KLASIFIKASI TANAH

Dr. Dani Lukman Hakim, SP.

“Tunjukkan sistem klasifikasimu, agar

saya dapat menunjukkan sejauhmana

kamu mendalami masalah-masalah

penelitianmu”

Kubiene (1948) Ahli Fisika Amphere

“Klasifikasi yang baik dan ilmiah, baru dapat

dibuat bila orang mengetahui segala

sesuatunya tentang benda yang

diklasifikasikan”

Pendahuluan

Klasifikasi tanah adalah usaha untuk

membeda-bedakan tanah berdasarkan

atas sifat-sifat yang dimilikinya

Sangat penting…. Kenapa?

Tanah yang berbeda memerlukan perlakuan

(pengelolaan) yang berbeda pula

TUJUAN KLASIFIKASI

Mengorganisasi (menata) tanah

Mengetahui hubungan individu tanah satu sama lain

Memudahkan mengingat sifat-sifat tanah

Mengelompokkan tanah untuk tujuan-tujuan tertentu;

Menaksir sifat-sifatnya

Menentukan lahan-lahan terbaik (prime land)

Menaksir produktivitasnya

Untuk penelitian –kemungkinan eksplorasi

Mempelajari hubungan-hubungan dan sifat-sifat tanah yang baru

BEBERAPA DEFINISI

Kelas; Kelompok individu dgn sifat2 ttt yang sama.

Takson (Taksa): suatu kelas pada tk taksonomik

(pengelompokan) ttt. Atau kelas pd kategori ttt.

Kategori: suatu susunan taksa berdasarkan sifat pembeda pd masing2 tk klasifikasi, terdiri dari semua kelas.

Sifat-sifat Pembeda: sifat2 tanah yang digunakan sbg pembeda untuk mengelompokkan individu2 tanah.

Sifat Kategori Berganda (Multiple): sistem kategori secara hierarkis.

ASAS KLASIFIKASI TANAH

•Asas Genetik (Genetic thread principle)

•Asas Sifat Pembeda Makin Bertambah (Principle of accumulating differentia)

•Asas Menyeluruh Kategori Taksonomik (Principle of wholeness of taxonomic categories)

•Pembatasan Asas Bebas (Ceiling of independence principle)

Klasifikasi Alami Vs Klasifikasi Teknis

Klasifikasi tanah yang

didasarkan atas sifat

tanah yang dimilikinya

tanpa menghubungkan

dengan tujuan

penggunaan tanah tsb

Gambaran dasar (sifat

fisik, kimia, mineralogi)

Sebutan “Klasifikasi

Tanah”

Klasifikasi tanah yang didasarkan atas sifat-sifat tanah yang mempengaruhi kemampuan tanah untuk penggunaan-penggunaan tertentu

Sebutan “Klasifikasi Kemampuan atau kesesuaian lahan”

PERKEMBANGAN SISTEM KLASIFIKASI TANAH

DI DUNIA

Richthofen (1886)

Fallou (1862)

Thaer (1853)

KLASIFIKASI TEKNIS

Siberstsev - Glinka

Dokuchaev (1883)

DITEMUKANNYA PEDOLOGI

Milton W hitney (1909)

Hilgard (1833-1906)

Ruffin (1832)

AMERIKA AW AL

Baldwin, Kellog, & Thorp (1938)

Marbut (1935)

AMERIKA PERTENGAHAN

Soil Survey Staff (1975)

Riecken & Smith (1949)

Thorp & Smith (1949)

KUANTITATIF MODERN

5 (LIMA) PERIODE

KLASIFIKASI TANAH MARBUT (1935) Kategori 6 Pedalfers Pedocals

Kategori 5 Tanah-tanah berasal dari “cumminuted” secara mekanis Tanah-tanah berasal dari bahan dekomposisi siallitik Tanah-tanah berasal dari bahan dekompisisi allitik

Tanah-tanah berasal dari “cumminuted” secara mekanis

Kategori 4 Tundra Podzols Podsolik Coklat Kelabu Tanah Merah Tanah Kuning Tanah Lateritik Tanah Laterit

Chernozem Tanah Coklat Gelap Tanah Coklat Tanah Kelabu Tanah Pedocalik

Kategori 3 Kelompok Tanah matang tetapi seri-seri tanah terkait Tanah Rawa Tanah Glei Rendzina Tanah Aluvial Tanah belum matang pada lereng Tanah Bergaram Tanah Alkali Tanah Gambut

Kelompok Tanah matang tetapi seri-seri tanah terkait Tanah Rawa Tanah Glei Rendzina Tanah Aluvial Tanah belum matang pada lereng Tanah Bergaram Tanah Alkali Tanah Gambut

Kategori 2 Seri-seri Tanah Seri-seri Tanah

Kategori 1 Satuan atau Tipe Tanah Satuan atau Tipe Tanah

Druif (1936)

Tollenaar (1932)

Mohr (1910 - 1916)

BERDIRINYA PPT 1905

Soil Taxonomy (1975) Key To Soil Taxonomy (1983) Key To Soil Taxonomy (1987)

Key To Soil Taxonomy (1998)

Key To Soil Taxonomy (1996)

Key To Soil Taxonomy (1994)

Key To Soil Taxonomy (1992)

Key To Soil Taxonomy (1990)

fao/unesco (1974)

Dudal - Supraptohardjo (1957)

SEJAK TH 1955

MODIFIKASI

KONGRES KE-5 HITI DI MEDAN

7 - 10 DESEMBER 1989

PERKEMBANGAN KLASIFIKASI TANAH DI INDONESIA

Soil Classification

Based on 5 factors of soil formation

Pedon

- 1-10 m2

- large enough to permit study of horizons,

chemistry; too small for mapping

Polypedon

- approximates a series (16,000 in U.S.) - a grouping of similar, contiguous pedons - constitutes a mapping unit

7th approximation - Soil Taxonomy soils as natural bodies capable of classification (vary systematically)

classification based on extant properties, not presumed genesis

systematic nomenclature

Diagnostic Horizons - characterize an order or suborder

Surface horizons (epipedons) - Mollic (A) - Thick, dark colored, high base saturation, strong

structure; Diagnostic for Mollisols

Umbric (A) - Same as Mollic, except low base saturation

Ochric (A) - Light colored, low organic content, may be hard and massive when dry

Histic (O) - Very high in organic content, wet during some part of year diagnostic for Histosols

Subsurface horizons

Argillic (Bt) - Silicate clay accumulation Natric (Btn)

- Argillic, high in sodium, columnar or prismatic structure Spodic (Bhs or Bs)

- Organic matter and/or Al and Fe oxide accumulation

Cambic (B) - Changed or altered by physical movement or

by chemical reactions; characteristic Inceptisols

Oxic (Bo) Fragipan (x) - Brittle pan, usually loamy textured, weakly cemented (Spodosols)

Calcic - (k) - Accumulation of CaCO3 or CaMg(CO3)2 - "caliche“usually in Aridisols or

Mollisols

Gypsic (y) - Accumulation of Gypsum; only in arid soils

Albic (E) - Light colored, clay, Fe and Al oxides mostly removed

PERBANDINGAN KLASIFIKASI (Tumbuhan - Tanah)

KATEGORI NAMA

Phylum : Pteridophyta

Kelas : Angiospermae

Subkelas : Dicotyledoneae

Ordo : Rosales

Famili : Leguminoseae

Genus : Trifolium

Species : Trifolium repens

KATEGORI NAMA

Order : Alfisol

Suborder : Udalf

Great Group: Hapludalf

Subgroup : Typic Hapludalf

Family : Fine loamy,

mixed, mesic

Seri : Miami

(Phase) : Tererosi

HORISON PENCIRI

EPIPEDON

HORISON BAWAH PENCIRI

HORISON PENCIRI UNTUK TANAH

ORGANIK

PENCIRI KHUSUS

REGIM TEMPERATUR

REGIM KELEMBABAN

EPIPEDON

E. HISTIK : b.o > 20%

E. MOLLIK : b.o > 1%; warna lembab/value > 3,5 tebal 18 cm atau lebih; KB > 50%

E. UMBRIK : spt mollik tetapi KB < 50%

E. ANTHROPIK : spt mollik tetapi > 250 ppm P2O5 larut dlm asam sitrat

E. OCHRIK : warna terang value > 3,5; b.o < 1% atau keras-sangat keras & masif

E. PLAGGEN : Tebal > 50 cm, hitam, terbentuk krn pemupukan organik yg terus menerus

+ HORISON ARENIK : banyak pasir tebalnya > 50 cm terletak diatas hor. argilik

+ HORISON GLOSSARENIK : spt arenik, tetapi tebalnya > 100 cm

HORISON BAWAH PENCIRI

H. AGRIK : di bwh lap olah terdapat akumulasi debu, liat & humus

H. ALBIK : Hor berwarna pucat (A2) warna value lembab > 5

H. ARGILIK : Hor penimbunan liat (B, paling sedikit 1,2 X liat diatasnya); selaput liat

H. KALSIK : tebal > 15 cm, CaCO3 atau MgCO3 tinggi

H. KAMBIK : Indikasi lemah adanya argilik/spodik tdk memenuhi syarat utk kedua hor tsb

H. GIPSIK : Gipsum (CaSO4)

H. NATRIK : Hor argilik Na

H. OKSIK : tebal > 30 cm, KTK (NH4OAc) < 16 me/100 g liat, KTK eff < 12 me/a00 g liat

H. PETROKLASIK: Hor kalsik yang mengeras

H. PETROGIPSIK : Hor gipsik yang mengeras

H. SALIK : tebal > 15 cm, banyak garam2 sekunder mdh larut

H. SOMBRIK : Hor berwarna gelap, sifat spt epi umbrik, terjadi iluviasi humus tanpa Al & tdk terletak di bawah hor albik

H. SPODIK : Hor iluviasi sesquioksida bebas & b.o

H. SULFURIK : Hor sulfat masam (cat clay); pH < 3,5, karatan --jerosit

H. KANDIK : Spt argilik tetapi KTK (NH4OAc) < 16 me/100 g liat, KTK eff < 12 me/a00 g liat

HORISON PENCIRI

UNTUK TANAH ORGANIK

BAHAN FIBRIK : b.o. kasar > 2/3

BAHAN HEMIK : b.o. kasar 1/3 - 2/3

BAHAN SAPRIK : b.o. kasar < 1/3

BAHAN HUMILLUVIK : iluviasi humus

setelah lama digunakan cocok taman

BAHAN LIMNIK : endapan organik/anorganik

dari mahluk hidup di air

PENCIRI KHUSUS

KONKRESI

PADAS (PAN)

ORTERDE

ORSTEIN

FRAGIPAN

DURIPAN

PADAS LIAT (CLAY

PAN)

KROTOVINAS

PLINTIT

SLICKENSIDE

SELAPUT LIAT

(CLAY SKIN)

KONTAK LITHIK

KONTAK

PARALITHIK

REGIM TEMPERATUR

PERGILIC - Suhu tanah rata2 thn < 0oC

CRYIC - Suhu tanah rata2 thn 0o - 8oC, m.panas < 15oC

FRIGID - Suhu tanah rata2 thn 0o - 8oC, m.panas > 15oC

MESIC - Suhu tanah rata2 thn 8o - 15oC

THERMIC - Suhu tanah rata2 thn 15o - 22oC

HYPERTHERMIC - Suhu tanah rata2 thn > 22oC

ISO (FRIGID, MESIC, THERMIC, HYPRETHERMIC) - Perbedaan suhu tanah rata2 m.panas dan m.dingin < 5oC

TROPIC - Sifat iso & suhu tanah rata2 thn > 8o (iso mesic atau lebih panas)

REGIM KELEMBABAN

AQUIC – Tanah jenuh air – reduksi karatan, kroma rendah

ARIDIC / TORIC – Kering > 6 bln (bila tanah tdk pernah beku). Tdk pernah lembab > 90 hr berturut-turut atau lebih setiap tahun

PERUDIC – CH setiap bln selalu > evapotranspirasi

UDIC – Tdk pernah kering 90 hr (kumulatif) setiap thn

USTIC – Kering >90 hr (kumulatif) setiap thn, tetapi < 180 hr

XERIC – hanya di mediteran, setiap thn kering > 45 hr berturut-turut di m.panas, dan lembab > 45 hr berturut-turut di m.dingin

TATA NAMA

NAMA ORDER AKHIRAN UNTUK ARTI ASAL KATA

KATEGORI LAIN

ALFISOL ALF dari Al - Fe

ARIDISOL ID Eridus, sangat kering

ENTISOL ENT dari Recent

HISTOSOL IST Histus, jaringan

INCEPTISOL EPT Inceptum, permulaan

MOLLISOL OLL Mollis, lunak

OXISOL OX Oxide, oksida

SPODOSOL OD Spodos, abu

ULTISOL ULT Ultimus, akhir

VERTISOL ERT Verto, berubah

ANDISOL AND Ando, tanah hitam

GELISOL GLEI Gleik,

Contoh: Ordo :

Ultisol (ultus=akhir, perkembangan tanah pada tingkat akhir).

Subordo :

Udult (udus=humida, lembab, tidak pernah kering)

Great group :

Fragiudult (fragifan=padas rapuh, ditemukan fragipan)

Subgroup :

Aquic Fragiudult (aqua=air, kadang-kadang jenuh air)

Famili :

Aquic Fragiudult, halus, kaolinit, isohipertermik (halus=besar butir tanah halus/berliat halus; kaolinitik=mineral liat yang dominan; adalah kaolinit; isohipertermik=suhu tanah > 22 0C, perbedaan suhu musim panas dan musim dingin < 5 0C

Seri : Granada (pertama kali ditemukan di daerah Granada)

Ordo Penciri Utama

Horizon Penciri Sifat-sifat Penciri lain

Alfisol Horison argilik KB >35 %, pada kedalaman 180

cm

Andisol Mempunyai sifat-sifat tanah

andik

Aridisol Regim kelembaban tanah

aridik (sangat kering)

Entisol Hanya ada epipedon ochrik, albik

atau histik

-

Gelisol - Mempunyai sifat gelik

(membeku sepanjang tahun)

Histosol Epipedon histik tebalnya > 40 cm -

Inceptisol Horison kambik -

Mollisol Epipedon mollik KB (NH4OAc pH 7) seluruh

solum > 50%

Oxisol Horison oksik -

Spodosol Horison spodik -

Ultisol Horison argilik KB rendah (< 35%), pada

kedalaman 180 cm

Vertisol - Sifat vertik (mengembang-

mengkerut) > 30% liat

Classification Categories

Order 12

Suborder 47

Great Group 230

Subgroup 1,200

Family 6,600

Series 17,000

Sub Order Emphasize similar genesis

Especially wetnesss, temperature

Entisols

Inceptisols

Mollisols

Alfisols

Ultisols

Oxisols

Vertisols

Aridisols

Spodosols

Histosols

Andisols

Gelisols

Entisols

Entisols are soils of recent origin.

These are soils developed in unconsolidated parent material

They usually have no genetic horizons except an A horizon

All soils that do not fit into one of the other ten orders are Entisols

Parent Material may be refreshed, interupting soil development (floodplains)

Typical of sandy, wet or dry areas

Eutrochrept asal Northen Micigan

Inceptisols are soils that exhibit minimal horizon development

They are more developed than Entisols, having a Cambic horizon

They still lack the features that are characteristic of other soil orders

Inceptisols are widely distributed and occur under a wide range of environmental settings.

They are often found on fairly steep slopes, young geomorphic surfaces, and on resistant parent materials.

Inceptisols

Mollisols are the soils of grassland ecosystems.

They have a thick, soft, dark surface called a mollic epipedon

This dark, fertile surface horizon results from addition of organic materials from plant roots.

They have high base saturation and good crumb structure

Mollisols occur in the middle latitudes in prairie regions such as the Great Plains.

Mollisols are among some of the most productive agricultural soils in the world.

Mollisols

Endoaquol asal Illinois

Alfisols are forest soils that have relatively high native fertility

These soils are well developed and contain an argillic subsurface horizon in which clays have accumulated

The argillic horizon has greater than 35% base saturation

Alfisols are mostly found in temperate humid and subhumid regions of the world

This, along with the native fertility, allows Alfisols to be very productive soils for agriculture and silviculture

Alfisols

Udalf asal Southern Michigan

Ultisols are acid forest soils with relatively low native fertility

They have an acidic argillic horizon with less then 35% base saturation

They are found in warm, humid temperate and tropical areas of the world, typically on old, stable landscapes

The dominant clay is usually kaolinite

They often have a yellowish or reddish color due to the formation of Fe oxides

Ultisols cannot be used for continuous agriculture without the use of fertilizer and lime.

Ultisols

Udult asal North Carolina

Oxisols are very highly weathered soils that are found primarily in tropical regions

They contain few weatherable minerals and are rich in Fe and Al oxide (oxic horizon)

Oxisols have an extremely low level of native fertility, however, they can be extremely productive soils with inputs of lime and fertilizers.

Oxisols

Torrox asal Hawaii

Verisols are montmorillinite clay-rich soils that shrink and swell with changes in moisture content.

They occur under climates that have a seasonal dry period.

During the dry period, the soil volume shrinks and deep, wide cracks form.

The soil volume expands considerably as it wets up, creating serious engineering problems.

Because of the shrink/swell activity of these soils, they often do not have distinct, well-developed horizons.

Illuvial clays coat the cracks forming diagnostic "slickensides"

Vertisols

Xerert asal Idaho

Idaho

Vertisols cracks Slickensides

Aridisols

Aridisols are desert soils that have a subsurface horizon

They are dry most of the year.

Aridisols contain subsurface horizons in which clays, calcium carbonate, silica, salts, and/or gypsum have accumulated.

Surface horizons are often sandy, and an ochric epipedon may be evident

Where irrigation water is available, Aridisols can be very productive although salinization is a problem

Durid with duripan from Idaho

Spodosols

Spodosols are acid forest soils characterized by a subsurface spodic horizon of humus (Bh) and/or Al & Fe oxides (Bs)

These soils often have a light-colored E horizon overlying a reddish-brown spodic horizon.

Spodosols often occur under coniferous forest in cool, moist climates

Spodic horizons are created by organic acid leaching

Endoaquod in North Carolina

Groudwater leaching

Histosols

Histosols are soils composed mainly of organic materials

They contain at least 20-30% organic matter by weight and are more than 40 cm thick (Histic horizon)

Histosols typically form where poor drainage inhibits decomposition of plant remains

Histosols are often referred to as peats and mucks and can be very productive if drained

Saprist from Michigan

Andisols

Andisols are soils that have formed in volcanic ash.

These soils are dominated by amorphous minerals such as allophane and imogolite

Andisols have a high water-holding capacity and the ability to 'fix' (and make unavailable to plants) large quantities of phosphorus

They occur near many volcanoes around the Pacific rim

Xerand from idaho

Gelisols

Tundra soils Occur over

permafrost Cryoturbation

(frost churning) Gelid

(cold)