit uitv.d. a oximit

\n nid e lus ) aprctc

ab 0 FIre t nr

y ii 167

Is t

C pt ti)fl 19

i th P olo xi.

id ne mn ml. ofr in )rtant I th

o a tS \tteryouh xch inti nsotthtkev

r t s iiptr x mshould 2

CO C 10 n and pozzlemat you an mx enso

A pro s n ‘oy niie tin termfmmton

I1)5 L

i C th msua field thatc nJ 0u 1n,un’

S I ‘in In n t ) perceive tino off aralfol lmnns

atm p do maim in diiSm

S eCtn

tf AC that depCnd on

a Ii xfnnboth acs Sn that v teno to

x thitaneneam

C on

i,uilftldthatf on Is

Jr

ma ibn icr d h at Sn irledge non

it ytC I mm of un

f f of etnnt r et t f

U

C 10 t

2 ndm I t m-,ms ire tCn

(C H CflSlO ii ‘CnCef inns from the 11 1 n

C nat r maces that stnik° h ret na12 Cttn n it

nftr nlii

ira0

168 (h.otc Ic cplioi

ANSWERS 16. relath e height

17. relatix e motion (motion parallax)Chapter Review 18. linear perspectixe

1, Plato19. light and shadon

20. x cry good; more slowh

Selectiee 3ttentioa 21. mox ement; stroboscopic movement

22. phi phenomenon1, ewc U’. c attontton; \eceo:

23. perceptual constancy2. corstii a ix ettccc- . 24. top-down angle; distance; illuminationK inattixtiOoa hnones; vuual; change hlcndness;

change deatnms; ohuico blindness 23. do not; retinal

26, Moon; Ponzo; MhlIer—Lver; size; distance; dimin—Perceptual Illusions ished

A partial reason for the illusion that the Moon at the1. oramzo Interoret , —

horizon appears up to aO percent larger than the2. x nuac capture \loon directly ox erhead is that cues to the distance of3. hearing objects at the horizon make the Moon, behind them,

seem farther away and therefore larger. When we eePerceptual Organization the Moon ox erhead in the sky, these misleading cues

are lacking.1. (lo1t whole

27. less2. bottom up; top d wn; c xpcriences; expectations;

28. relative toIuzzx

29. relative luminance3. ngure gtou ro

30. color constancylhc ( estalt p v hol gists descri )ed some ket pnncip e ) per ptna crganization and in so doino,

Perceptual Interpretationden ors r i c d ti a prception jc far more than a simp c e sois rocess Ihc rex.crsible tigure-ground 1. Kantrc a it nship. or cxamplc demc nstrates that a sinale

2. lockePus can tnggcr nore than one perception. As

( cstalt pvcholo sts shoxxed. we continualh tilter 3. cannot

ensory iotormatior nd ccnst ct on perceptions in 4. infancy; critical period; cataractu ax s that make ens to us 5. will, perceptual adaptation

4. grouping 6. do not adapt5. continultx; closure I rox nitv similarity’ con-

- i. atteiertectiK ctedncss

8. perceptual setb. OttO perception; Or-Vance

— I ‘9. schemas; caricatures

isn. .n;rt; rmntn--1 10. exes; mouth

tie i5U, tnt ‘—Urwost’- umt in maw

tin a[’;iitv to per- en t- d.efh sprccut at, or 11. contextcrc iu nih ar;c’c h’rta. 12. top-down bottom-ups hiniva! r-’ 13. stereon pe; emotionaLU n—un n P i,O nt- ru’r. enOo-’,’ hran’,

-

‘ r ‘ r p‘ 14. human factors

10. onr or’ooco —

1. expertiseI . r.unoccnar

16. assistix e listening12. rePro o -ize

13. intnpoitiou Is There Extrasensory Perception?

14. c’k4r-c ci otv- 1. extrascnsc ry perception

ta. text itt a ad tent2 parapsnhologrsts

ws 1)

in rrhi h obects at hftheir relatn e 05 tic n xthose c losc st movinu i 10

5. a. i, the a isrrer Pcr rhke pc icepti n c ist i snomenon of pcr cptua c t i

in Refatn motion is n a cwhich object at Ii tcrc it 1 s s

more at ditlercnt iatesc. I men perspccn c s rrinwhichhiesvekrov tobthe di,tancc thus mdi i in,d. Cont nuity is the pcrccptiitems into cc ntinuou r a

6. d. is thc ansuer (p N’a., b., & c. Visual cap ui i tforming impressions h neonleattend in morc than o ic n us it

7. d. is the ansxrer p 263)a. Ps chokinesis iefcis to fperform acts of mind ox e rb. Precognition reters o t

perceix e tuture cx cntsc. Clairvox ance refers in t i

percen e remote cx cnts

9. c. is the answer. (p 261

10. d. is the answer. There is ot oudropmff Ihc tcxtnrc gradient of t ccboard pattern beneath thc ‘las I blc simpression of depth Ihc oth r icwould not bc icier ant tc tic s t o rcxrer ient (p 215 ‘17)

11. c. tic aisixcr 3

a.&b,Tfekitt ‘s idthe’, had ncr i n r’ rr ormal scnsit it

d. BotF per çtua nd t uwent resnlttd fr i xi c d p

12. b. is the ar swcr Be ansc thc F i

risual expericnccs t csc adifficultx learning to percc P ca. Snch patients typicall cc uogniie object ix ft v F h t ctouch md in nc asc t nc Bc iig Fl tc c

ii ‘c

5

r

ci t

)

are

Ii

r

3. tclcpa c ii c r nc prc cognition, psxchokinesi

4. cha i n cxc ter r tcd (rctrofitted)’ re onstruct

5. rqr dncb

6. be t i c 1tcatith esults

Progress Test i.

Mult’,’Ie (‘hou Outs iOn’,

1. d s th ans icr Ccstih psvcholog3 whichdcx c pcd ir (ermany carlv in the twentieth cent i x was i it sted m hc xx lusters of sensationsarc ‘rg n t F into v hc Ic perceptions. (pp.2T2 ‘T )a. Paraf syci Pogx is thc stndy of ISP and otherpara ormal phenomenab & c. Beh iv mral md functional psychologydeveloped I iter in th L nited States

2. d. is thc answe (p 244)a. C onnectednc ss refers to the tendency to sceuniform and linked items as a unit.b him larity retcrs to the tendency to group simhfar itemsc. Continuity rcters to the tendency to groupstimuli into sm )oth continuous patterns.

3, c. is the ansxx e Although xx e alway s differenthate a stI nulus into figure and ground, those elmments of thc stiniulus xx e perceix e as figure andthosc as gro nd m iv change. In this way, thesame stim mlus can tnggc r more than one percep

‘p, ‘4a. The idea ml figu e ground relationship has nobearing on the issue of xx hether perception isinnateb. Pc rcei tion cannot be simply a point-fonpointrepresc ntati if of sc nsation since in figureg our d rd tic nsl ps a single shmulus can triggermorc thin o ic p gti i

d. Ii0ur , d c at c nships dernonstr ite thec stc al r t r t mar indn idual prm

f es c e ri en / hon Signiti antly,e cn t c c pc r a i see diffcrcnt hguregrc id i r p men vic ing scene.

4. d. s thc six c he neater thc retinal dispa illor d tferer cc mciv cc n the images the less the distoncc p ‘4oa. (mx c rgen c is the xtent to which the evesmove inward xvhcn looking it an objectb. line r pc ocitixe is he monocular distancc

e m F’ ci xc aapcar to converge in‘P di r

lai t

m ci

cain F iiy m

8. b, is thc answer. (p 251)a. I ocke argued that k moxvlcd e mcomes through Iearnin0c. & d. Cibson and Walk stud cd deg thon using the x isual cliff they ade oabout the source o kno x ledgc

ity

a

i

d

I

Ije I

a

r c

I

c i r i s i r ular distaimee cue

ro (.h.

b t

s i t c eiehand1 1 d requies

13. b. 1% the an%wer. jp. _L,a. [op dos:i p,ie;ng !t.( .5 to hO%% OUI kiios 1—edge and epeaatioris I ±deflte ptrctpt’fl.

c. Par ips cho!og’% is the kai of perteption outside n,)nnal ‘-eItS)fl input.d. Human factor’. p,’ J1oigs I’. concerned ‘slUth&k be’.t to desL,,n niati.iii c. rid n ork ‘.eftings totake into ac nunt human p rception

14. c. 1% the a Retinal cii%pantv I a !‘bzL; iil,icue all the otr’t— tUt incflttt;iled are mano.u1ar.jp 2-IN

13. a. is the cIitflCt rite -luon oppedrs larger at thehon,on than in erhead :r the slc because i’hject’at the horLc’n pros ide &snzL e cue’. that makthe.. tonn seem tarthe a nd therefore larger.In the open sky, o oiis the c ar’ no such cUes.

(p. 2M)

16. c. is the anssagain’t Ih ta.,b.,&d I0 the org. r £

fpires tiaW 1

r. d.isthea sver (ç 2t&b.lhc dyotscn o c. r dwiththee proces cc. %lthough s 1 g u 10 s a oed pschologists tindet a d c d r ar wa ptual mccliitusms, it is not the. or a ‘, aus of the tickt Spert eption.

18. d. is tnt’ ansss er. (p1’ ‘34 N

19. c. :- the JPsi’ e:.-p. 2r’

a. T!i’ cIi%;CT tsi’aki be . .‘rrc. t hao 1ak Ja’nwdtob- bk to rI--qi .q.flftSfl; c1’.’’’ mind

b. lius aflstst’ “ild h,. c--rrectPaJ )ak claitnp.1to b. ak et e.qc remote cstnt., such d% .1 tnt-cd• di’.tre’ø..

d. Ibis oncXtr .t.n;t eu .stna,1 i.ck• iatrqnjto h.- able’ t1t itm. cibfrs.t— . .r tercl Oufl ith—‘ut applying ..m ph ‘ca! rure.

20. d. k the mnej. .p. 2n7,

lrue—False firms

3. r S. I (p 2;fl’6 pp. 27 p5.

bjet ts Proures Tnt a

b. III)a C c t c er he tendet cs to perceptua lv

t )puzablc obleds in the ‘s suc Ihe’dc. Sirn’a . t ri .er’. to the tendtnt to group item’that Jtt ‘ahdt.

d. l’rv n:t’ rt.res t.’ the tendtncs to group itttnsthat are i•r une another.

2. a. is the answer. p. 2-i$Jb. & c. L. oris ergente and retinal disparits arehoth t’no War cues that depend on informationtin—n beti ni’s.

3. C. % the a’’s er. (p. 243ia. & b. Tee (.sstalt p.s chologists did not deal‘tth t1lt %.rigin. of peritptii’n; thes s cre more

concerned ss tb its turin.d. It, oi.t the’i argued just the oppoiltr Perceptior i )F than mere sensors e\pcriente.

4. c. C r swe Humans and certain animalssuch a c t en ue able to adjust to upsidedcv lis r d . icr sisual distortions fisur

Is - a iii betis een di’ pcrcei’ ada d tI Cu rcal h iser aninals such asc ck n d it ally unabk to adapt

a Hymn aid etani r’as eabletoadaptlutC vcI’ to dstcrtad is al ensiounents andLien c ‘adajtlb. I s at y s r )rie’t becaust. hunans aret1E1 Os oaçrad fusai rcabledusu i on ‘c ts.

5. a.isth a sw 4.257)b. Rttin6 d sp iv i’ a binoc.u1ar depth cue basedon the faa that e3d1 eye ret dies a hghtiv differciit sic” i’tt.’rti.)rld.t.Cnnverc.-’nce 1’- nims.ular di ptl” cut based onfhe. faa that the c”. —ssing iiirard ti. tocu. ohnear “bjetsd. ‘stir ca1Wr’: re4vr to the tendcns ot siqonto do”Lina e the other senses.

6. b. t%4h,,.ar.,4%tr ‘p 2i,z,a. Pazap-s rhologi%ts tuds dain.s ifl FSP.. P,.h. :. t;ti .ae people sthc’ l.irn IsP hjthe pin; e’ ‘r

- m’nd user fldttCi.

d. (test1t r’ hologists emplia.iie the organization wits tioi into ineaninglui pert eptiuns.

7.ai I .fpfl,4,

b .tknutsledgt I n1cn% alt maxe ro clair

hip’.. patis ith their ed. Ibis t1fl.i

coo,dination i’much l’tctttict. fi

I s c i lotd as a figureniird_. ‘ Bucgrnd eatnt reters

1) oftlc isis ldt objectsaia ou fro ‘iei stir oi dngs

i catures.adapt at any age to d stort

1. 1 (p. 2I’)t ip. n,

3. 1 (p. 2—3)4 1 i 236)

lSIjcc -i

8 0. is iie ans (p. 24Tha. & b. Linear perspectix a which is a monocularue. rcfer’ to the tendency ot parallel lines to conS

‘erge m th wstance.c. Retain e jrth requires onh one cx and is

therefore n )nwular cue

9 the cr p. 230 2 1

10 th r Hi r ao ar to be x critcaldt r e Laid scion nhinthatscrso

rest! LI sex err cstr permanenth disa pto e ette5 a hen it occur in infancy but notxx hen it ‘xccn— Liter n life (0. 2%

a. & d. S n’erx restr icton does not hat e the sameetteew at all ages. and is more damaging to chddma than to adults. I his i5 because there i5 a erita

ii period to perreptual dcx elopment whetherft rthonai b indress nil re u t depends in partor enat rc F tt’se scrvirst ittion0 Resear 1 str d e have not ndicated th it senso

suit ) nort d a gin to human’ thanC animals,

IL a is the answer. ip. P4ra., h., & 0. These ps’cchas claim to exhibit thephenomena studied Ox arapsx chologists.

12. 0. r- the answer. Hhen we move, stable objects

xc see also i apear to mox e, and the distance anded of ai parent notit ix rue us to the

je ts’ r tue distances (p 48ji b, & c I sc depth rues are unrelated tonoxeInert P thus no k exen when wc are stintionarv.

13. c. is the an—”. ar p. 2tdiia. \ianx’ Phd researcher’ are sincere, reputableInsearilters.

h. & d. T’here hat e been no roliahie demonstrindons of PSP

areep a tnt Irspont or ti tin

t xc ‘tried nduota i rb. Ltc’una’ dsp it’ mcuns tnat ‘ur right and leftexeL card ‘ecer xc siighdx diheren,t imap.’s0. cccx “t’gert ‘ is a form oi new omuscular teedhack rn ‘Sh th’ exes ‘.x’Hnu in. or out. a—x ex’ ett:acts at rt’t’crrati distances,

53estat r • a ‘Lorir o ‘ rgin

p 42)

16. b ‘ tie s p .2 8a. sual u stf t dccx hi i onto

inmate tI or sense

c. ia’r,i pm’. actepration is Fe tOt mix to ad1ust toit .rrttfiaahx disptared or exert ox t’rtcd x anal

0. Dix ergerce or dix e . Ia nk’n . it

cussed in this chapter

17. a, is the answer. \dt rhint— a ‘-ci In naxxoxer the “ciitf’ “on x d.’n coax’ 5 suxica t:’’t

that much it depth orccphon -. 55,

with the 0mg ot lr urn ix itt

snne thu 243)

18 d ‘s Fr m r p

19 d,rcthe we i.a. Paints ty the ter. a at

to one another. ilrr’ drag, in — or era

distinct units exen monad itS p”nu

spa ceO0. Continuiix a the to’ C ‘idxi 4’into —nxooth, unrnter rupmei ,aa’tern’

such eontm itt in the d mx

c (lemro ‘he p’ tead

saps im ira hi H Ied no ts i p cix at

20. a. is ha am sit r. (p. 2.b. Bottom up pror m ss’n,5 efe I t at x -5 ‘1rhamacterisucs ot stimui mISer titan 4 sin pbr_entual interpretation.C. Parapvehomogx a the suadx tit ner, pu. ‘a ott

side normal sensorx lopd. Ho mat tactors nsx rhmow be to d sign atake irt ace urth m

Psychology Applied

.XIzrltijnc—Clzozce Questions

1. 0. is the answer. The ax o a ode ; ‘r rctP t

brietIx pemceix ed object in terra— o in’ n not p.

tual sets or mental pr5a spns’t’o’t’ in m’s mseconditioned hx’ their v pemien t5

a Both Sm th and Vt d di xsttmexpc tea of “ x t i t’

ties , t ci ci I ac— ‘

b. Shal us tnxxohiects it r un a instant t

retinal inx.ge— or th5n’ rl’r,r,ac. Ret,nai dispa:t; - a ia’na ear d5pt’ ‘xi, S

nod’xinc to d’ xx itO !nd” lOcal dtrm5-c t - I,’

ecptron.

2 0. is the am sx er. \ dt. mextuu’eamse 0md ins xx c tF.

em than it he I Ic

(p 24c

a.&b.le rp’e,

fudge the last’ dish

ietts; because ,‘nlxtire—c rues art’ imcclt’x at,!

C s tear

ean.

‘lr‘It

logi is to

aod xit!

e eel xx rIfug— Ic

14 e is the amsxit s’e H

m Because I emeeptual constancy,m ha e and sic as alxxaxs he

15. c. tht ard xx F

I ‘e FP ic c’

i’!—

r. ‘xF -(1

dc5t ‘xi

tic

x,,1

pt’s’tr— ‘‘‘0

0’ .5 ‘,

tied

172 (hapte 6 Ptrceptior

c. Retinal d’sparits refers to the ditferent images(U cyt 5 recc is c whether the photograph s texture was coarse cr fnc the rct’nal drspar’tvU ould be the same

3. d. is the sw er Xlthoug r th. ii ount of lightretlcctcd from white oh ect is le’s in dim lightthan in c igh liht a id may be less than thcan onnt I light reflected from a brightly lit grayobject the brij tncss ot the vs bite objett is per

vs remuinnig constant a vi iteobje ‘t reflet ts a higher percentage of the lighttalhng on it than does a gin object and thebrightness of objects is perceh ed as constantdespite v ariations in illumination vs bite is perceived as brig ‘ter than gray even nnder dim ilkiv ination. (p 253)a. Relativ e luminance refers to the relath e intensity ot light falling on surfaces that are in proxiniitv Lightness constancy is pcrceiv ed despite v anations in illuminationb. Perceptual adaptahon refers to the ability toadjust to an arhficially modified perceptual environnient su h as an ins erted v isual field,c. Color contrast is not discnssed in this text.

4. b L the anse er The phenomenon described i,the basis for the monocular cue of relativ e size

(p 246)a. The object casting the larger rehnal imagevs ould be perceived as closer,c, & d. Because of size constancy the perceh edsize of familiar objects remains constant, despitechanges in their retinal image size.

S. d. is the answer &s an object comes closer in onrfield of v ision, the eyes svv ing inn ard (converge)and provide muscular cues as to the object’s distance (p. 246a, Retir al disparity refers to the slightly differentimages of an object received b the two eves dueto their difier nt angles of viewmg.b. lnter usi’ i is a niu ‘C cui cue to d’stai cc ii

hicf an oh c t that pait1i Iv fli ks nothe sse vas lcscc hot’ t s a ( stat groupug yrr ipicatic thin d s n c cu

6. d.i tfcai’ c p 24

7 d.istheanswcr, p,25l

8, a. is t v ansv er Becruse vie perce ye the size of afinul’ar ebjcct as constar t even as its rehnal‘mane grows sirafiei we perceive the object asbe’ng a tlerav y pp 2)0 251b & vssa yisac it e t

than sensory phenomenon. I heretore, the absence of perceptual constancy vs ould not altersensitiv ity to monocular or binocular cues.d. \lthough the absence of perceptual constancywould impair depth perception based on the sizedistance rd t onsi ‘p other cues to depth such aste xture gradient could still be used,

9. c. is the answer, Wt perctne objects highei in ourfield of v ision as farther away Thus, the brainperceivec a scriual line the same length a a horizontal Ime to be more distant and mentally adjusts its apparent length to make it seem longei(pp. 241, 247a. & b. These monocular cues are irrclev ant inthis particular illusion,d. Rehnal disparity is a biaacalar cue to depth.

10. b. is the answer This is an example of the principlc of interposihon in depth percephon. (p. 246)a. The partially abscared object is perceived as farthen an ax.c. The perc civ ed size of an object is not alteredwhen that object overlaps another,

11. c. is the ansvven, (pp. 248, 249)a. Interposition is a monocular depth cue invs hich an object that partially coy trs another kperceiv ed as closer.b. flad five artist painted the trees so that theimages of some were sharp and others hazy, theanhst vs ould have been using relath e clarity.d. Had the artist painted the trees so that therewas a gradual change from a coarse, dishnct to afine, indistinct texture, texture gradient wouldhas e been used to cons cv depth.

12. c. is the ansyeen, (p. 247)b. & d. Linear penspeeth e is the apparent eons engence of parallel lines as a cue to distance.

13. d. is the ansvs en, Nearby objects reflect more lightto the cv e’ Thus gn en hi o identical objects thebrighten one seems nearer, p. 248)a. & b. &cause ui tnt prmciple it s ze constancy

an object s pe i ed size i, unaffected by its distance angle f v ‘w r )r illu nnahor,

14. c. is the ar swer Ihis s in mllustratiot of the sizedista c dat e sf ip in deptf pence ption y r25j 251a, Although t ye frisbee s shape is pereeiv ed asconstant (eyer as the shape of its retinal imagechanges), this is nc t a cue to its distance,b. Relative motion is the pence phon that when wenvov e stationary objects at different distancesA a vgc tf e r rd itive posit’ons ‘n r n v ‘sual

i ig v’tF t seccsestm s’s nost In t

‘4. 73

a’ian’plt. onh tl.c trishec lb rnoi big.

15. a. t ‘h ansier. :p. 251)Lb. c. ttte answer. Although I eon’s other .enses

i.o I 1ia e toI ‘tini his car is as not mn big, thcii cs I otter carc tin n° for bard

F ‘c renssnd rcitedthcpcrcptin i.e is s o hag bickisard. o 212)a. RL Li t’ mohc n ic a distante cut that otcursi’i’en ,tationars objects appear to me.we as is e

nc; e I’; the ej.posite is happeii’ng to Leon

b. & d. Cont’ri’uts and promntv are GestaltPr, s of ‘oupinv r ther thu tues od

fl’ .flij%.

, 6Ss he dined ahi1it to “rt d

b. t 1an n ante refers to the claimed ability tortiwist’ rernc’te esents.t. Precognition iefer to the claimed ahiliti to

1” tutur c its.

d taisiscrp26 26)c I answer She pcrccnes t c line for bcroad continuous, ci en though it is nterruptedLiv lines indicating other roads. ip. 244)a. (locare retei to the perceptual filling in ofgaps iq stimulus to treate a complete. is holeitjecb. rity i the tendency to perceive similaro j bdorgirgtogcther Onaroadmap,aflthe c repic sentmg roads appear similar. Thusthis . te could not be the basic for Colleen’s abilifl to Pace the route of a particular road.d. Proiniitv is the tendency to group objett. nearto cue anothei as a single Unit.

20. c.ist ansiscr (p 25Ha c pro en entucly based on fr pInsc ar K istics of a st mulus ‘bottom-vplack xpei itt C with carpente ed ens ironn. nt t oLild not ‘educe censiti; itv to the illusionb. J”ncipIts of grouping, depth perteption. and

its to iIluson- al’ demonstrate that per.)i:%ti . OVCfl i pn.dictable

ii, U K H

it d opec iic.teiitti art i.eich ther as F ‘oning tohether. Ihus, a sma 1st .i dincers or mcmberc of a marchirg

L’.’nd ,na’ epatate tlwrnsls Cs from the largers.roup in order to form part of a particular image.

2. .r y l3eca c iso per e ic similar figures aLx er cloco,ipt ‘ i I td ‘t t 5 ,u 1.

th. iflC’itX.— of ca . ric’ .iei .‘ .hsnictntCOstUflie1Li U ut ). ii.

3. Cc:’t ...g .‘ Jn.. u’ reics’ e srnot’tl. to’itinu

a’. ,iar itrer Li in di t ‘nCfltJQUs Oflfl,

iser ic - i’ in’ ‘a theri I as

Key Terms

IVritwg Defrnitwns

1. Selectise attention ‘- ti .s.

s arenc n ... p- tila ‘,ti

ire

3. Visual capture i. the ttfl.itnt’. for; I-.Iufl t’ dominate the other sQfl.’ :. 2421

4 C estalt n • Uict1 1 ‘.‘ lh estult-Ft d Ia ntee a c aripful

ioles 2;

5. Figure-ground rete:.. ;. i tlic . .‘nwatio’ cit theisuai !k4L1 tnt.’ zv p r% etc figure, which‘.tand. ut? Ire .i’i its siixnui.dii-gi. ?rd the stir‘oui’i’ng irk.. ic’-i ui.1. ip r,

1st1 c p

8 v f

•t) s 1fl

s’t: .. tF.0t -.rrilo.’: US t•’

,Jiç ci U, nts an;ir,.’1s b tier eq. rrtrf. iti. itS ilchtf.

Cibs.::. c—cl \nk ioan’. fr ri. e’ IL!enct that.leptl’ perc..pti.r ‘ it lt.i..t : p. ‘t11wate. ‘a. 24i

9. Binocular cue’ .i’. c.t pu u. th.it Jep’ nd on‘ormat ni U I )

t1 ai LiattIcs u •ts ‘

d asa Faths

4. ‘— I I “.‘ie .. r . c unplet it, nil—iniz iii t..e t.a;s ti’ crti.e • ..t :i e. Thu. sic

peicept..’a’!. i’ll u. tnt. it. L. cli . 4e pating‘ietiseni .1a.j’s . ar ‘: flitI.fl 1n ordert peict he or t.. .v r r torir 1 v are

tin

.sfl1 et tt’tisCiOus(us cut all of

ci id 237

n ter bI i’.

‘. I to . ‘isil.attention ‘ .iirec tiM CC% here

pt ncr in3jECt Ft i ow

p 23

6 (oup’ gU

i, ide.

heI

d ‘a

ul1.

rnc

eN

I ;tc p

nuticlo

43’

7. Depth perception •- cEe .‘1 :.it

•iit- Jfltib’o1- ug!’ 1

Pic. ‘ttU it .

In

Inc ues, il e I-u ndor etrc .i b ha

17- Chapter 6 k in

10. Retinal disparity refers to the differencesbettt cen the images received hr the left cx e andthe right cx e as a resuit or iew lug the worldtr’in sighin wirerent angles. It is a binoculardepth cue since the greater the curterencebets ceo the too images the nearer th ohjet. (p.246

i n ioniuscular hint cular depthc cx c it to ohicf thc cyes con

I a lien looki ig t iear orhc n ( tfc eves convcrge, the

c rerif h s 2 ))

Monocular cues . depth cues that depcnd onnformation fr r t icr ox e alone. (p 216)

Flea; a 1 ,nd: .1 ieee- means one; a monocle is anox eglass for tine ox e. \ monocular cue is one that(s ax a (ladle to eitht ‘ r the lott or the right eve.

13. Ihe phi phenomenon is an illusion ot rnox ementcreated when ht 0 or more adjacent lights blinkon and oft i ‘-attess±on. p. 250;

14. Perceptual constancy is the perccption thatoblects hat e m r istent lightness color shape,

id rze cv ‘-i s rllumination and retinal imagesF ngo. 2)0

In. ‘rceptn I adaptation refers to our ability toust k ar ilk all d splaced or ox en invertedual tic ( ci distortmg lenses we perceive

i(ngs accor ingly ut soon adjust by learningthe reitionsh p ehx ceo our distorted perceptions and the reilito. (p. 2o

16. Perceptual set is a mental predisposrtion to per-ceo e one thing and not another, (p. 257

17. Human tactors psychology explores hoxv peopleand macltne interact and how machines and1h —rca! ent jr menents can he adapted to humanhelravkn and run to n crease safety and produc‘jjx h

18. Extrasensory perception (ESP) refers to the controversial claim that perception can occur withoutsensory input. Supposed ESP poix ers includetelepathy. clairvoyance, and precognition. (p. 264)

2loniarii ;nd: Extnz- moans ‘hevond” or “in addition to”; extrasensory perception is perceptionontside or beyond the normal senses.

19. Parapsychology is the stndy of dSP, psychokinesis and other paranormal forms ot interactionbetween the mdiv idual and the enx ironment.(p. 264)

Mrrnory aid: Para like extra , indicates “beyond’;thus, paranormal is beyond the normal and parapsychology is the studi of phenomena beyondtire realm of psvchologx arid known natural laws.

Cross-Check

11. Convergen ebase t

s nt

ACROSS1. ground8. linear

13. binocular15. proxinritx16. tignre17. Locke18. closure19. grouping20. gestalt

DOWN2. reversible3. depth4. cocktail party5. selective6. phi phenomenon7, Mullor-Lyer9. interposition

10. relative luminance11. relative clarity12. connectedness14. critical period

focus on Vocabulary and Language 175

FOCUS (fl 1 OCABLILIRIAND Lt\’GUAGF

Selective :1 tten tb ii and Perceptual Illusions

Pag 238 \ow, suddenh po i attention I -potliglitI shlt \oui I t H £ t traced u ni ‘lOst stubbornly

azt on t: Pact herore I oIL Selective attention

refers to our tendenci to tocus on onli a small part

of what is possible ror u> to experience. Ii x ou doattend to more aspcc ts 01 your experience (vol/iittcntzo;i I j 1’ it rH/is) yon will be surprised atthe amount of stImulation you process xx ithoutaxx areness, such as thc feel of the shoes on your feet(uour Put ice cm asct) and the fact that r our noseactuallx blocks your ibm of \ sion ti/oar iiose -ttfblion flu nib tn/c Oh the pig ‘).

Ptipc 238. won in y drae n Honk * Ihis meansthar x ou do not at hiex c th result you want, youdon’t succeed. X\ hen x ou attend to onh one x oiceamong mann tthe cocktazl party e1/ectl, xou may beunable to sal what someone else, who was clearlywithin your hcariug range, was saying (you drnv ablank). Interestingly you would very likely hearyour 0½ n namc if it xx crc spoken by this person.

Page 233: a x ouug woman carrying an umbrellasauntercd across the screen. tn this experiment, subjects had to watch a x ideo of basketball players andsignal n hen the ball xx as passed. Because of their intense selectix e attenhon, the generally failed tonotice a female walking sloxx lv sauntering) throughthe players.

Rpe 239: we experience pop-out. xvhen a strikinglv distinct stimulus. such as the only smiling face inFigure b4. draws our ey e. A very unique object orcx cut (a stnikinglti distinc t stimulus) will automatically attract our attention ( t Hums our owe). this experience is called the pop-out phenomenon.

Ripe 242.. tmuch as we nerceix e a x oice trom tIn’cotton na’:st I!t’n’nu. A x entriioquist is an entertainer rho akes dx adieu c beiiexc his xoice is

in’r frr t ii y Du t)thcphcuoiuenon of v’sual capture xx c assume tf at becausethe d ‘d’s mouth i rao tug and the ventriloquist s isnot, the vcIceNcomny from the dumnxx

P5 H HP H is :je ‘u tow Ii n’iaii met Is the ski ii, A

noted carlic t xerc ‘s none to this than meets thecxt” i a (0 r r i cx r ss 0 x mean ng something isgoing on hm ond the bx bus or the apparent. ln thisx araton of the e\presston. Myers is noting thatthere s a hearing phtuonnenun similar to visual captire xel-0cl is he rt’ndencx for yiston to dominate

the n x i xx I I mci t parti pants’ senseclx ri , ddt i tetxersenseo touh

creating the illusion of receix iug more than a singletouch ithus, there is more to t’uc: than amen the skfo),

Perceptual Organi:a tiou

Page 243 * , it’ * * * I his nxeans to hare a desire ordeep need ucilt to do sonxething. \h ens notes thatour brain’s desire ie/r) to pLit together hits andpieces of seusory input into coherent units involvesboth ‘bottom-up” and top-down’ processing Weactix ely impose structure and inter meaning (topdoxx n) and are not simpiy registering sensory stimulation (bottonx-up; in a passix e maunei. I hus, thereis no sharplx detined line ttlxe boundary xx filmy)hetx ecu sensory and perceptual processes.

Page p44: Usually these grouping principles help usconstruct reality. Sometimes howex er they lead usa3tray. &lthough we put together elements of5ensa-tion through adix e organization (the Gestalt grouping principlest and end up with a unitarx experience, xx e sometimes make mistakes in the process(a’e are led astnap)

Page 245. Their mothers then coo red them to era ct’lout onto the glass. In the experiment xx ith the visualcliff, b- to 14-month-old children xx crc gently encouraged icoaxed) by their mothers to move, on theirhands and knees tcnau’il onto the inx’iihle glass topon the “deep” side ot the apparatus. Most could notbe persuaded to do so leading to the conclusion thatdepth perception may be innate (inborn). I’he ideafor this famous experiment came to Gibson xvhenshe was at the Grand Canyon and xvondered if ayoung child ttoddieri looking iptcnlngi ox en the edgeof the canyon xvould recognize the steep, unsafe,incline (danger )us drop offi and retreat (dra r back).

Page 24u: The floahng finger sausage ttugure 69), Inthe denxonstnation and x’ou xx ill experience the effectot retinal disparity and see a tubular shape (fingersaitsape’ made dx x our brain from the nx’o differentimages of x our‘1ugers

1ipr48 \s emcx’ c[etst aarca ualh s Icrxai a pc an to r )ve. If igs that are stat ouanx anddo not mox e I nic :i’ms Pt seen, to flu ‘ee reiatn e tous when xx e mox e.

i3igc 2 iJ’ A inodon picture cncates this ‘ilusion dxflashing 24 still pictures eac ii sc cond, When xx e x iewa film, we do not cxpe ience a rapid senes of nonmox ing images ( tih pIt tic’); rather, our brain con

structs the pert cix ed motbm, This is called strohoscOioie mom enient,

Pig’ 25J fake axvay th we distaI cc toes

in g t the horizoi H c i or c x uiom ste

hap tf rough c1 m tub and ft )bjcct i

by ioc kon e id

xx diatc

176 Chapter 6 Perception

hr shrmks Obsers ers has e argued for centuriesabout xvhi the Moon neat the horizon seems somuch larger than the Moon overhead in the sky.One e\planatlon ins olves the interaction of per-ccix ed size and perceived distance. Distance cues atthe horizon make the \loon appear farther awasth ir ix hen it is ox erhead (xx here there are no distance cues) Ihe Moon casts the sa’ae retinal image inboth ituatons, so the image that appears to he moredistant (i.e., near the horizon) will therefore seemlarger. \\ e can eliminate the distance cues by lookinc at the Moon through a rolled-up piece of papermper lobe) the Moon xx ill appear much smaller (it

cli;i s).

l ‘ag: 25 l iTtoure J5 . L arpeatered . .\ carpenteris omeone who constructs objects. houses, furniture, boats, etc., out of wood. In Western culturesmany of these objects are angutar, xx ith °0 anglesand corners rather than circular or round. Ourexperiences xx ith ret tangular shapes (caipeatered cviitext) contributes to the MO 11cr-Li ci’ illusion.

Perceptual Interpretation

Page 255: Most had been horn xxith cataracts —

do ided lenses that allowed thens to see onh diffused light, rather as you or I might see a diffuse fogthrough a Ping-Pang hail sliced in half. People bornwith e.ataracts cannot see clearh because the normaim transparent lenes in their eves are opaque. Tounderstand xx hat their vision is like, imagine whatvon xx ould see if ou had y our eyes covered xx ithhalf of a small xx hite, plastic ball that is used in tabletennis (Ping Pang). fhen cataract patients has e theirx isbn restored, after being blind since hirth. theycan sense colors and distinguish figure from ground(innate capacities), but thex cannot x isually recognize thmgs that xxerc familiar bx touch.

Pa 256 C n a in ‘a a af glasses, inc mav1r 1 slight‘U P oriented, ci a; Punt. \\ hen xx e start wearingordinars cx eglases or xx hen xve are titted xx ith aness p.nr. our initial reaction is a little confusion andx rt o (1::”’ llowex er, xxe quickly adapt xx ithin I v d We can ilso ad ipt to cnse’ that dis

xx t are lok spat hi 40 to me side aidcx or P dstoit on lenses that i xx ert re ihtx (turn theS isual image upstde don n-fla topse -turvy xx orIW.F sh tr1sgs, alamanders. and x oung chickens cannotadapt in this n ax.

0a l : As ox en one knows, to see 1 to (‘cIa ‘ . Aso c o knoxx but Icss fulls appreciate to C lieu is to‘e. e expre sion s ai is ciceaig means that

a e pat much reliance an x dual mtornxation xx hendecidiiic We lieS ing) xx hat is true. \lver shows usthat. on the contrarx xx hat sic he(ieye mat actuallx

affect what xxe see. Our assuinpuons expectations,and mental predisponti.ans tperceptual sets determine, to a large extent. our perceptions.

in N. 2. a bnusn ness spaper pubiishedgenuine. unretouched photographs ot i iai” r inScotland’s I och Ness . People xx ho had heardabout or belies ed in the In di Nc ss M in ter bc foreseeing a x erx ambiguous putt rc of a log xx en norehiclined to see what thex expected to see d.c.. amonster) because ot their perceptual set.

Page 58: (loarlx. much ot xvhat xx e pc rceiye coniesnot just irons the xx orld ‘ out I icre but ilso tr flimOat’s behia it, cia , I lo ‘ vie’ Mx ers isreiterating the point that our mental predispositions,expectations, heliets, etc. ia’/i: i’,Jii;id ua’ eves ‘i/ni

t’eta’eea aur can) influence much more itt what xx epercen e than the sensor5 stimulation xx cemyed trom 1the outside xx orld

Page 261. Saa lifft’; toes t a not i i s theeves at their hcboldcr. I he familiar a\ ing ‘heaatm’ 5 10the eve at tat’ hchaidcr’ Inca ns tha.t xx hat is perceix edas heautitul has more to do with xx hat the perceivorsuhjectiv clv belies es than xx ith the absolute qualitiesof the person on object heing judged I ‘ken ie oursteneoti pes (rigid, cons cntional ide as or beliefs)about gender on culture can greatir influence (color)

what is perceix ed.

Is There E.vtrasensorit Perception?

Page 26a’ . uncaaay People xx ho ha o dreamsthat coincide, by pure han cc IF later ox ents oftenhave an eerie on strange (a’i a a g) teelin; aho it theaccuracs of theh appa’e’it precognitions.

Page 267: ...iaitid—t’i,’a’cio a “fc”’n’t’i xx. somealleged (ca-iaiicdl psychics, using magic tucks andnot extnasensorx ability unethica C manipulate anddeceixe (exi ii gulCh c a in g audienceswith rmpressmx e and ynndr us dew snstratrc us(maa,1 t’t,scia5 nani’ ‘;;n;,p , .M Msts g’nints out.after many, many s uan 0 ins csiIgatic and thou

ands of cxperi’nen xx teo is “ ‘ s ,eu’n cx id.nethat extiaser rx abi’ c I (be c s i t cpanan nma nacd or I p s xxdemcnstnate s uglc iCiOc Ic I ‘ pher. it e

non to ralute the ‘]amm mat tncrc ‘s no I H’ this hasnot happened).

Page 2’H: But sonic people ida hax c a’s ni t’diedhnagi i for xx OI dermen ia I to c en c themagical. Souse COf Ic in p l’si is I hehcxc nl’SP because If c x has ‘ Jeep It ‘ic I ainat J Plaa5ce, tor u’ misc .xnd a’x’z’ m’nt •.m1d a tronyambition on dc’sine (an in (0 cx2!e’m’’ (he mx st uon

and amP m’xymi