penicillin mode of action

5
Vol. 46 UROPORPHYRIN IN ACUTE PORPHYRIA 1 5 7 REFERENCES Gibson, Q . H . , Harrison, D . C . & Montgomery, D . A . . (1950). Brit. med. J . (i n t h e Press). Grinstein, M., Schwartz, S . & Watson, C. J . (1945). J. biol. Chem. 157, 323. McSwiney, R . R., Nicholas, R . E . H . & Prunty, F . T . G . (1949). Biochem. J. 44, x x . Nicholas, R . E . H . & Rimington, C . (1949). Scand. J . clin. lab. Inve8t. 1 , 12 . Prunty, F . T . G . (1945). Biochem. J . 3 9 , 446. Rimington, C . (1943 a ) . Biochem. J . 3 7 , 137. Rimington, C . (1943 b ) . Biochem. J . 37, 443. Waldenstrom, J . & Vahlquist, . (1939). Hoppe-Seyl. Z . 260, 189. Watson, C. J . , Schwartz, S . & Hawkinson, V . (1945). J . biol. Chem. 157, 345. Th e Site of Action of Penicillin 1 . UPTAKE O F PENICILLIN ON BACTERIA B Y D . ROWLEY, P . D . COOPER AN D P . W. ROBERTS Wright-Fleming Institute o f Microbiology a n d Physics Department, St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, AND E . LESTER SMITH Research Division, Glaxo Laboratories Ltd., Greenford, Middlesex (Received 21 June 1949) Sinice t h e discovery o f penicillin considerable data have been published about i t s mode o f action. Among t h e findings whichhave a real bearing o n t h e primary action of the drug o n bacterial metabolism i s t h e early observation that penicillin does n ot affect resting cells, but gradually inhibits th e respiration o f rapidly growing cells (Chain & Duthie, 1945). This would indicate that t h e killing effect i s associated with t h e a c t o f division, a n d f or this reason studies with isolated enzyme systems areunlikelyto progress f a r unless t h e enzymes studied ar e closely connected with cell division. Gale & Rodwell (1949) have shown that b y training a sensitive organism to dispense with certain amino- acids i t becomes more resistant t o penicillin without any contact with t h e drug. I t appears that if an orga i s m requires energy t o transport preformed from t h e environment i t b e sensitive t o penicillin. I n th e case o f o n e such aminlo-acid (glutamic acid, Gale & Taylor, 1947) i t w a s found that penicillin prevented active transport across t h e cell wall. Active growth o f th e organism f o r several hours i n th e presence of penicillin i s required f o r t h e prevention o f amino-acid transport. This prevention may, therefore, b e an e nd result of a series of reactions instituted b y t h e penicillin, an d s very probably still a secondary effect o f t h e drug, although i t m a y occur earlier than many other effects noticed. I t remains t o b e seen whether this pheno- menon i s actually t h e cause o f death of organism. Th e present studies aimed a t examing t h e primary action o f penicillin o n t h e bacterial cell. Th e penicillin molecules which affect bacteria m a y become attached t o them. Hobby, Meyer & Chaffee (1942) were unable t o show any definite removal o f t h e drug b y bacteria when using biological assay methods, a nd s o a more sensitive method would b e required t o detect t h e minute amounts o f penicillin which m a y be involved. Th e incorporation o f a radioactive element i n th e antibiotic seemed a likely method o f affording a high sensitivity, and had t h e added advantage that t h e fate o f t h e penicillin could be followed after reaction with th e organism. Radio- active 3 5 S was addedtoasyntheticpenicilinmedium, an d the crude labelled penicillin extracted from t h e culture filtrate w a s utilized i n o u r experiments. Initially some difficulties were encountered owing t o t h e very small amount o f penicillin removed b y t h e bacteria, a n d t o t h e very soft radiations o f 3 5 S (Rowley, Miller, Rowlands & Lester Smith, 1948). However, b y using penicillin o f highest specific activity a n d b y directly measuring t h e radioactivity o n thin layers o f dried bacteria, consistent results have been obtained (Cooper & Rowley 1949). EXPERIMENTAL Preparation o f radioactive penicillin T h e chemically defined medium o f Jarvis & Johnson (1947) f or t he growth o f t h e mould h a s been successfully modified b y decreasing t he S content t o about a quarter, thereby deliberately saarficing t h e total yield o f penicillin i n favour o f a higher yield calculated o n t h e S . T h e radioactive S in most instances w a s supplied as Na,S, which w a s converted t o sulphate b y boiling with ammonia a n d redistilled H20,. After inoculation with a loopful ofvegetative mould suspen- sion, t he medium was shaken for about 4 days a t 2 4 0 an d

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8/8/2019 Penicillin Mode of Action

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l . 4 6 UROPORPHYRIN IN ACUTE PORPHYRIA 1 5 7

REFERENCES

Q . H . , H a r r i s o n , D . C . & M o n t g o m e r y , D . A . D .( 1 9 5 0 ) . B r i t . m e d . J . ( i n t h e P r e s s ) .n s t e i n , M . , S c h w a r t z , S . & W a t s o n , C . J . ( 1 9 4 5 ) . J . b i o l .C h e m . 1 5 7 , 3 2 3 .

R . R . , N i c h o l a s , R . E . H . & P r u n t y , F . T . G .

( 1 9 4 9 ) . B i o c h e m . J . 4 4 , x x .R . E . H . & R i m i n g t o n , C . ( 1 9 4 9 ) . S c a n d . J . c l i n .

l a b . I n v e 8 t . 1 , 1 2 .

P r u n t y , F . T . G . ( 1 9 4 5 ) . B i o c h e m . J . 3 9 , 4 4 6 .R i m i n g t o n , C . ( 1 9 4 3 a ) . B i o c h e m . J . 3 7 , 1 3 7 .R i m i n g t o n , C . ( 1 9 4 3 b ) . B i o c h e m . J . 3 7 , 4 4 3 .W a l d e n s t r o m , J . & V a h l q u i s t , B . ( 1 9 3 9 ) . H o p p e - S e y l . Z .

2 6 0 , 1 8 9 .

W a t s o n , C . J . , S c h w a r t z , S . & H a w k i n s o n , V . ( 1 9 4 5 ) . J . b i o l .C h e m . 1 5 7 , 3 4 5 .

Th e S i t e o f A c t i o n o f P e n i c i l l i n

1 . UPTAKE OF PENICILLIN ON BACTERIA

BY D . ROWLEY, P . D . COOPER AND P . W. ROBERTS

W r i g h t - F l e m i n g I n s t i t u t e o f M i c r o b i o l o g y a n d P h y s i c s D e p a r t m e n t , S t M a r y ' s H o s p i t a l , P a d d i n g t o n ,

AND E . LESTER SMITHR e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n , G l a x o L a b o r a t o r i e s L t d . , G r e e n f o r d , M i d d l e s e x

( R e c e i v e d 2 1 June 1 9 4 9 )

t h e d i s c o v e r y o f p e n i c i l l i n c o n s i d e r a b l e d a t a

b e e n p u b l i s h e d a b o u t i t s mode o f a c t i o n . Amongh e f i n d i n g s w h i c h h a v e a r e a l b e a r i n g on t h e p r i m a r y

o f t h e d r u g o n b a c t e r i a l m e t a b o l i s m i s t h e

o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t p e n i c i l l i n d o e s n o t a f f e c tc e l l s , b u t g r a d u a l l y i n h i b i t s t h e r e s p i r a t i o n

f r a p i d l y g r o w i n g c e l l s ( C h a i n & D u t h i e , 1 9 4 5 ) . T h i s

i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e k i l l i n g e f f e c t i s a s s o c i a t e d

t h e a c t o f d i v i s i o n , and f o r t h i s r e a s o n s t u d i e s

i s o l a t e d enzyme s y s t e m s a r e u n l i k e l y t o p r o g r e s s

r u n l e s s t h e e n z y m e s s t u d i e d a r e c l o s e l y c o n n e c t e d

c e l l d i v i s i o n .G a l e & R o d w e l l ( 1 9 4 9 ) h a v e shown t h a t b y t r a i n i n g

s e n s i t i v e o r g a n i s m t o d i s p e n s e w i t h c e r t a i n a m i n o -

i t b e c o m e s more r e s i s t a n t t o p e n i c i l l i n w i t h o u t

ny c o n t a c t w i t h t h e d r u g . I t a p p e a r s t h a t i f an

i s m r e q u i r e s e n e r g y t o t r a n s p o r t p r e f o r m e d

f r o m t h e e x t e r n a l e n v i r o n m e n t i t w i l le s e n s i t i v e t o p e n i c i l l i n . I n t h e c a s e o f o n e s u c h

( g l u t a m i c a c i d , G a l e & T a y l o r , 1 9 4 7 ) i tas f o u n d t h a t p e n i c i l l i n p r e v e n t e d a c t i v e t r a n s p o r t

t h e c e l l w a l l . A c t i v e g r o w t h o f t h e o r g a n i s mr s e v e r a l h o u r s i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f p e n i c i l l i n i s

f o r t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f a m i n o - a c i d t r a n s p o r t .

p r e v e n t i o n m a y , t h e r e f o r e , b e a n e n d r e s u l t o f

s e r i e s o f r e a c t i o n s i n s t i t u t e d by t h e p e n i c i l l i n , and

v e r y p r o b a b l y s t i l l a s e c o n d a r y e f f e c t o f t h e d r u g ,

i t m a y o c c u r e a r l i e r t h a n m a n y o t h e r e f f e c t sI t r e m a i n s t o b e s e e n w h e t h e r t h i s p h e n o -

i s a c t u a l l y t h e c a u s e o f d e a t h o f t h e o r g a n i s m .The p r e s e n t s t u d i e s a i m e d a t examing t h e

a c t i o n o f p e n i c i l l i n o n t h e b a c t e r i a l c e l l . Them o l e c u l e s w h i c h a f f e c t b a c t e r i a m a y

become a t t a c h e d t o t h e m . Hobby, Meyer & C h a f f e e

( 1 9 4 2 ) w e r e u n a b l e t o s how a ny d e f i n i t e r e m o v a l o f

t h e d r u g b y b a c t e r i a when u s i n g b i o l o g i c a l a s s a y

m e t h o d s , a n d s o a more s e n s i t i v e method w o u l d b e

r e q u i r e d t o d e t e c t t h e m i n u t e a m o u n t s o f p e n i c i l l i nw h i c h m a y b e i n v o l v e d . Th e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f a

r a d i o a c t i v e e l e m e n t i n t h e a n t i b i o t i c s e e m e d a l i k e l ymethod o f a f f o r d i n g a h i g h s e n s i t i v i t y , a nd ha d t h e

a d d e d a d v a n t a g e t h a t t h e f a t e o f t h e p e n i c i l l i n c o u l d

b e f o l l o w e d a f t e r r e a c t i o n w i t h t h e o r g a n i s m . R a d i o -

a c t i v e 3 5 S was a d d e d t o a s y n t h e t i c p e n i c i l i n m e d i u m ,

and t h e c r u d e l a b e l l e d p e n i c i l l i n e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e

c u l t u r e f i l t r a t e was u t i l i z e d i n o u r e x p e r i m e n t s .

I n i t i a l l y some d i f f i c u l t i e s w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d o w i n g

t o t h e v e r y s m a l l amount o f p e n i c i l l i n r e m o v e d b y

t h e b a c t e r i a , a nd t o t h e v e r y s o f t r a d i a t i o n s o f 3 5 S( R o w l e y , M i l l e r , R o w l a n d s & L e s t e r S m i t h , 1 9 4 8 ) .

H o w e v e r , b y u s i n g p e n i c i l l i n o f t h e h i g h e s t s p e c i f i ca c t i v i t y and by d i r e c t l y m e a s u r i n g t h e r a d i o a c t i v i t y

o n t h i n l a y e r s o f d r i e d b a c t e r i a , c o n s i s t e n t r e s u l t sh a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d ( C o o p e r & Rowley 1 9 4 9 ) .

EXPERIMENTAL

P r e p a r a t i o n o f r a d i o a c t i v e p e n i c i l l i n

T h e c h e m i c a l l y d e f i n e d medium o f J a r v i s & J o h n s o n ( 1 9 4 7 )f o r t h e g r o w t h o f t h e m o u l d h a s b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y m o d i f i e d

b y d e c r e a s i n g t h e S c o n t e n t t o a b o u t a q u a r t e r , t h e r e b y

d e l i b e r a t e l y s a a r f i c i n g t h e t o t a l y i e l d o f p e n i c i l l i n i n f a v o u r

o f a h i g h e r y i e l d c a l c u l a t e d o n t h e S . T h e r a d i o a c t i v e S i nm o s t i n s t a n c e s w a s s u p p l i ed a s N a , S , w h i c h w a s c o n v e r t e d

t o s u l p h a t e b y b o i l i n g w i t h ammonia a n d r e d i s t i l l e d H 2 0 , .A f t e r i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h a l o o p f u l o f v e g e ta t i v e m o u l d s u s p e n -

s i o n , t h e medium w a s s h a k e n f o r a b o u t 4 d a y s a t 2 4 0 a n d

8/8/2019 Penicillin Mode of Action

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1 5 8 D . ROWLEY, P . D . COOPER, P . W. ROBERTS AND E . LESTER SMITH I 9 5 0

i f i t e r e d f r e e f r o m m y c e l i u m . T h e b r o t h a n d w a s h i n g s w e r e

c o o l e d i n i c e , a c i d i f i e d t o pH 2 w i t h H C l , a n d r a p i d l y e x t r a c t e d

s e v e r a l t i m e s w i t h i c e - c o l d e t h e r . T h e p e n i c i l l i n w a s e x -t r a c t e d f r o m t h i s w i t h d i l u t e p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r a t pH7-5

c o n t a i n i n g 0-1% o f s o d i u m h e x a m e t a p h o s p h a t e t o s t a b i l i z et h e p e n i c i l l i n .

T a b l e 1 s h o w s t h e q u a n t i t i e s u s e d a n d y i e l d s o b t a i n e d . T h e

p e n i c i l l i n w a s d i s p e n s e d i n a m p o u l e s ( 4 0 u n i t s ) , f r e e z e d r i e d

a n d s t o r e d i n t h e r e f r i g e r a t o r . T h e b i o l o g i c a l a n d r a d i o -a c t i v i t i e s w e r e r e d e t e r m i n e d a t w e e k l y i n t e r v a l s .

V o l . medium( m l . )

21 01 025

t a k i n g s a m p l e s , p r o d u c e d r e s u l t s w h i c h v a r i e d w i t h i n t h e

a p p r o x i m a t e l i m i t s o f ± 20 % .

U p t a k e h a s b e e n e x p r e s s e d a s I n t e r n a t i o n a l p e n i c i l l i nu n i t s / g . d r y w t . o f b a c t e r i a .Aswy o f r a d i o p e n i c i U i n . T h e r a d i o a c t i v e a s s a y s w e r e

p e r f o r m e d w i t h s t a n d a r d e q u i p m e n t a n d u s i n g w e l l - k n o w n

t e c h n i q u e s . T h e e q u i p m e n t c o n s i s t s o f a t h i n m i c a w i n d o w

G e i g e r M i f l l e r c o u n t e r ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 m g . f s q . c m . ; G e n e r a l

E l e c t r i c C o . L t d ) o p e r a t i n g i n t o a T . R . E . t y p e 1 0 1 4 p r o b e u n i t ,t h e c o u n t s b e i n g r e g i s t e r e d b y a t y p e 2 0 0 A . s c a l e r . T h e

T a b l e 1 . Y i e l d 8 o f r a d i o p e n i c i l l i n o b t a i n e d i n f i v e f e r m e n t a t i o n s

P e n i c i l l i n C o n v e r s i o n S p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y3 5 S c o n e n . y i e l d o f 3 5 S , - _ A A

( t c / m l . ) ( u n i t s ) ( % ) ( c . / u n i t ) ( C o u n t s / u n i t )

5 0 3 3 0 2 0 0 - 0 6 0 1 2 , 1 0 0

5 0 2 5 0 0 1 8 0 - 0 3 7 7 , 5 0 0

8 8 1 5 0 0 1 6 0 - 0 9 5 1 9 , 0 0 0

2 5 0 2 2 0 8 - 0 0 - 1 8 3 3 7 , 0 0 01 0 0 4 2 0 5 - 3 0 - 0 6 3 1 2 , 8 0 0

U p t a k e o f p e n i c i l l i n b y b a c t e r i a

At l e a s t 5 0 mg. o f d r y b a c t e r i a were r e q u i r e d f o r e a c h

e x p e r i m e n t , a n d t h e o r g a n i s m s were h a r v e s t e d f r o m 1 6 h r .

c u l t u r e s on a g a r p l a t e s a n d e m p l o y e d i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

0 . 1 - 1 0 m g. d r y w t . / m l . o f m e d i u m . None o f t h e o r g a n i s m s

e m p l o y e d p r o d u c e d p e n i c i l l i n a s e .To m e a s u r e u p t a k e , a b a c t e r i a l s u s p e n s i o n i n b r o t h was

d i v i d e d i n t o s e v e r a l e q u a l p o r t i o n s ( g e n e r a l l y 2 m l . ) and

i n c u b a t e d f o r 1 h r . R a d i o p e n i c i l l i n was a d d e d i n v a r y i n g

a m o u n t s , a n d t h e s u s p e n s i o n s were i n c u b a t e d f o r a f u r t h e r

h o u r . T h e o r g a n i s m s were t h e n c e n t r i f u g e d a t a b o u t

1 5 0 0 r e v . / m i n . f o r 2 0 m i n . , w a s h e d once a n d r e s u s p e n d e d i n

d i s t i l l e d w a t e r .

S a m p l e s o f t h e s e s u s p e n s i o n s ( 0 - 1 m l . ) were i m m e d i a t e l y

t r a n s f e r r e d t o 9 - 9 m l . o f f o r m o l saline f o r t u r b i d i m e t r i c assay

on a H i l g e r a b s o r p t i o m e t e r , c a l i b r a t e d i n t e r m s o f b a c t e r i a ld r y w t . / m l . S i m i l a r p o r t i o n s p l a c e d on 1 cm. n i c k e l p l a n -

c h e t t e s w e r e d r i e d a t 1 2 0 0 f o r 2 0 m i n . a n d k e p t i n a d e s i c c a t o r

u n t i l c o u n t e d . S p r e a d i n g o f t h e s a m p l e s wasr e a d i l y a c h i e v e d

b y d i l u t i n g w i t h d i s t i l l e d w a t e r u n t i l t h e s u s p en s i o n c o v e r e d

a l l t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e p l a n c h e t t e , when t h e b a c t e r i a s e t t l e de v e n l y a n d w e r e n o t d i s t u r b e d b y d r y i n g . U n d e r t h e s e

c o n d i t i o n s t h e s a m p l e l a y e r was never t h i c k e r t h a n

0 - 3 - 0 - 6 m g . / s q . c m . , when s e l f - a b s o r p t i o n e f f e c t s were f o u n d

t o b e n e g l i g i b l e .Whe n t h e y h a d b e e n s a m p l e d f o r t u r b i d i m e t r i c a n d t o t a l

r a d i o a c t i v e a s s a y , t h e b a c t e r i a l s u s p e n s i o n s i n d i s t i l l e d w a t e rwere c e n t r i f u g e d a n d t h e c l e a r s u p e r n a t a n t was c o u n t e d .

T h i s u s u a l l y c o n t a i n e d n e g l i g i b l e r a d i o a c t i v i t y . T h e

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h i s c o u n t a n d t h a t o f t h e s u s p e n s i o n a s

a w h o l e was t a k e n t o b e t h e r a d i o a c t i v i t y a t t a c h e d t o t h e

b a c t e r i a . T h i s d i f f e r e n c e m e t h o d w o u l d t e n d t o r e d u c e

p o s s i b l e errors f r o m b a c k g r o u n d v a r i a t i o n , a n d i s e q u i v a l e n t

t o c o u n t i n g b a c k g r o u n d f o r a t i m e e q u a l t o t h a t t a k e n over

e a c h b a c t e r i a l s u s p e n s i o n .

The a c t i v i t y was l o w , a b o u t 1 0 c o u n t s / m i n . a b o v e b a c k -

g r o u n d , w h i c h was r e a s o n a b l y c o n s t a n t a t 1 4 c o u n t s / m m i .

E i t h e r n i n e or f i v e s a m p l e s o f e a c h s u s p e n s i o n w e r e c o u n t e d

f o r 5 or 1 0 m i n . r e s p e c t i v e l y , g i v i n g a t o t a l o f a b o u t 5 0 0

c o u n t s a b o v e b a c k g r o u n d f r o m w h i c h t h e p r o b a b l e s t a t i s t i c a lerror t o b e e x p e c t e d i s ± %. T h i s , w i t h an error o f ±%f r o m t h e a b s o r p t i o m e t e r r e a d i n g s a n d an unknown error i n

r e s o l v i n g t i m e o f t h e p r o b e u n i t w a s s e t a t 4 0 0 , u s e c . , t h ec o u n t i n g r a t e b e i n g s u f f i c i e n t l y l o w ( b e l o w 6 0 0 c o u n t s / m i n . )t o n e g l e ct a n y c o r r e c t i o n f r o m t h i s s o u r c e o f e r r o r .

T o t a l c o u n t s w e r e o f t h e o r d e r o f t wi c e t h e b a c k g r o u n d .A l t h o u g h t h e u s e o f ' i n f i n i t e l y t h i c k ' l a y e r s o f m a t e r i a l on t h e

p l a n c h e t t e w o u l d h a v e i n c r e a s e d t h e c o u n t i n g r a t e , t h e

m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e c o n f i n e d t o t h i c k n e s s e s b e l o w t h a t a t

w h i c h s e l f - a b s o r p t i o n c o r r e c t i o n s b e c a m e n e c e s s a r y . T h i s

c h o i c e w a s m a i n l y d i c t a t e d b y t h e s m a l l q u a n t i t y o f r ad i o

p e n i c i l l i n a v a i l a b l e , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f p l a c i n gs u f f i c i e n t m a t e r i a l o n t h e p l a n c h e t t e . An e x p e r i m e n t a l c u r v e

w a s d e r i v e d r e l a t i n g l o s s o f c o u n t s f r o m s e l f - a b s o r p t i o n w i t h

w t . / u n i t a r e a o f m a t e r i a l o n t h e p l a n c h e t t e . I t w a s f o u n d

t h a t a t h i c k n e s s o f 1 - 0 m g . / s q . c m . g a v e an e r r o r o f a p p r o x i -m a t e l y 5 %. T h e l a y e r t h i c k n e s s u s e d i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t s

n e v e r e x c e e d e d 0 - 6 m g . / s q . c m . a n d w e r e g e n e r a l l y much l e s s ,t h u s g i v i n g a n e g l i g i b l e c o r r e c t i o n .

A l l c o u n t s w e r e c o m p a r a t i v e , a n d t h e r a d i o a c t i v i t y o f t h e

p e n i c i l l i n w a s a s s a y e d a t w e e k l y i n t e r v a l s . A " 5 S s t a n d a r d ,g i v i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 0 c o u n t s / m i n . , w a s c o u n t e d a t r e g u l a ri n t e r v a l s t o g e t h e r w i t h a b a c k g r o u n d c o u n t , e n a b l i n g a d e c a y

c u r v e o f 5 8 5 t o b e p l o t t e d . T h i s w i t h a U s t a n d a r d c o u n t

p r o v i d e d a r o u g h c h e c k on t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e e q u i p m e n t .T h e g e o m e t r i c a l a r r a n g e m e n t b e l o w t h e w i n d o w o f t h e

c o u n t e r w a s i d e n t i c a l i n a l l t h e e x p e r i m e n t s , t h u s e n s u r i n gc o n s t a n t e f f i c i e n c y a n d s c a t t e r . T h e p l a n c h e t t e s e m p l o y e dw e r e s u f f i c i e n t l y t h i c k f o r t h e b a c k s c a t t e r t o b e s a t u r a t e d .

RESULTS

V a r i a t i o n i n u p t a k e w i t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n

o f p e n i c i l l i n i n medium

B a c t e r i a a r e u n a b l e t o d i v i d e w h e n i n c u b a t e d i n

b r o t h a b o v e a c e r t a i n b a c t e r i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( t h e'M c o n c e n t r a t i o n ' , B a i l , 1 9 2 9 ) . Underthese ' r e s t i n g 'c o n d i t i o n s ( e . g . 3 m g . d r y w t . / m l . ) a nd i n s a l i n e , t h e

p e n i c i l l i n t a k e n up on t h e b a c t e r i a w a s found t o

i n c r e a s e w i t h t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p e n i c i l l i n both

w i t h s e n s i t i v e a n d w i t h r e s i s t a n t o r g a n i s m s . Four

s e n s i t i v e s t a p h y l o c o c c i t e s t e d d i f f e r e d i n s h a p e o fu p t a k e c u r v e f r o m t w o r e s i s t a n t s t a p h y l o c o c c i , a n d

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THE S I T E OF ACTION OF PENICILLIN

f r o m E 8 c h e r i c h i a c o l i and K l e b 8 i e l l a p n e u m o n i a e ,a t p e n i c i l l i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s l e s s t h a n 0 . 1 u n i t / m l .

( F i g . 1 s h o w s two t y p i c a l c u r v e s ) .

_ T h e o r e t i c a l . u p t a k e w h e n t h ep e n i c i l l i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s e q u a l

I i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e t h e c e l l

3 - /-

, ,1 S e n s i t i v i t y ( 5 0 u n i t s / m l . )

0 : 5 1 0 1 5 2C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p e n i c i l l i n I n s u s p e n d i n g m e d i u m ( u n i t s / m l . )

F i g . 1 . P e n i c i l l i n u p t a k e o n r e s t i n g s e n s i t i v e ( - [ 1 - E Q - ) a n dr e s i s t a n t ( - A \ - A \ - ) s t a p h y l o c o c c i o n s u s p e n s i o n i n s o l u t i o n so f t h e d r u g . T h e t h e o r e t i c a l u p t a k e i s c a l c u l a t e d o n t h e

a s s u m p t i o n t h a t a l l t h e w a t e r r e m o v e d b y d r y i n g t h e c e l l sa t 1 2 0 ° i s a v a i l a b l e f o r s o l u t i o n o f t h e p e n i c i l l i n .

8 :

- t

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c 5 ,

4 -

3 4-

< , J.

Under c o n d i t i o n s o f r a p i d d i v i s i o n t h e u p t a k e wa s

g r e a t e r , and e v e n q u i t e r e s i s t a n t o r g a n i s m s c o u l d

c o n c e n t r a t e p e n i c i l l i n f r o m t h e medium t o some

e x t e n t . When 0 * 0 4 u n i t / m l . o f r a d i o a c t i v e p e n i c i l l i nwas i n c u b a t e d f o r 1 h r . w i t h a r a p i d l y g r o w i n g

c u l t u r e , t h e u p t a k e was f o u n d t o i n c r e a s e w i t h t h e

s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e s t r a i n ( F i g . 2 ) .

U p t a k e w i t h t i m e

I f r a d i o p e n i c i l l i n i s a d d e d t o a ' r e s t i n g ' c u l t u r e o f

a s e n s i t i v e s t a p h y l o c o c c u s , w h i c h i s t h e n i m m e d i a t e l y

c e n t r i f u g e d , t h e u p t a k e i s f o u n d t o b e e s s e n t i a l l y t h e

same a f t e r 3 m i n . a s a f t e r l o n g er c o n t a c t t i m e s .

3 4 5 6I n c u b 3 t i o n t i m e ( h r . )

AA

F i g . 3 . R a t e o f p e n i c i l l i n u p t a k e ( - A - A - ) o n r a p i d l y g r o w i n gs e n s i t i v e s t a p h y l o c o c c i , c o m p a r e d w i t h r a t e o f g r o w t h i np r e s e n c e ( - x - x - ) a n d a b s e n c e ( - 0 - 0 - ) o f t h e d r u g . A tt h e p o i n t 4 r a d i o p e n i c i l l i n w a s a d d e d u p t o a f i n a l c o n c e n -

t r a t i o n o f 0 0 4 u n i t / m l .

I f , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e c e l l s a r e r a p i d l y d i v i d i n gt h e i n i t i a l u p t a k e i s g r e a t e r , and t h e n i n c r e a s e s a t

a m e a s u r a b l e r a t e t o a v a l u e o v e r t e n f o l d t h a t o f t h e

' r e s t i n g v a l u e ' ( F i g . 3 ) , r e a c h i n g a m a x i m u m s h o r t l y

b e f o r e g r o w t h i s s t o p p e d . Thus i t c a n b e s e e n t h a ta r a p i d i n i t i a l u p t a k e o c c u r s u n d e r a l l c o n d i t i o n s o f

c o n t a c t , and t h i s u p t a k e i s a u g m e n t e d when t h e c e l li s a l l o w e d t o d i v i d e i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f p e n i c i l l i n . Thei n i t i a l r a p i d u p t a k e i s a s c o m p l e t e a t 0 0 a s a t 3 7 0 ,w i t h i n t h e 3 m i n . r e q u i r e d t o c a r r y o u t a d e t e r -

m i n a t i o n .

A

1 I

0-*0

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01 1 0 1 0 0 1000

L o w e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f p e n i c i l l i n

p r e v e n t i n g g r o w t h ( u n i t s / m l . )

F i g . 2 . R e l a t i o n b e t w e e n p e n i c i l l i n u p t a k e a n d p e n i c i l l i ns e n s i t i v i t y o f r a p i d l y gro wing b a c t e r i a .

Th e p e n i c i l l i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t t a i n e d i n s i d e t h e

c e l l a t t h e s e l o w t i t r e s wasm u c h g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t i n

h e e x t e r n a l e n v i r o n m e n t w i t h s e n s i t i v e o r g a n i s m s ,u t m u c h l e s s i n t h e c a s e o f r e s i s t a n t o n e s .

A t t e m p t s t o p r e v e n t p e n i c i l l i n u p t a k e

P e n i c i l l i n - s e n s i t i v e s t a p h y l o c o c c i i n s a l i n e w e r et r e a t e d w i t h v a r i o u s a g e n t s f o r 3 0 m i n . a t 3 7 0 ,w a s h e d t w i c e w i t h s a l i n e and r e s u s p e n d e d i n b r o t h

a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 3 m g . o f b a c t e r i a l d r y w t . / m l .

A f t e r 1 h r . i n c u b a t i o n , r a d i o a c t i v e p e n i c i l l i n was

a d d e d t o a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f O 1 u n i t / m l . and a f t e r

a f u r t h e r h o u r a t 3 7 0 t h e o r g a n i s m s w e r e c e n t r i f u g e d

and w a s h e d p r i o r t o c o u n t i n g .

R e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 2 show t h a t mere

d e a t h o f t h e c e l l was n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o p r e v e n t i t s' r e s t i n g u p t a k e ' , n e i t h e r wa s t h e c e n t r e r e a c t i n g

w i t h p e n i c i l l i n b l o c k e d b y p r e t r e a t m e n t w i t h f o r m -

a l d e h y d e , CTAB, e u f l a v i n o r h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d .

V o l . 4 6 1 5 9

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1 6 0 D . ROWLEY, P . D . COOPER, P . W. ROBERTS AND E . LESTER SMITH I 9 5 0

T a b l e 2 . E f f e c t o f s o m e a g e n t s o n t h e a b i l i t y o f s e n 8 i t i v e s t a p h y l o c o c c it o t a k e up p e n i c i l l i n f r o m a 0 - 1 u n i t / m l . s o l u t i o n

( B a c t e r i a w e r e a l l o w e d 0 . 5 h r . c o n t a c t w i t h a g e n t a n d w a s h e d t w i c e b e f o r e t h e u p t a k e w a s d e t e r m i n e d . )

A g e n t

F o r m a l i nCTABC r y s t a l l i n e p e n i c i l l i nE u f l a v i nA c e t i c a n h y d r i d eB u f f e r e d a c e t i c a n h y d r i d eB u f f e r e d a c e t y l c h l o r i d eH y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d

C o n e n .(%, w / v )

3 ( v / v )0 052 0 0 u n i t / m l .

0 - 0 31 01 01 0N

U p t a k e o nc o n t r o l

( u n i t s / g . )

3 * 84 . 44 - 44 - 4

1 1 - 51 1 - 51 1 - 51 1 - 5

U p t a k e a f t e rt r e a t m e n t

( u n i t s / g . )

3 - 72 - 303 - 10 - 50 41 * 89 - 1

V i a b i l i t y o f c e l l sa f t e r t r e a t m e n t

w i t h a g e n t

++

Some s u r v i v o r s++

Some s u r v i v o r s

T a b l e 3 . N o n - r e m o v a l o f p e n i c i l l i n f r o m s e n s i t i v e s t a p h y l o c o c c i b y r e p e a t e d w a s h i n g i n d i s t i l l e d w a t e r

( S u s p e n s i o n s w e r e a l l o w e d t o s t a n d f o r 2 0 m i n . b e t w e e n e a c h c e n t r i f u g i n g . )

P e n i c i l l i n c o n e n .f r o m w h i c h u p t a k e

t o o k p l a c e ( u n i t / m l . )0 - 2 51 - 53 - 07 - 2

P e n i c i l l i n r e m a i n i n g o n b a c t e r i a a f t e r 4 w a s h i n g s ( U I

I s t1 * 83 - 22 - 74 - 0

2 n d2 - 22 - 94 - 55 . 5

3 r d2 - 43 - 13 - 36 - 2

a i t s / g . ) Mean u p t a k e- > ( u n i t / g . ) ( a v e r a g e

4 t h o f c o l u m n s 2 - 5 )2 * 93 . 93 - 44 - 8

2 - 33 - 33 - 55 - 1

T a b l e 4 . I n a b i l i t y o f s e v e r a l a g e n t s t o r e m o v e p e n i c i l l i n f r o m s e n s i t i v e s t a p h y l o c o c c i

A g e n t

A e r o s o l OTCTABP e n i c i l l i nS o d i u m t a u r o c h o l a t eC y s t e i n e H C IG l u c o s eP h e n o lNaOHHCI

L i v i n g c e l l s a f t e r1 h r . c o n t a c t

w i t h p e n i c i l l i n( u n i t s / g . )

C o n e n . k

( % , w / v ) C o n t r o l T r e a t e d

0 . 1 3 - 0 3 * 00 . 1 3 - 0 2 - 60 . 1 3 - 0 1 - 30 - 7 3 - 0 2 * 711 3 - 0 5 - 45 4 - 5 3 - 2N 3 - 0 3 - 1N 3 0 3 - 4

H C H O - t r e a t e d c e l l s L i v i n g c e l l s a f t e ra f t e r 1 h r . c o n t a c t 5 m i n . c o n t a c t

w i t h p e n i c i l l i n w i t h p e n i c i l l i n( u n i t s / g . ) ( u n i t s / g . )~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

o n t r o l T r e a t e d C o n t r o l T r e a t e d

3 - 4 1 - 7 4 . 3 3 * 13 . 4 5 . 3 4 . 3 2 - 53 - 4 4 - 6 4 . 3 3 - 2

3 - 4 2 - 2 4 . 3 3 - 74 - 3 4 - 2

C e l l s r a p i d l y g r o w nw i t h p e n i c i l l i n

f o r 1 h r .( u n i t s / g . )

C o n t r o l T r e a t e d

5 - 2 6 - 6

5 - 2 4 . 7

H o w e v e r , p r e t r e a t m e n t w i t h o r d i n a r y p e n i c i l l i n , o r

b u f f e r e d a c e t i c a n h y d r i d e , c o m p l e t e l y p r e v e n t e d

u p t a k e w i t h i n e x p e r i m e n t a l e r r o r .I n an a t t e m p t t o remove t h e ' a c t i v e c e n t r e ' f r o m

t h e c e l l s a l o n g w i t h t h e G r a m - p o s i t i v e c o m p l e x( H e n r y & S t a c e y , 1 9 4 8 ) , i t was f o u n d t h a t s e n s i t i v e

s t a p h y l o c o c c i w h i c h h a d b e e n h e a t e d a t 6 0 0 f o r 5 d a y si n s a l i n e a l o n e a s w e l l a s w i t h 1 % t a u r o c h o l a t e , w e r eu n a b l e t o t a k e up p e n i c i l l i n i n 0 1 u n i t / m l .

A t t e m p t s t o r e m o v e a t t a c h e d p e n i c i l l i nf r o m s t a p h y l o c o c c i

S e n s i t i v e s t a p h y l o c o c c i ( 3 m g . d r y w t . / m l . i n

b r o t h ) w e r e i n c u b a t e d w i t h v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n so f r a d i o p e n i c i l l i n f o r 1 h r . , c e n t r i f u g e d and w a s h e d .

A f t e r r a d i o a c t i v e and t u r b i d i m e t r i c a s s a y , t h e

s u s p e n s i o n was r e w a s h e d w i t h d i s t i l l e d w a t e r andr e c o u n t e d f o u r t i m e s . No c h a n g e i n a t t a c h e d r a d i o -

a c t i v i t y was f o u n d ( T a b l e 3 ) . Washing w a s s i m i l a r l y

i n e f f e c t i v e i n r e m o v i n g r a d i o a c t i v i t y f r o m r e s i s t a n tb a c t e r i a . O t h e r s a m p l e s o f s e n s i t i v e s t a p h y l o c o c c i

w e r e s i m i l a r l y t r e a t e d w i t h r a d i o a c t i v e p e n i c i l l i na t 0 1 u n i t / m l . , washed and i n c u b a t e d f o r 3 0 m i n . i n

s a l i n e w i t h v a r i o u s a g e n t s t o s e e i f t h e y removed t h e

r a d i o a c t i v i t y . S a m p l e s were a s s a y e d a f t e r a f u r t h e r

w a s h i n g . None o f t h e a g e n t s t e s t e d were e f f e c t i v e

i n r e m o v i n g r a d i o a c t i v i t y f r o m l i v i n g o r f o r m a l -

d e h yd e - k i l l e d s t a p h y l o c o c c i a f t e r 1 h r . c o n t a c t o r

f r o m c e l l s r a p i d l y grown f o r 1 h r . i n p r e s e n c e o f

p e n i c i l l i n ( T a b l e 4 ) .H o w e v e r , i t wa s f o u n d t h a t w i t h i n e x p e r i m e n t a l

e r r o r t h e b a c t e r i a c o m p l e t e l y l o s t any a t t a c h e d

r a d i o a c t i v i t y a f t e r h e a t i n g f o r s e v e r a l d a y s i n s a l i n e

a t 6 0 0 ; f u r t h e r m o r e , t h e o r g a n i s m s were u n a b l e t o

r e a b s o r b an y more p e n i c i l l i n f r o m a 0 1 u n i t / m l .s o l u t i o n a f t e r t h i n t r e a t m e n t .

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4 6 THE S I T E OF ACTION OF P E N I C T T I L I N 1 6 1

DISCUSSION

l b a c t e r i a t e s t e d c o u l d t a k e up p e n i c i l l i n t o some

R e s t i n g , p e n i c i l l i n - s e n s i t i v e b a c t e r i a c o u l d

t h e d r u g f r o m t h e e x t e m a l i n t o t h e

e n v i r o n m e n t o n l y a t l o w e x t e m a l p e n i c i l l i nWith r e s t i n g s e n s i t i v e o r g a n i s m s a t

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and w i t h r e s i s t a n t o r g a n i s m st a l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , t h e p e n i c i l l i n was a l w a y s a t

l o w e r l e v e l i n s i d e t h a n o u t s i d e t h e c e l l s .T h i s a b i l i t y o f s e n s i t i v e b a c t e r i a t o c o n c e n t r a t e

h e d r u g f r o m t h e medium c a n n o t b e e x p l a i n e d a s

s i m p l e d i f f u s i o n a c r o s s t h e c e l l w a l l . F u r t h e r m o r e ,

h i g h u p t a k e i s n o t a g e n e r a l p r o p e r t y o f a l ls o t h a t i t must b e a s s u m e d t h a t s e n s i t i v ep o s s e s s a s p e c i a l c e n t r e w h i c h h a s a f a i r l y

a f f i n i t y f o r t h e d r u g .

T h a t t h i s c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n t o t h e

i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e a n t i b a c t e r i a l a c t i o n o f

i s b o r n e o u t b y t h e f o l l o w i n g p o i n t s .1 ) I t o c c u r s o n l y f r o m 0 - 0 - 1 u n i t / m l . , i . e . o v e r t h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e i n w h i c h p e n i c i l l i n -o r g a n i s m s a r e k i l l e d ; t h e c e n t r e i s a p p a r e n t l y

a t h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . ( 2 ) With a f i x e d

o f p e n i c i l l i n i n t h e m e d i u m , t h e u p t a k e

w i t h t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e s t r a i n . ( 3 ) P r e -

w i t h o r d i n a r y c r y s t a l l i n e p e n i c i l l i n p r e -

a t t a c h m e n t o f r a d i o a c t i v i t y f r o m l o w c o n -

w h i l e CTAB a n d o t h e r c o m p o u n d s d o

T h i s u p t a k e i s n o t , t h e r e f o r e , a g e n e r a l s u r f a c e

b u t i s s p e c i f i c t o t h e p e n i c i l l i n m o l e c u l e .

4 ) Much more r a d i o a c t i v i t y b e c o m e s a t t a c h e d whenh e o r g a n i s m s a r e grown i n p r e s e n c e o f t h e d r u g . I tk nown t h a t a c t i v e g r o w t h i n p r e s e n c e o f p e n i c i l l i nn e c e s s a r y f o r i t t o e x e r t i t s a n t i b a c t e r i a l a c t i o n .

The r a d i o a c t i v i t y i s n o t r e m o v e d b y r e p e a t e db y d e t e r g e n t s o r b y o r d i n a r y c r y s t a l l i n eAs p e n i c i l l i n i t s e l f i s k n o w n t o p o s s e s s

f e e b l e s u r f a c e a c t i v i t y , any a d s o r b e d p e n i c i l l i nb e r e m o v e d by t h e s e t r e a t m e n t s . I t t h e r e f o r e

s e e r m u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e r e a c t i o n o f p e n i c i l l i n w i t h

t h e c e l l i s a n y t h i n g b u t a d i r e c t c h e m i c a l c o m b i n a -t i o n w i t h a c e l l u l a r c o m p o n e n t ; i t d o e s n o t seem t o

b e a n e q u i l i b r i u m r e a c t i o n . T h i s c o m p o n e n t i s p r e s e n t

i n m i n u t e a m o u n t s i n r e s t i n g c e l l s , b u t more a p p e a r s

t o b e p r o d u c e d d u r i n g g r o w t h .

Some a t t e m p t s w e r e made t o d i s c o v e r t h e c h e m i c a l

n a t u r e o f t h i s c o m p o n e n t b y p r e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e c e l lw i t h v a r i o u s r e a g e n t s . S u c h e x p e r i m e n t s a r e i n c o n -

c l u s i v e , a s i t i s u n c e r t a i n t h a t t h e r e a g e n t w i l ln e c e s s a r i l y b e a b l e t o a f f e c t t h e c e n t r e , o r t h a t an y

b l o c k a g e n o t i c e d w i l l n o t b e d u e t o a s t e r i c e f f e c tf o l l o w i n g r e a c t i o n w i t h a n e a r b y g r o u p , b u t i t i si n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t a c e t y l a t i n g a g e n t s p r e v e n t

u p t a k e , w h i l e f o r m a l d e h y d e d o e s n o t . Maas &J o h n s o n ( 1 9 4 9 ) h a v e r e c e n t l y b e e n a b l e t o d e m o n -s t r a t e an u p t a k e o f f i r m l y b o u n d p e n i c i l l i n o f a s i m i l a r

o r d e r t o t h a t r e p o r t e d a b o v e , u s i n g b o t h b i o l o g i c a la nd r a d i o a c t i v e m e t h o d s o f a s s a y . They w e r e u n a b l e

t o c o r r e l a t e t h e u p t a k e o f t h e d r u g w i t h s e n s i t i v i t yo f t h e o r g a n i s m t o p e n i c i l l i n and t h e y s a y t h a t i t i se n t i r e l y p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s u p t a k e ma y n o t b e c o n -

n e c t e d w i t h t h e a c t i o n o f p e n i c i l l i n .

SUMMARY

1 . The p r e p a r a t i o n o f r a d i o a c t i v e p e n i c i l l i n i sd e s c r i b e d .

2 . The amount o f p e n i c i l l i n w h i c h b e c o m e sa t t a c h e d t o b a c t e r i a u n d e r v a r i o u s c o n d i t i o n s h a sb e e n m e a s u r e d , a n d t h e u p t a k e most p r o b a b l yr e s p o n s i b l e f o r i t s a n t i b a c t e r i a l a c t i v i t y h a s b e e nd i s t i n g u i s h e d .

3 . T h i s u p t a k e a p p e a r s t o b e d u e t o a d i r e c tc h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n w i t h a c e l l u l a r c o m p o n e n t p r e s e n ti n m i n u t e amounts i n r e s t i n g b a c t e r i a , more o f w h i c hb e c o m e s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p e n i c i l l i n d u r i n g g r o w t h .

O u r t h a n k s a r e d u e t o S i r A l e x a n d e r F l e m i n g , F . R . S . , f o rh i s c o n t i n u e d e n c o u r a g e m e n t w i t h t h i s w o r k .

REFERENCES

0 . ( 1 9 2 9 ) . Z . I m m u n F o r 8 c h . 6 0 , 1 .E . & D u t h i e , E . S . ( 1 9 4 5 ) . L a n s e t , 2 4 8 , 6 5 2 .P . D . & R o w l e y , D . ( 1 9 4 9 ) . N a t u r e , L o a n d . , 1 6 3 , 4 8 0 .

E . F . & R o d w e l l , A . W. ( 1 9 4 9 ) . J . g e n . M i c r o b i o l . 3 , 1 2 7 .E . F . & T a y l o r , E . S . ( 1 9 4 7 ) . J . g e n . M i c r o b i o l . 1 , 3 1 4 .

H . & S t a c e y , M . ( 1 9 4 8 ) . P r o c . r o y . S o c . B , 1 3 3 ,3 9 1 .

H o b b y , G . L . , M e y e r , K . & C h a f f e e , E . ( 1 9 4 2 ) . P r o c . S o c .e x p . B i o l . , N . Y . , 5 0 , 2 8 1 .J a r v i s , F . G . & J o h n s o n , M . J . ( 1 9 4 7 ) . J . A m e r . c h e m . S o c .

6 9 , 3 0 1 0 .M a a s , E . A . & J o h n s o n , M . J . ( 1 9 4 9 ) . J . B a c t . 5 7 , 4 1 5 .R o w l e y , D . , M i l l e r , J . , R o w l a n d s , S . & L e s t e r S m i t h , E .

( 1 9 4 8 ) . N a t u r e , L o n d . , 1 6 1 , 1 0 0 9 .

B i o c h e m . 1 9 5 0 , 4 6 1 i