pengelolaan sumberdaya alam dalam agroekosistem

PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM

DALAM AGROEKOSISTEM

Diabstraksikan :smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2013.

MK. PENGELOLAAN SDALH

What is agricultural biodiversity?

It includes all components of biological diversity of relevance to food and agriculture:

the variety and variability of plants, animals and micro-organisms

at genetic, species and ecosystem level which are necessary to sustain

key functions in the agro-ecosystem, its structures and processes.

Local knowledge and cultural diversity can be considered an essential part of agrobiodiversity as it is the human activity of agriculture which conserves this biodiversity.

• Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

Importance (value) of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems

In agricultural systems biodiversity is important 1. for the production of food, fibre, fuel, fodder...(goods) 2. to conserve the ecological foundations to sustain life (life

support function) 3. to allow adaptation to changing situations 4. and to sustain rural peoples’ livelihoods (sustainable

agriculture – food security, income, employment,...)

Specificity: it has been developed through human intervention over generations and it requires human management to sustain it.


Agricultural Biodiversity is complex

ECOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY varied production systems habitats and landscapes

Human Management practices and decisions

Crop based systems: food/fibre

crops, pasture, trees (planned + harvested spp.)

Mixed systems and associated biodiversity:

soil organisms, pollinators,

predators

Livestock based systems: pasture, rangelands, cattle, small ruminants,

poultry...

GENETIC and SPECIES DIVERSITY

wild and domesticated

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Case studies and experiences to be shared among countries and farming systems


Need to address all components of agrobiodiversity

• Habitat diversity (mosaic of land uses varies with soil and terrain, hedges, borders, trees in the landscape; farm type)

• Inter-species diversity (plant, animal and microbial)• Inter-species diversity (very important for agrobiodiversity) genetic

resources, unique traits –resistance to drought, cold, disease, etc, rooting, aspect, taste, storage, etc.

• Harvested species and Associated species (pollinators, beneficial/harmful predators, soil organisms – health/ disease,…)

• as well as Cultural diversity (type of farmer and farm; regulations; common property resources/ownership)

• and to understand implication of agrobiodiversity on ecosystem functions/processes and the services provided (see adapted Table by J. Paruel, Environmental controls and effect of land use on ecosystem functioning in temperate Argentina)


Farmers managing …


Farmers, even in the poorest and most food-insecure regions of the world, manage genes by their decisions on crop varieties, manage species by their

decisions on farm animals and manage ecosystems by their decisions on soil or pollinators (Kenmore, 2002)

A simple description of the linkages between the “managers” of natural resources and the different components of biodiversity; genes, species and

ecosystems.

Examples of specific situation can provide you an idea of the diverse needs of the natural resource management communities to be considered in observing and

monitoring biodiversity

The situations which I will be presenting are case studies highlighted during a satellite event on the occasion of the 9th Regular session of the commission on

genetic resources for food and agriculture.

The examples will cover agricultural, aquatic and forest biodiversity highlighting the need for a wide variety of data and information.

Throughout this overview, reference will also be made to international framework and conventions

ENHANCEMENTS

Pollinators Predatorsand Parasites Herbivores Non-crop

Vegetation Earthworms SoilMesofauna

SoilMicrofauna

PollinationGeneticintrogression

PopulationregulationBiologicalcontrol

BiomassconsumptionNutrientcycling

CompetitionAllelopathySources of naturalenemies Crop wildrelatives

Soil structureNutrientcycling

DecompositionPredationNutrient cycling

NutrientcyclingDiseasesuppression

AGROECOSYSTEMBIODIVERSITY

FUNCTIONS

COMPONENTS

From Altieri, M.A. Biodiversity and pest management Agro-ecosystems, Haworth Press, New York, 1994)

Managing Agro-ecosystem biodiversity

Intercropping Rotations No-Tillage Green manures WindbreaksAgroforestry Cover crops Composting OM inputs


ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: FUNCTIONS (biodiversity related examples)Food production The portion of gross primary production extractable as raw food. or

for processing for food (Game, crops, nuts, fruits by hunting, gathering, subsistence or commercial farming)

Raw materials The portion of gross primary production extractable as raw material (Production of wood, energy/fuel, fodder, ..)

Genetic resources Sources of unique biological materials and products. (Plant varieties, animal races, medicinal extracts, products for materials science, genes for resistance to plant pathogens/crop pests, ornamental species, pets,

Climate and Gas Regulation: of global temperature, precipitation, other biologically mediated climatic processes at global/local levels (GHG); of atmospheric chemical composition (CO2/O2 balance, C sequestration, CO3 for UVB protection)

Resilience/Disturbance Regulation: ecosystem response to environmental fluctuation, mainly controlled by vegetation structure (storm protection, flood control, drought recovery, other aspects of habitat response).

Water Regulation and Supply: of hydrological flow/regimes; water retention, storage, provisioning in the watershed: (Infiltration, soil water retention determined by vegetation cover/structure; water supply in aquifers, surface water bodies; availability for consumption, irrigated agriculture, industry, transport)

Erosion control and Sediment retention: prevent loss of soil by wind, rain impact, runoff; storage of silt in ecosystem, in lakes and wetlands.

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: FUNCTIONS (biodiversity related examples) 2

Soil formation Processes of weathering of rock; soil build up (Accumulation of organic material

Nutrient cycling: storage, cycling, processing, input of nutrients (N fixation, nutrient cycles - N,P et al, breakdown of organic materials to soil OM- humus)

Waste Detoxification recovery of mobile nutrients, removal /break down of excess or toxic nutrients/ compounds, pollutions control (detoxification by soil organisms).

Pollination Movement of floral gametes. (Supply of pollinators for the reproduction of plant populations- insects, bats, birds)

Biological control Trophic (food web) dynamic regulations of populations (pest-predator interactions e.g. IPM, control of disease transmissions)

Refugia habitat for local/ transient populations (Nurseries, habitat for migratory species, for locally harvested species, over wintering grounds

Recreation Providing opportunities (eco-tourism, outdoor recreational activities –hunting, fishing, birdwatching)

Cultural Providing opportunities for non-commercial uses (Aesthetic, artistic, educational, spiritual, and/or scientific values of ecosystems).


Understanding Human Pressures on and threats to agricultural biodiversity

Increasing pressure on species and their environments:• Population growth and poverty (increasing demand)• Overexploitation, mismanagement• Expansion into wetlands and fragile areas• Intensification and Specialisation of agriculture – market forces• Pollution• Urbanisation, changing consumption patterns, globalisationThreats and risks • loss of plant and animal species • loss of plant varieties and animal races/breeds (loss of unique traits)• also loss of essential natural processes

– pollination by insects, birds, bats etc.– regeneration of soils by micro-organisms

• also reduced resilience.

Need to increase resilience of agriculture and human capacity to adapt (to harsh periods, drought, climate change, pests, diseases) by maintaining a

wide array of life forms with unique traits (e.g. trees that survive drought or cattle that reproduce in harsh conditions).


Wide range of case studies illustrate Sustainable Use of agrobiodiversity

• Integrated agro-ecological approaches : IPM, soil biological management • Community-based adaptive management – animal and plant genetic

resources, diverse farming systems• Local knowledge systems

– multiple uses of species (diet, nutrition, medicines; gender differentiated knowledge of agrobiodiversity

– community perspectives/strategies in managing crop and livestock and associated biodiversity; coping strategies for HIV/AIDS, climate change)

• Ecosystem approach: address all components, systems functioning and services and human management (cf. EA principles)

• Strengthening viability of farm-livelihood systems with under-utilized and under-valued biodiversity (opportunities; options)– grasslands (grazing species preference, productivity; deep roots-below ground

biomass)– mountains (adaptation to altitude, cold; disease resilience, etc.) – marketing (diverse products, niche markets, organic agriculture, etc.– recognition of positive externalities (valuing ecological services provided by

biodiversity associated with agricultural systems)


Need to use common Agricultural DefinitionsSustainable agriculture is ecologically sound, environmentally sustainable,

economically viable, socially just and culturally appropriate … is based on a holistic scientific approach and productive over the long term.

Farm System : the farm household, its resources, and the resource flows and interactions at this individual farm level

Farming System: a population of individual farm systems that have broadly similar resource bases, enterprise patterns, household livelihoods and constraints

Sustainable agricultural systems provide a range of goods (food, fuel, fibre, materials, etc.) and services (also considered as positive externalities)

Need to select indicators for monitoring sustainability: • soil (sustained health + productivity, prevent soil erosion, minimise off-site

impacts, ... ); • water (water retention, maintain water regime, flood protection, etc); • vegetation (protective land cover, structure, biomass, C sequestration)• biodiversity (resilience, adaptability, opportunities) conservation of wildlife and

wild species; agricultural biodiversity: genetic resources inter- and intra- species, farmed and associated species, ecosystem functions,

• air quality (minimise greenhouse gas emissions)• rural amenities (e.g. landscape, tourism).


Need to build on ongoing global agro-biodiversity fora/intergovernmental processes

• CBD Programme of Work on Agricultural Biodiversity: 4 components on Assessment, Adaptive Management, Capacity Building, Mainstreaming) – International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of

Soil Biodiversity – International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of

Pollinators

• International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture FAO IT-PGRFA

• International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Sec. hosted by FAO• FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture CGRFA• FAO Committee on Agriculture COAG These have resulted in: • Assessment, Monitoring and Priority Actions: GPA-PGR, SOWAGR, Good

Practices: SLM, Conservation agriculture, IPM, ....• Guidelines: PGR, AGR, Pollinators, soil biodiversity, ecosystem approach,

farmer rights, • Panel of Experts… etc.


The International Treaty on Plant Genetic resources for Food and Agriculture (IT)

1. This legally binding instrument is crucial for sustainable agriculture. It provides a framework for national, regional and international efforts to conserve and sustainably use plant genetic resources for food and agriculture - and for sharing the benefits equitably, in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity.

2. IT-PGRFA was adopted by the 31st session of the FAO Conference (Resolution 3/2001)

3. It entered into force on 29 June 2004. http://www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/itpgr.htm


http://www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/itpgr.htm

Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of PGRFA

Priority Activity Areas

In Situ Conservation and Development

Activity 1. Surveying and Inventorying of PGRFA2. Supporting On-farm Management and Improvement of PGRFA3. Assisting Farmers in Disaster Situations to Restore Agricultural Systems4. Promoting in situ Conservation of Wild Crop Relatives and Wild Plants for Food production

(Sustainable) Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources ActivityActivity 9 Expanding characterization, evaluation and core collection10 Increasing genetic enhancement and base broadening11 Promoting sustainable agriculture12Promiting under-utilized crops and species13 Supporting seed production and distribution14. developing new markets for local varieties an diversity rich products

also Ex situ conservation.....

Capacity building and Institutions.....

Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources

1. FAO is coordinating its development to guide international action for the sustainable use, development and conservation of domestic animal diversity

2. supported by the Inter-governmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources

3. An essential element is the first State of the world's animal genetic resources - a comprehensive overview of farm animal biodiversity; country-driven process (as agreed by CGRFA-8 in 1999).

4. First stage of reporting completed >170 Country Reports, reports by International organizations on relevant activities see DAD-IS.

5. CGRFA-10 decided that the 1st Report, including the Report on Strategic Priorities for Action should be finalized at the First International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources in 2007, hosted by the Government of Switzerland in 2007 in Interlaken

6. Draft Report on Strategic Priorities for Action was reviewed by electronic Regional Consultations.


1. Exotic genetic resources not sustainable

2. Indiscriminate crossbreeding

3. Genetic resources for future needs

Sumber genetik ternak domestik menghadapi risiko Resources at Risk

1. Include stakeholders in decision-making

2. Identification of sources of funding

3. Support breeder associations

4. Strengthen extension services

Desirable commitments by governments


Komisi FAO unt Sumber Genetik Pangan dan Pertanian (CGRFA)

• The CGRFA deals with policy, sectorial and cross sectorial matters related to the conservation and utilization of genetic resources for food and agriculture.

• It develops and monitors – the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and – the Global System for Plant Genetic Resources – for food and agriculture.

• It has been addressing genetic resources in a stepwise manner (plant genetic resources animal …..) but has agreed on the need for an ecosystem approach

• Hence the side event on its 20th anniversary (CGRFA 10): Mainstreaming agricultural biodiversity for food security (8-10 November 2004) and resulting in the publication on Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach (See website)


ftp://ftp.fao.org/paia/biodiversity/cgrfa2004_sideevent_en.pdf











Pilihan teknologi bagi negara-negara yang menerapkan AGBIO

• Enhance biodiversity through– Sustainable agriculture– Sustainable pastoralism– Sustainable intensification (enhance productivity and function)– livelihoods’ diversification

• Managing seed systems to promote the sustainable utilization of crop genetic resources

• Economic analysis: marketing, addressing and valuing the multiple roles of agriculture (www.fao.org/es/esa/roa) and externalities

• Integrate into poverty alleviation strategies


http://www.fao.org/es/esa/roa

Case studies of Sustainable agriculture - enhancing agricultural biodiversity

• Increased use of mixtures (intercropping, multistorey, agro-forestry, crop-livestock systems)

• Access to a wide range of good quality genetic material (plant and animal)– Promote production of local germplasm and commercialization– Promote decentralized and participatory breeding

• Improve use of genetic diversity as part of IPM strategies• Monitor and identify underutilized species, support needs• Develop sustainable management practices and post-harvest and

marketing methods; • Stimulate demand for diverse local products (niche markets, labelling,

registration) • Review and promote policies for development and use e.g. biodiversity

conseravtion and coping with climate change


Soil biodiversity and its management Managing termites and organic mulch for soil productivity by

researchers in Burkina Faso: Surface mulch applied to crusted soils was used to stimulate termite feeding and burrowing. This lead to improved soil structures, better

aggregate formation, and enhanced soil function. Mixing and burrowing of termites can be stimulated by applying organic mulch and their

feeding can promote soil regenerative activities


I would like to refer to a case study in the Sahel region, an in particular in Burkina Faso. ---Case study – Burkina Faso: « Managing termites and organic resources to improve soil productivit in the Sahel » http://www.fao.org/AG/AGL/agll/soilbiod/cases/caseA2.pdf

This is a case study in response to the call of the CBD Sec as follow up to decision on agr-biod (FAO has assisted to compile such studies)

The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the capacity of termites to improve their ability to reduce soil compaction, increase soil porosity and improve the water infiltration and retention capabalities of the soil.So as to encourage vegetative diversity and restoration of primary productivity (all

important issue for food and livelihood security in teh Sahel)

--- other comments---not for presentation ..« The capacity to enhance soil biological functions through a better understanding of soil biodiversity process and mechanims and improved land use systems and practices have been seriously neglected.»(Bennack et al., 2003)

»However, an increasing number of case studies are showing these mechanims and showing the types of data and information from biodiversity observation with respect to soil within managed ecosystems.

Where termites behaviour has prooved to be an important component of agricultural practices:- Althrough agricultural pests, termites play and important role in recovering degraded

ecosystes (and enhance agricultural production)- Conserving termite populations (instead of eradicating them) and stimulating their soil

mixing capacities would improved crusted soil.

Photo 2. Termite-created voids on crusted soil aftermulch application.

From Micro-organisms e.g. bacteria + fungi

Micro & meso-fauna protozoa,

nematodes to acari & springtails

Macro-fauna e.g. ants, termites, earthworms

Soil Biodiversity

...Roots in the soil and their interactions with species above & below

ground


Managing Pollinators

Management practice:In Himachal Pradesh in Northwest Indian

Himalayas farmers are using colonies of honeybees – Apis cerana and Apis mellifera for pollination of apple crop.

An organized system of hiring and renting bee colonies for pollination exists


Case study from the North Western Himalayas concerning pollination.1) It is important to highlight that the focus of agriculture in the Him-region is slowly

shifting from traditional cereal crops for subsistence agriculture to high-value cash-crop farming … (fruits)

2)Thus this shift poses new challenges related to the improving and maintaining productivity and quality …

3) The study highlighted that a way to confront such challenge is through pollination … yet a decline in pollinators was noticeable …

4) The causes of the decline are identified as related to * Habitat fragmentation- agricultural and industrial chemicals- Parasites / diseases- Introduction of alien species- Taxonomic information - Economic values5) A new management practice was then developed/applied: the hiring and renting bee

colonies …... Moreover some farmers are trying to save the population of existing pollinators by

making judicious use of carefully selected less toxic pesticides and spraying outside the flowering period of the apple.

There are more than 100 000 known pollinators (bees, butterflies, beetles, birds, flies and bats)

Many important food crops rely on animal pollination, including fruits and vegetables and foodder. The decline in pollinators populations impact negatively on food production.

In recent years there is a world wide decline in pollinator populations and diversitz(importance of monitoring population changes)

Factors causing the decrease could be the decrease in their food (nectar and pollen) supplies as a result of decline in pristine areas, LUCs, increase in monoculture-dominated agricultural interventions (eg use of chemicals fertizers and pesticides)

Changes in climate might also be affecting the insect numbers

Also reduced premature fruit drop in apple, peach, plum, and citrus.

Partap 2000bMisshapen fruit decreased by 50%

48112Strawberry

Partap, 2000a9/353524Citrus

Partap et al, 2000

11/143913Plum

Partap et al, 2000

29/234422Peach

Dulta and Verma, 1987

15/103310Apple

Reference Increase in fruit size (length/ diameter) (%)

Increase in fruit weight (%)

Increase in fruit set (%)

Crop

Results: Impact of Apis cerana pollination on fruit productivity


These are some of the results highlighting the improvement in productivity and quality of the cash-crop (which then in turns is an improvement in terms of economic value)

The study emphasised the need to conserve pollinators populations (and also the diversity) so as to ensure pollination ... By taking into consideration the factors behind the decline of pollinators …the study also highlighted the importance of biodiversity observations so as to maintain pollinators population and thus ensure pollination

-MONITORING of the resources (cash crop yields and quality)of the pollinators (population and diversity)of the habitat / LUC Of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and their utilization … climate changeOf the economic value of pollination …(free service vs hand-pollination like in the Maoxian county in China)

Targeting farmers: Increasing Farmer Access to Germplasm and Information

1. Information, and seed exchange between farmers slow2. Access to research generated germplasm poor3. Participatory breeding with farmers’ organizations4. Joint activities for improved information sharing5. Test new options for seed dissemination


Case studies/opportunities for Sustainable pastoralism

• Controlled burning by pastoralists can improve forage quality and diversification of vegetation structure and species composition (trees, shrubs, perennials, annuals)

• Livestock grazing and crop-livestock integration can improve nutrient cycling and make better use of fragile resources/ ecosystems

• Livestock wildlife interaction: management of animal movements, stocking rates, control of incompatible cultivation by farmers; herders protect grazing wildlife from predators

• Settled herders creates long-lasting nutrient hotspots (kraals; fields)• Intensification and fragmentation of rangelands seems to cause a LOSS in

livestock production (may need to rethink ranching, sedentarisation)

Challenges - control of livestock numbers: use of common property resources; prestige, savings, security, culture Improvement of pasture and rangelands


Case studies/Opportunities for Sustainable intensification

Sustainable management practices: controlled burning and grazing, woodlots for energy and timber, field borders/hedges, crop-livestock-forestry interactions are key to maintaining diverse habitats and landscapes that support biodiversity

Human management of ecosystems may increase species diversity – semiarid savannas: managed pasture, control invasive forest and shrub species,

harvesting, gathering and planting– diversified agro-silvo-pastoral systems– multi-layer farming systems: trees, perennials- banana, coffee, annuals)

Planned settlements/roads: reduces lands with potential, avoid biodiversity hotspots, environmentally-friendly (green belt, trees, etc.)

Protected areas, buffer zones, specific action to safeguard those groups and species that are more sensitive to human use than others, to allow hunting and gathering and in situ conservation of landraces/farmers varieties/breeds

Land use planning by communities and sub-catchments to promote biodiversity. Vary land use type with soil type, terrain, microclimate, access to water. Patchwork of settlements, cropland, pasture, forestland, and protected areas.

Regulations : stocking density, seasonality, quotas, user groups, etc.


Sustainability - adaptation to change and enhancing systems’ resilience

• Supporting the ability of farmers to remain agile in responding to new challenges, by adapting their production system

• Resilience or adaptive capacity are properties of the actors and the system in which they function

• Resilience may indicate a return to the status quo. Agility/adaptability refers to continuously moving targets/changing situations

• Need to sustain use and sustain adaptive capacity to increase probability of meeting future needs


FAO: Roles of Agriculture ProjectPremise 1: Agriculture provides multiple non-commodity outputs that are not

valued by market transactions may be under-produced relative to what society desires.

Premise 2: As income rises (socio-economic/agricultural development), the economic importance of the commodity outputs of agriculture decreases in relative terms, and willingness to pay for its other roles increases

Policy challengeto Address Externalities (costs or benefits not valued in the market and not

adequately taken into account by actor/decision maker)to Safeguard Common Resources/Public Goods (rules of access and use;

mechanisms for collective action to prevent degradation, under / over use)to Integrate natural resources management /ecosystem approach (resources,

and their products, are interlinked, management /policy measures for one resource/sector affects the others

to Create resource/ecosystem friendly markets that generate growth and promote sustainable use/management of resources and ecosystems.

Studies conducted in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Morocco


Global: Social stability Poverty Alleviation

Regional/National: Rural-urban

migration (social implications)

Welfare systems substitute

Social capital formation

Biodiversity: diverse livelihoods

Local: Social stability of rural

community Rural employment Family values, gender

impact. Bodiversity-coping

strategies; risk mgmt

Global: Ecosystem resilience Climate change

mitigation (C, land cover) BiodiversityRegional/National: Ecosystem resilience Watershed mgmt

(prevent soil erosion & off-site impacts)

Water (stable regime; flood prevention)

Biodiversity plant + animal genetic

resources; services wild spp.+ wildlife

conservation Air quality (reduce

GHG)Local: Ecosystem resilience Biodiversity farmed spp., associated

spp., ecosystem functions

NRM- soil+ water conservation

Pollution control

Global: Economic Growth Poverty alleviation World Food Security

Regional/National: Access to food National security Food safety support in times of

crises (remittances, migration, fiscal support, food aid)

Local: Local / household food

security Biodiversity: nutrition;

pest + disease control, options

Sustainability Employment Income services

Global: Cultural Diversity Indigenous

Knowledge

Regional/ National: Cultural heritage Cultural identity Perception of roles

of agriculture

Local: Landscape,

recreation, tourism Indigenous

knowledge (disaster prevention, biodiversity, medicinal applications)

Traditional technology.

FOOD SECURITY POVERTY ALLEVIATION

CULTURAL ROLEGender; Heritage; IK

SOCIAL VIABILITYEquity; Stability

ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES

Roles of Agriculture


Targeting Communities livelihoods and nutrition through local agrobiodiversity

Market opportunities• Premium price for local products• Increased productivity of landraces (improved seed quality; crop

rotations; water harvesting• Add-value products (fruit and milk processing)• Production of herbs, medicinal plants, honey (bee keeping)• Handicrafts and EcotourismNutrition /dietary diversity and opportunities• Dietary energy supply can be satisfied without diversity

but micro-nutrient supply cannot (e.g. essential fatty acids; amino acids)

• Wild and domesticated species and intra-species diversity play key roles in global food security

• Different species/varieties have very different nutrient contents• Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

Environ-mental Service

providers

Natural capital & properties that ‘come with the territory’

Absence of threats

Mitigation, increase in filtering

Dynamic landscapes

Control over territory

Efforts

functions

Recognition & rewards

Water quantity, evenness of flow & quality

Biodiversity & landscape beauty

Terrestrial carbonstorage

implications


beneficiaries

Direct benefits

transaction costsOpportunity costs


providers

Natural capital & properties that ‘come with the territory’

Absence of threats

Mitigation, increase in filtering

Dynamic landscapes

Control over territory

Efforts

functions

Recognition & rewards

Water quantity, evenness of flow & quality

Biodiversity & landscape beauty

Terrestrial carbonstorage

implications


beneficiaries

Direct benefits

transaction costsOpportunity costs

Catchments: strengthen relation between ‘upland land users (as providers’ of ES) and lowland land + water users (beneficiaries)


Mainstreaming biodiversity for sustainable agriculture and food security

Programmes, Institutions and Capacity Building

• Multi-sectoral approaches: agricultural, environmental, land, water, community development, planning and finance (coordination; committees).

• Mainstreaming in national programmes (poverty alleviation, gender)• Land use planning at community and watershed levels (landscape; habitat

dimensions)• Supporting on farm management • Networks : e.g. plant genetic resources, research + development • Participatory assessment, monitoring and early warning systems• Information systems (threatened resources, threats etc)• Training and education: curricula, adult education, extension, gender• Raising awareness of importance (value) - public, private sector decision makers

(local media, schools, etc)


Agriculture-environment collaboration – identify synergy, mutual benefits

BiodiversityAgricultureProductivityAdaptationMaintenance of ecosystem functions

Agriculture BiodiversityDelivery of ecosystem services

IncentivesEcological knowledge




It is an important issue in order to understand the needs of the natural resources management communities …

Biodiversity benefits agricultural/managed ecosystems1. productivity: conservation management of broad-based genetic

diversity within domesticated species has been improving agricultural production for 10000 years;

2. Adaptation: a diverse range of organisms contributes to the resilience of agricultural ecosystems and their capacity to recover from environmental stress and to evolve.

3. Maintenance of ecosystem functions: essential functions ….

Agricultural/managed ecosystems benefits biodiversity

The National Agricultural Biodiversity Programme in Lao

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY PROGRAMME

INTEGRATED PARTICIPATORY PLANNING APPROACHES

MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS

CROP AND CROP

ASSOCIATED BIODIVERSITY

LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMEN

T AND MANAGEMENT

NON-TIMBER FOREST

PRODUCTS AND OTHER

TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY

SUSTAINABLE USE AND

CONSERVATION OF AQUATIC

BIODIVERSITY

HOUSEHOLD-BASED

INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION

SYSTEMS


FAO Agro-biodiversity Publications

You are invited to look at display copies of• Biodiversity Awareness Folder (series of flyers/fact sheets e.g. Why is

Biodiversity Important for the Maintenance of Agro-ecosystem Functions?

• Publication Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003, case studies developed with partners htttp://www.fao.org/biodiversity_en.asp

• Powerpoint presentations prepared forCGRFA-10 Side event Case studies of Mainstreaming agrobiodiversity for food security (November 2004)

• distributed Publications: Valuing crop biodiversity and Beyond the Gene Horizon (prepoared with IPGRI, now Bioversity)


Overview of the FAO - Government of Kenya Agrobiodiversity Programme

FAO–Netherlands Partnership Programme(FNPP II - 2005 – 2007)

Collaboration for policy and strategic support for sustainable ecosystems, rural livelihoods and

food security

Agrobiodiversity Forestry

Food Security


Agrobiodiversity Forestry

Food Security


Linkages/synergies being developed among themes for integrated process

Coordination for more effective programmes and actions (identify gaps, avoid duplication)

Impact on policy: within 2 years contribute to harmonised policy (agro-environment, food and nutrition policy, agroforestry)

In longer term improve programme synergy and resource allocations and improve situation for rural people through Inter-sectoral/disciplinarity

1. People centred (gender equity) 2. Inter-sectoral approach/ process 3. Strengthening existing programme activities 4. Policy impact in short/ medium term5. Ecosystem approach 6. Opportunity for establishing synergies7. Integrating water

Guiding principles of Kenya strategic integrated programme


AGBD Programme framework and linkages

Local community action in Lake Zone

district - fishing communities

Local community action in Dryland

district -agropastoral communities

Training institutes - information and communication

Integrated land use, resources and

agrobiodiversity assessment

Policy dialogue- mainstreaming AGBD, enabling environmentHarmonisation AGBD, FS, FO

Specific studies

Specific databases

Case studies

and policy briefs


AGBD Issues respond to needs identified

Habitat management (beaches, user rights, pollination)

Integrated resources management(agro-ecological approaches; river basin management, soil, water,

biological resources)

Alternative livelihoods(fishing communities)

Invasiveness (e.g. Prosopis – other woody species. learning from fisheries)

Responding to HIV/AIDS(labour saving CA approaches, nutrition, fisher-trader links)

Drought resilience (local varieties/species, runoof management

Markets - Seeds Networks(prices, organisation, farming as a business)


Agrobiodiversity Programme: Local level –FFS in diverse farming systems/AEZ

2

Identifying and adapting agro-biodiversity management options

+ opportunities

1) Mwingi district, semi-arid agro-pastoral drought resilient, mixed systems

2. Bondo district, Sub-humid Lake Zone sustainable, productive aquatic and terrestrial systems

3. Coastal zone: INRA pilot

1

Link with drylands Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia

Link across Lake Victoria basin


FFSResource

management systems,

land & water, Diversification- species, habitat management Soil health, pollination,

aquaculture + fishery LInKS

1a)Targets farmer groups, extension/facilitators


Integrating AGBD in FFS activities in Bondo + Mwingi 1. Community appraisal of AGBD situation and awareness2. CurricuIum development to improve understanding and

know-how on AGBD conservation and sustainable use3. Farmer field schools for Promoting farmer

innovations, use of Indigenous knowledge and Technology transfer on AGBD to improve food and livelihood security

4. Community Action - Research: Test and adapt improved management practices, study plots, demonstrations, innovation, experimentation, local knowledge

5. Impact analysis on agro-ecosystems and livelihoods6. Impact of markets- response to / increase options

• Community resources management + impacts (species, habitats, etc.)• Changing customs and innovations (practices, by-laws, diet, recipes..) • Local conservation strategies; individual and communal• Effects of markets and market development• Ecological services e.g. pollination, beekeeping; soil health, water• Impact of cash crops (on systems, income, environment, security..)• IPM, safe use and beneficial insect species • Links with other actors (nutrition, health, business management etc.)

Farming, fish farming and fisheries in Lake Victoria basin

• Local vegetables (income, nutrition, ..)• Alien species • 2 fisheries scenarios: river

(aquaculture) and lake (catch) • Upstream agric. and non-agricultural

practices affecting aquatic area • Changes in aquatic area (not only fish) • Conservation and use – e.g. products

of wild harvested spp.such as Papyrus

Drought resilient agropastoral systems• Genebank of local varieties• Communal seed systems (storage)• Effects of commercialised crops• Drought resistant crops: sorghum

varieties; green gram; pigeon pea • Resilient, productive systems (water

harvesting etc.)

Identified General topics for FFS process


• Curriculum development – integrate AGBD in training

• Training materials/ short courses• Livelihood approaches- HIV/AIDS,

gender, nutrition• Exchange between extension and

training• Workshops with colleges• Development of Case studies and

Policy briefs

1.b) Targets extension and technical staff

FFS in Kenya


1.b Integrating agrobiodiversity in training institutionsAssessment of training institutes to work withCoordination with Ministry of Education and KIE for teacher training, education, etc. - Identify gaps and opportunities in existing curricula of selected training institutes (e.g. Egerton + Baraka; Moi Uni. (fisheries, UJK- pollinators); Link with FFS for documentation, case studies and practical experiencesIntegrate human and biophysical systems dimensions

AGBD 2: Improving access to information & knowledge

2.a Integrated natural resources assessment INRA (builds on forest resources assessment)

1. Assess available information and needs (status and trends - land use, habitat/species)

2. Develop and pilot inter-sectoral methodology (AGBD, land use, land, water, other natural resources, ecosystem)

3. Identify indicator and tools (field survey, transects, RRA-questionnaire)

4. Capacity building (Participatory mapping and assessment; RS, sampling,

5. Compatible data, database development and analysis) 6. Targets technical capacity & informed decision making by policy

makers/resource manager


Improving access to information & knowledge (cont.)

2.b) Information systems on alien species in fisheries and forestry

2c) Information on plant genetic resources for food an agriculture – Assess status of genetic resources with FFS– Train people to collect and analyse data– Improve the quality of information about PGRFA status and

dynamics– Contribute to reporting commitment to State of World

report on PGRFA– link with over 26 key PGR institutionsTargets: technical + extension level (Partners: Genebank,

IPGRI..)• Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN

2d) Research on Managing Seed Systems to promote the sustainable utilization of crop genetic resources:

Two focus areas 1. Using markets to promote sustainable use of CGR

How to manage seed systems to promote sustainable agriculture, improved farm welfare and in situ conservation of important crop genetic diversity. Methodology development

– Case studies: Mali, Kenya, India, Mexico, Bolivia

2. Economic analysis of seed system impacts on farm welfare and on farm diversityAssessing the links between seed systems and farm level use of crops and varieties and their implications for welfare and diversityCase studies: Ethiopia (Sorghum, Wheat); Mozambique (cowpea) India (Pearl Millet) Mexico (Maize) in partnership with IPGRI, ICRISAT, IFPRI, and CIMMYT


Encourage partnerships for institutional capacity building & integrated NR management.

Multiple Partners are identified for synergy and collaboration

• Ministries of Agriculture and Livestock• Departments: Resource survey and remote sensing; Fisheries and

forestry• Ministry of Environment and Education• technical bodies KARI, KEFRI, ICRAF,ITDG, JKU, ICRISAT, ILRI,

KEMFRI...• Community level: District, FFS, Extension, • Universities (Egerton, Moi, Jomo Kenyatta)• Training colleges- teacher training, agriculture and forestry• Partner organisations: ICRISAT, Bioversity, ITDG, CIKSAP, etc.


thank you for your attention

Farmers’ studying ecology and biodiversity, Farmer Field School approaches


Case studies of Sustainable agriculture - enhancing agricultural biodiversity

• Increased use of mixtures (intercropping, multistorey, agro-forestry, crop-livestock systems)

• Access to a wide range of good quality genetic material (plant and animal)– Promote production of local germplasm and commercialization– Promote decentralized and participatory breeding

• Improve use of genetic diversity as part of IPM strategies• Monitor and identify underutilized species, support needs• Develop sustainable management practices and post-harvest and

marketing methods; • Stimulate demand for diverse local products (niche markets, labelling,

registration) • Review and promote policies for development and use e.g. biodiversity

conseravtion and coping with climate change


Soil biodiversity and its management Managing termites and organic mulch for soil

productivity by researchers in Burkina Faso:

Surface mulch applied to crusted soils was used to stimulate termite feeding

and burrowing. This lead to improved soil structures,

better aggregate formation, and enhanced soil function.

Mixing and burrowing of termites can be stimulated by applying organic mulch

and their feeding can promote soil regenerative

activities


I would like to refer to a case study in the Sahel region, an in particular in Burkina Faso. ---Case study – Burkina Faso: « Managing termites and organic resources to improve soil productivit in the Sahel » http://www.fao.org/AG/AGL/agll/soilbiod/cases/caseA2.pdf

This is a case study in response to the call of the CBD Sec as follow up to decision on agr-biod (FAO has assisted to compile such studies)

The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the capacity of termites to improve their ability to reduce soil compaction, increase soil porosity and improve the water infiltration and retention capabalities of the soil.So as to encourage vegetative diversity and restoration of

primary productivity (all important issue for food and livelihood security in teh Sahel)

--- other comments---not for presentation ..« The capacity to enhance soil biological functions through a better understanding of soil biodiversity process and mechanims and improved land use systems and practices have been seriously neglected.»(Bennack et al., 2003)

»However, an increasing number of case studies are showing these mechanims and showing the types of data and information from biodiversity observation with respect to soil within managed ecosystems.

Where termites behaviour has prooved to be an important component of agricultural practices:- Althrough agricultural pests, termites play and important role

in recovering degraded ecosystes (and enhance agricultural production)

- Conserving termite populations (instead of eradicating them) and stimulating their soil mixing capacities would improved crusted soil.

Photo 2. Termite-created voids on crusted soil aftermulch application.

From Micro-organisms e.g. bacteria + fungi

Micro & meso-fauna protozoa,

nematodes to acari & springtails

Macro-fauna e.g. ants, termites, earthworms

Soil Biodiversity

...Roots in the soil and their interactions with species above & below

ground


Managing PollinatorsManagement practice:In Himachal Pradesh in Northwest

Indian Himalayas farmers are using colonies of honeybees – Apis cerana and Apis mellifera for pollination of apple crop.

An organized system of hiring and renting bee colonies for

pollination exists


Case study from the North Western Himalayas concerning pollination.1) It is important to highlight that the focus of agriculture in the Him-region is slowly shifting

from traditional cereal crops for subsistence agriculture to high-value cash-crop farming … (fruits)

2) Thus this shift poses new challenges related to the improving and maintaining productivity and quality …

3) The study highlighted that a way to confront such challenge is through pollination … yet a decline in pollinators was noticeable …

4) The causes of the decline are identified as related to * Habitat fragmentation- agricultural and industrial chemicals- Parasites / diseases- Introduction of alien species- Taxonomic information - Economic values5) A new management practice was then developed/applied: the hiring and renting bee

colonies …... Moreover some farmers are trying to save the population of existing pollinators by making

judicious use of carefully selected less toxic pesticides and spraying outside the flowering period of the apple.

There are more than 100 000 known pollinators (bees, butterflies, beetles, birds, flies and bats)

Many important food crops rely on animal pollination, including fruits and vegetables and foodder. The decline in pollinators populations impact negatively on food production.

In recent years there is a world wide decline in pollinator populations and diversitz(importance of monitoring population changes)

Factors causing the decrease could be the decrease in their food (nectar and pollen) supplies as a result of decline in pristine areas, LUCs, increase in monoculture-dominated agricultural interventions (eg use of chemicals fertizers and pesticides)

Changes in climate might also be affecting the insect numbers

Also reduced premature fruit drop in apple, peach, plum, and citrus.

Partap 2000bMisshapen fruit decreased by 50%

48112Strawberry

Partap, 2000a9/353524Citrus

Partap et al, 200011/143913Plum

Partap et al, 200029/234422Peach

Dulta and Verma, 1987

15/103310Apple

Reference Increase in fruit size (length/ diameter) (%)

Increase in fruit weight (%)

Increase in fruit set (%)

Crop

Results: Impact of Apis cerana pollination on fruit productivity


These are some of the results highlighting the improvement in productivity and quality of the cash-crop (which then in turns is an improvement in terms of economic value)

The study emphasised the need to conserve pollinators populations (and also the diversity) so as to ensure pollination ... By taking into consideration the factors behind the decline of

pollinators …the study also highlighted the importance of biodiversity observations so as to maintain pollinators population and thus ensure pollination

-MONITORING of the resources (cash crop yields and quality)

of the pollinators (population and diversity)of the habitat / LUC

Of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and their utilization … climate change

Of the economic value of pollination …(free service vs hand-pollination like in the Maoxian county in China)

Targeting farmers: Increasing Farmer Access to Germplasm and Information

1. Information, and seed exchange between farmers slow2. Access to research generated germplasm poor3. Participatory breeding with farmers’ organizations4. Joint activities for improved information sharing5. Test new options for seed dissemination


Case studies/opportunities for Sustainable pastoralism

• Controlled burning by pastoralists can improve forage quality and diversification of vegetation structure and species composition (trees, shrubs, perennials, annuals)

• Livestock grazing and crop-livestock integration can improve nutrient cycling and make better use of fragile resources/ ecosystems

• Livestock wildlife interaction: management of animal movements, stocking rates, control of incompatible cultivation by farmers; herders protect grazing wildlife from predators

• Settled herders creates long-lasting nutrient hotspots (kraals; fields)• Intensification and fragmentation of rangelands seems to cause a LOSS in

livestock production (may need to rethink ranching, sedentarisation)

Challenges - control of livestock numbers: use of common property resources; prestige, savings, security, culture Improvement of pasture and rangelands


Thatching, Busia District

Gramminae Conservation through Sustainable management and UsePractices are part of the wider agricultural system. This takes two main forms:

• on-farm-strips of uncultivated land, ‘hedgerows’ of grass and bush, fallow land, fenced graminae-rich plots…

• off-farm- management of community grazing lands, seasonal wetlands, rocky outcrops and hillsides, sacred sites…- controlled burning

• traditional uses and skills

Minimizing impacts of farming practices on wild biodiversity- making best use of resources


Case studies/Opportunities for Sustainable intensification

Sustainable management practices: controlled burning and grazing, woodlots for energy and timber, field borders/hedges, crop-livestock-forestry interactions are key to maintaining diverse habitats and landscapes that support biodiversity

Human management of ecosystems may increase species diversity – semiarid savannas: managed pasture, control invasive forest and shrub species,

harvesting, gathering and planting– diversified agro-silvo-pastoral systems– multi-layer farming systems: trees, perennials- banana, coffee, annuals)

Planned settlements/roads: reduces lands with potential, avoid biodiversity hotspots, environmentally-friendly (green belt, trees, etc.)

Protected areas, buffer zones, specific action to safeguard those groups and species that are more sensitive to human use than others, to allow hunting and gathering and in situ conservation of landraces/farmers varieties/breeds

Land use planning by communities and sub-catchments to promote biodiversity. Vary land use type with soil type, terrain, microclimate, access to water. Patchwork of settlements, cropland, pasture, forestland, and protected areas.

Regulations : stocking density, seasonality, quotas, user groups, etc.


Sustainability - adaptation to change and enhancing systems’ resilience

1. Supporting the ability of farmers to remain agile in responding to new challenges, by adapting their production system

2. Resilience or adaptive capacity are properties of the actors and the system in which they function

3. Resilience may indicate a return to the status quo. Agility/adaptability refers to continuously moving targets/changing situations

4. Need to sustain use and sustain adaptive capacity to increase probability of meeting future needs


FAO Roles of Agriculture Project

Premise 1: Agriculture provides multiple non-commodity outputs that are not valued by market transactions may be under-produced relative to what society desires.

Premise 2: As income rises (socio-economic/agricultural development), the economic importance of the commodity outputs of agriculture decreases in relative terms, and willingness to pay for its other roles increases

Policy challengeto Address Externalities (costs or benefits not valued in the market and not

adequately taken into account by actor/decision maker)to Safeguard Common Resources/Public Goods (rules of access and use;

mechanisms for collective action to prevent degradation, under / over use)to Integrate natural resources management /ecosystem approach (resources,

and their products, are interlinked, management /policy measures for one resource/sector affects the others

to Create resource/ecosystem friendly markets that generate growth and promote sustainable use/management of resources and ecosystems.

Studies conducted in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Morocco


Global: Social stability Poverty Alleviation

Regional/National: Rural-urban

migration (social implications)

Welfare systems substitute

Social capital formation

Biodiversity: diverse livelihoods

Local: Social stability of rural

community Rural employment Family values, gender

impact. Bodiversity-coping

strategies; risk mgmt

Global: Ecosystem resilience Climate change

mitigation (C, land cover) BiodiversityRegional/National: Ecosystem resilience Watershed mgmt

(prevent soil erosion & off-site impacts)

Water (stable regime; flood prevention)

Biodiversity plant + animal genetic

resources; services wild spp.+ wildlife

conservation Air quality (reduce

GHG)Local: Ecosystem resilience Biodiversity farmed spp., associated

spp., ecosystem functions

NRM- soil+ water conservation

Pollution control

Global: Economic Growth Poverty alleviation World Food Security

Regional/National: Access to food National security Food safety support in times of

crises (remittances, migration, fiscal support, food aid)

Local: Local / household food

security Biodiversity: nutrition;

pest + disease control, options

Sustainability Employment Income services

Global: Cultural Diversity Indigenous

Knowledge

Regional/ National: Cultural heritage Cultural identity Perception of roles

of agriculture

Local: Landscape,

recreation, tourism Indigenous

knowledge (disaster prevention, biodiversity, medicinal applications)

Traditional technology.

FOOD SECURITY POVERTY ALLEVIATION

CULTURAL ROLEGender; Heritage; IK

SOCIAL VIABILITYEquity; Stability

ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES

Peranan Pertanian


Targeting Communities livelihoods and nutrition through local agrobiodiversity

Peluang-peluang Pasar1. Premium price for local products2. Increased productivity of landraces (improved seed quality; crop rotations;

water harvesting3. Add-value products (fruit and milk processing)4. Production of herbs, medicinal plants, honey (bee keeping)5. Handicrafts and EcotourismDiversitas dan Peluang Gizi:6. Dietary energy supply can be satisfied without diversity but

micro-nutrient supply cannot (e.g. essential fatty acids; amino acids)

7. Wild and domesticated species and intra-species diversity play key roles in global food security

8. Different species/varieties have very different nutrient contents


Understanding impacts/implications of HIV/AIDS on agro-biodiversity

Less labour

Less labour intensive crops Reduction in land cultivated

Reduction in crop range and variety

Loss of knowledge

Kehilangan diversitas genetik

HIV/AIDS impact on PGR?


Catchments: support linkages/relation between ‘upland land users (providers’ of ES) and lowland land + water users (beneficiaries)

environmental service

providers

environmental service

beneficiaries

biodiversity and landscape beauty

water quantity, quality and flow

terrestrial C storage

natural capital and properties- territory

dynamic landscapechange in space and time

recognition, rewards,

transaction costs $$$

land management reduce threats – SWC, IPM etc

FUNCTIONS

Direct Benefits for

land and water

users

water users

land users


Mainstreaming biodiversity for sustainable agriculture and food security

Programmes, Institutions and Capacity Building

• Multi-sectoral approaches: agricultural, environmental, land, water, community development, planning and finance (coordination; committees).

• Mainstreaming in national programmes (poverty alleviation, gender)• Land use planning at community and watershed levels (landscape; habitat dimensions)• Supporting on farm management • Networks : e.g. plant genetic resources, research + development • Participatory assessment, monitoring and early warning systems• Information systems (threatened resources, threats etc)• Training and education: curricula, adult education, extension, gender• Raising awareness of importance (value) - public, private sector decision makers (local

media, schools, etc)



BiodiversityAgricultureProductivityAdaptationMaintenance of ecosystem

functions

Agriculture Biodiversity

Delivery of ecosystem services

IncentivesEcological knowledge


It is an important issue in order to understand the needs of the natural resources

management communities …

Biodiversity benefits agricultural/managed ecosystems

- productivity: conservation management of broad-based genetic diversity within

domesticated species has been improving agricultural production for 10000 years;

- Adaptation: a diverse range of organisms contributes to the resilience of agricultural

ecosystems and their capacity to recover from environmental stress and to evolve.

- Maintenance of ecosystem functions: essential functions ….

Agricultural/managed ecosystems benefits biodiversity

The National Agricultural Biodiversity Programme in Lao

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY PROGRAMME

INTEGRATED PARTICIPATORY PLANNING APPROACHES

MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS

CROP AND CROP

ASSOCIATED BIODIVERSITY

LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMEN

T AND MANAGEMENT

NON-TIMBER FOREST

PRODUCTS AND OTHER

TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY

SUSTAINABLE USE AND

CONSERVATION OF AQUATIC

BIODIVERSITY

HOUSEHOLD-BASED

INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION

SYSTEMS


FAO Agro-biodiversity Publications

• Biodiversity Awareness Folder (series of flyers/fact sheets e.g. Why is Biodiversity Important for the Maintenance of Agro-ecosystem Functions?

• Publication Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003, case studies developed with partners htttp://www.fao.org/biodiversity_en.asp

• Powerpoint presentations prepared forCGRFA-10 Side event Case studies of Mainstreaming agrobiodiversity for food security (November 2004)

• distributed Publications: Valuing crop biodiversity and Beyond the Gene Horizon (prepoared with IPGRI, now Bioversity)

http://www.fao.org/biodiversity/doc_en.asp


pengelolaan sumberdaya alam dalam agroekosistem

Documents

land management officer

water development division

sally bunning

effect of land use

harvested species

associated biodiversity

species diversitywild

un3agricultural biodiversity