CONTENT

PAGE

1. DESCRIPTION OF METHOD 2

2. REFERENCE STANDARDS 2

3. PROCEDURE METHOD 2

4. METHOD TECHNIQUES 3

5. DEFINITION 3

6. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 3

7. METHOD RESTRICTIONS 3

8. SURFACE PREPARATION 4

9. APPLICATION 5

10. INTERPRETATION & EVALUATION 6

11. REPORTING 6

APPENDIX 1 : LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION 7

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1. DESCRIPTION OF METHOD

The liquid Penetrant Inspection method is an effective, and simple low cost means for detecting surface opening discontinuities of nonporous metallic or non-metallic materials. Typical discontinuities that can be detected are cracks, seams, laps, laminations, porosity, etc.

The principle is, that a liquid penetrant, applied to a surface, is drawn into a surface opening discontinuity by capilliary action, then excess surface penetrant is removed. A developer is then applied to function both as a blotter to absorb thetrapped penetrant in the discontinuities, and as a contrasting background to enhance the visibility of penetrant indications. The indications produced are much broader than the actual discontinuity and are therefore more visible.

The dyes in penetrants are either colour contrast (visible under normal light), or fluorescent (visible under ultraviolet light).

2. REFERENCE STANDARDS

This procedure is based on the ASME Standard Section V 'Non Destructive Examination', Article 6 'Liquid Penetrant Examination'.

3. PROCEDURE METHOD

There are various methods for performing liquid penetrant inspection which are dependent on the job at hand. However, within ADMA-OPCO the most commonlyused is that which involves solvent removable penetrants, solvent removers and non-aqueous developers. These are supplied in aerosol form, typical being those available on the ADMA-OPCO Vocabulary of Materials.

Catalogue No. - 13820 02250 Ardrox type 996P Dye PenetrantCatalogue No. - 13820 02251 Ardrox type 9PR551 Penetrant RemoverCatalogue No. - 13820 02252 Ardrox type 9D6F DeveloperCatalogue No. - 3820 02260 Magnaflux Fluorescent Penetrant

The liquid Penetrant Inspection procedure herein will therefore be based on that method mentioned above.

Any other method to be employed within ADMA-OPCO will require approval from Head of Quality Assurance.

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4. METHOD TECHNIQUES

Of the method mentioned in section 3, there are two techniques that may be used.

a) The Colour Contrast technique.b) The Fluorescent Penetrant technique.

Technique 'a' is the most common and is simply a contrast between the penetrant (normally red) and the background developer (normally white).

Technique 'b' involves a fluorescent penetrant which. requires adarkened area and the use of filtered ultra violet light (black light). This technique is usually used when the maximum flaw sensitivity is required.

5. DEFINITION

The terms 'penetrant materials' as used herein is intended to mean all penetrants, solvents or cleaning agents, developers etc., utilised in the examination process.

6. SAFETY REQUIREMENT'S

Examinations shall be carried out in compliance with the ADMA-OPCO Safety Regulations.

The Supervisor of the work will obtain an authorised, and in date Permit to Work from the relevant area authority. Work will be carried out in accordance with the rules and regulations of that permit. If work is to be carried out in a confined space an EntryPermit will also be required. It is imperative that the Supervisor assess the work in hand. Certain penetrant materials are toxic and harmful if inhaled. Confined spaces haveto be well ventilated.

7. METHOD RESTRICTIONS

a) As mentioned in item 6, certain penetrant materials are toxic and harmful if inhaled. The work location must be assessed and suitable safety precautions taken.

b) Surface temperatures of the areas to be examined must be assessed, taking into account the time the penetrant will remain on the surface (9.1). The working range for solvent removable penetrant is 16 °C to 52 °C.

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c) Intermixing of methods is not allowed, e.g. an individual material of say this procedure cannot be replaced by a water washable material.

8. SURFACE PREPARATION

a) In general, satisfactory results may be obtained when the surface to be examined is in the as welded, as rolled, as cast or as forged condition. Surface preparation by grinding, machining, or other methods may be necessarywhere surface irregularities could mask indications of unacceptable discontinuities. Abrasive blasting of surfaces to be examined is not allowed,as this may peen over discontinuities and mask their existence.

Stainless steel surfaces will receive special attention as such surfaces are susceptible to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). This form of cracking is very fine in nature and not easily detectable. The only acceptable means ofpreparation is by flapper type disc or by hand applied emery paper. The use of grinding wheels to dress the surface of stainless steel that has been exposed to theenvironment for some time, is not permitted.

b) Prior to all liquid penetrant examinations, the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within 25mm shall be dry and free of all paint, dirt, grease, oil, welding flux, weld spatter and other extraneous matter that could obscuresurface openings or otherwise interfere with the examination.

c) The cleaning method employed is an important part of the examination process.Typical cleaning agents which may be used are detergents, organic solvents, descaling solutions, and paint removers.

d) After cleaning, drying of the surfaces to be examined shall be accomplished by normal evaporation. The Supervisor shall ensure thatthis has been achieved before allowing application of the penetrant.

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9. APPLICATION

9.1 Penetrant

The penetrant shall be applied by spraying. Coverage of the surface to be examined shall be 100% as identified by the naked eye.

The period between applying & removing the penetrant (soak period) is critical and shall not be less than 20 minutes, but in the case of stainless steel this shall be30 minutes.

9.2 Excess Penetrant Removal

After the specified penetration time has elapsed, any penetrant remaining on the surface shall be removed, taking care not to remove penetrant from discontinuities. This shall be achieved by cleaning the area with a clean lint free cloth or tissue, moistened with the penetrant remover solution (refer Section 3) This will be repeated until no surface colouration remains. The Penetrant

Remover solution must not be sprayed directly onto the surface.

Allow to dry by normal evaporation.

9.3 Developing

The developer shall be applied immediately after the surface has dried as in 9.2. It shall be applied by spraying and deposited in a thin even overall layer.

It should be noted that an insufficient coating thickness may not draw the penetrant out of discontinuities, conversely, excessive coating thickness may result in pooling and thus mask indications.

Interpretation should be carried out immediately following application and again after 10 to 15 minutes (dwell period).

A final check should be carried out after 30 minutes.

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10. INTERPRETATION & EVALUATION

Interpretation and evaluation will be in accordance with the stated reference standard (see section 2). Only qualified technicians or the Supervisor or the ADMA-OPCO Inspection Engineer will perform this task.

11. REPORTING

A full report will be compiled at the end of each inspection and presented to theADMA-OPCO Engineer. The format of the report will have been agreed beforehand but will include at a minimum, - Descriptive detail of the subject under test,

- Material of subject under test,

- Penetrant materials used, i.e. manufacturer, manufacturer's type, material type,

- Surface condition,

- Timings for penetrant soak period and developer dwell time,

- Evaluation of results,

- Supervisor's authorised signature.

A typical report sheet will be as appendix 1.

WMT/ff/1426k

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LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION

ADMA-OPCO PROCEDURE No..........................

INSPECTING COMPANY TECHNICIAN DATE REPORT No.CLIENT PLACE OF INSPECTION PROJECT/JOB TITLE &

No.DESCRIPTION OFCOMPONENT

SUBJECT MATERIALSPEC

SIZE & DRAWING No. Reference StandardASME V

INSPECTION METHOD DETAILS

WATER WASHABLE SOLVENT REMOVABLE POSTEMULSIFIED

VISIBLE FLUORES. VISIBLE FLUORES. VISIBLE FLUORES.

CLEANERPENETRANTEMULSIFIERREMOVERDEVELOPERLIGHT WAVE LENGTHTRADE NAME & TYPESURFACEPREPARATION

PENETRANT APPLICATION PENETRATION TIME

EMULSIFIERAPPLICATION

PENETRANT REMOVAL DEVELOPER APPLICATION

DRYING PROCESS DEVELOPING TIME CHECKING MAX. TIME

Inspection Results

TECHNICIAN CLIENT REPRESENTATIVE

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