pengantar perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi teknologi informasi dan... · informasi...
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Pengantar
Perkembangan Teknologi
Informasi Dan Komunikasi
Materi Kuliah Sessi ke-1
Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi
Program Pasca Sarjana, Magister Ilmu Komunikasi
Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama)
Dosen: Ir. Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi, SE, MSi., MPP
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Topik Pembahasan
• Evolusi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi
• Pengertian Teknologi Informasi, Sistem
Informasi dan Manajemen Informasi
• Manfaat Teknologi Informasi dan Sistem
Informasi
• Konvergensi Teknologi Informasi dan
Komunikasi
• Permasalahan Etika
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Evolusi Teknologi Informasi dan
Komunikasi
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Evolusi Teknologi Informasi dan
Komunikasi
ERA 1
ERA 2
ERA 3
ERA 4
1990
1980
1970
�Focus of Philosophy�Administrative Framework�Primary Target�Justification/Purposes
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Computer Technology Era
AdministrativeFramework
Focus ofPhilosophy
PrimaryTarget
JustificationPurposes
DATA
PROCESSING ORGANIZATIONAL
PRODUCTIVITY
EFFICIENCY
REGULATED
MONOPOLY
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Information Technology Era
END-USER
COMPUTING
FREE
MARKET INDIVIDUAL EFFECTIVENESS
AdministrativeFramework
Focus ofPhilosophy
PrimaryTarget
JustificationPurposes
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Information System Era
STRATEGIC
SYSTEM
REGULATED
FREE MARKET
BUSINESS
PROCESS
COMPETITIVE
ADVANTAGE
AdministrativeFramework
Focus ofPhilosophy
PrimaryTarget
JustificationPurposes
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Global Information System Era
BUSINESS
TRANSFORMATION
ENABLER GLOBALIZATION
DYNAMIC
SYSTEM ADAPTIVITY
AdministrativeFramework
Focus ofPhilosophy
PrimaryTarget
JustificationPurposes
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Trends of ICT
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Pengertian Teknologi Informasi,
Sistem Informasi dan Manajemen
Informasi
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What is IT? Examples of IT
• websites;
• software applications such as instructional and office software;
• telecommunications products such as conventional telephones and cell phones;
• multimedia content such as that found on DVDs, videotapes, broadcast and cable TV; and
• self-contained, closed products such as copiers, fax machines, or information kiosks.
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Domain Komputer, TI, dan SI
INFORMATION SYSTEM
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
Organization
Management
Human Resources
Processes
People and Culture
Standards and Procedures
Rules and Policy
Cost and
Investment
Strategic
Business
Plan
Macro
Environment
Outsourcing
Research and
DevelopmentProducts and Services
Market and
Customers
PC Desktop Operating System
InternetIntranet
Extranet
Database
Applications
Notebook and Palmtop
Programming Languages
Printer
ModemMultimedia
Workgroup
Computing
Data Mining
Decision Support
System
Digital Nervous
SystemISDN, VSAT
Infrastructure
Electronic
Commerce
Electronic
Data
Interchange
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Definisi TI
• Teknologi informasi adalah suatu teknik untuk mengumpulkan, menyiapkan, menyimpan, memproses, mengumumkan, menganalisa, dan menyebarkan informasi.
• Komputer adalah alat pemroses data elektronik, magnetik, optikal, atau sistem yang melaksanakan fungsi logika, aritmatika, dan penyimpanan.
• Informasi elektronik adalah sekumpulan data elektronik yang diantaranya meliputi teks, simbol, gambar, tanda-tanda, isyarat, tulisan, suara, bunyi, dan bentuk-bentuk lainnya.
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Komponen TI
• Hardware
– Komputer
– Peripheral
• Software
– Operating System
– Package Software
– Application Software
– Programming
Language
• Database
– Field
– Record / Table
– RDBMS
• Network
– Local Area Network
– Wide Area Network
– Global Network
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TI Berbasis Komputer (CBIS)
• Pengumpulan, pengelolaan dan
penyajian informasi menggunakan
komputer.
• Unggul dalam kondisi:– Repetitif
– Jumlah data dalam ukuran besar
– Membutuhkan akurasi yang tinggi
– Fleksibilitas Pengolahan Data
– Melibatkan banyak SDM
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The Three Domains: IS, IT and IM
IS Strategy
Division/function based
Demand oriented
Business focused
IS Strategy
Division/function based
Demand oriented
Business focused
IT Strategy
Activity based
Supply oriented
Technology focused
IT Strategy
Activity based
Supply oriented
Technology focused
IM Strategy
Organisation based
Relationship oriented
Management focused
IM Strategy
Organisation based
Relationship oriented
Management focused
Delivery
Applications
Management
What ?
How ?
Wherefore ?
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Manajemen Informasi
INFORMATION SYSTEM
- DEMAND SITE -
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- SUPPLY SITE -
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
Institutions
Community
Non Profit Organization
Business Entities
Public Sectors
R&D Centers
Corporations
Computer ManufacturersSoftware Houses
Universities Silicon Valley
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Fungsi Sistem InformasiFungsi Sistem Informasi
INPUT OUTPUTPROCESS
FEEDBACK
INFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
Customers SupplCustomers Suppliers iers
Regulatory Regulatory Stakeholders CompetitorsStakeholders Competitors
AgenciesAgencies
ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION
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Manfaat Teknologi Informasi dan
Sistem Informasi
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Peran dan Manfaat ICTInformation and communications technology carries on high promise both in human and economic terms.
Benefits could be obtained in:
•• EducationEducation
•• Job training Job training
•• Health careHealth care
•• Food securityFood security
•• Environment managementEnvironment management
•• Government efficiencyGovernment efficiency
And specifically in Science and Technology:
•• Speed up dissemination of scientific results worldSpeed up dissemination of scientific results world--wide wide through scientific knowledge sharing and exchangethrough scientific knowledge sharing and exchange
•• Allows to set up of Virtual Labs for communications and Allows to set up of Virtual Labs for communications and remote instrument controlremote instrument control
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Peran dan Manfaat TI
• Industri– Airlines, Telecommunications, Tourism
– Manufacturing, Financial (Banking, Insurance, Leasing, etc.)
– Health Care, Education, Entertainment
– Retails, etc.
• Area Fungsional– Marketing
– Finance and Accounting
– Production and Operation
– Human Resources
• Pelayanan Publik
• Individu
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TI Menjadi Bagian Keseharian
Hidup Manusia
• TI dapat dipakai di semua sektor kehidupan
• Pengendalian– Pusat Pengatur Beban Listrik
– Air Trafic Controller
– Air Ticketing
– Perbankan
– Manufaktur / Industri Process
– Restaurant
– Oil and Gas Refinery
• Dari Lahir sampai “masuk RMD”
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TI Menemani Perjalanan Hidup
Manusia
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Pemanfaatan TI Dalam
OrganisasiPerson-to-person communication and networking• E-mail, videotext, facsimile, voice mail
• PCs, modems, and desktop video
• Mobile phones, pagers, and hand-held messaging devices
Collaborative work and groupware• Exchange files, electronic file transfer, transferring discs
• Telephone, facsimile, e-mail, and web access
• Audio and video conference, screen sharing
• Computer models, simulations, and forecasting tools
• Electronic data interchange
Organizational Databases and archives• Hand-held and laptop computers, personal digital assistants
• Data and information warehouses, accessible over intranet
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Manufacturing
Source: Turban
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Marketing Management
Source: Turban
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Business transaction (B-to-B)
Source: Turban
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Business Transaction (B-to-C)
Source: Turban
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Changes in the Manufacturing Industry
by digitalizationProduct life cycle to shorten drastically with IT application
AVProducts
ITProducts
1-2 years
Life Cycle
3-4 months 3-4 months 3-4 months
PC,DigitalCamera
CTV,AUDIO
Short lifeBig to maximumfluctuation band
Short lifeBig to maximumfluctuation band
Long LifeMiddle fluctuation band
Long LifeMiddle fluctuation band
ShiftShift DigitalizedDigitalized,,Semiconductor packagingSemiconductor packaging
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Human Life
Source: Turban
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… Human Life
Source: Turban
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… Human Life
Source: Turban
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Konvergensi Teknologi Informasi
dan Komunikasi
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Element Pokok TIK-1
• Teknologi Pendukung: microelectronics, optoelectronics, sistem
operasi, bahasa pemrograman, dan lain – lain.
• Peralatan: telephone, televisi, personal komputer, scanner,
game machines, compact discs, digital cameras,
telecommunications switches, dan peralatan lain yang
digunakan untuk mengirim, menerima, menyimpan, memproses,
dan menyajikan informasi.
• Konten: Kata, kalimat, teks, gambar, suara, layanan, atau data
dalam bentuk lain yang dikumpulkan, disajikan, diproses,
disimpan, dan dikirim atau diterima.
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Element Pokok TIK-2
• User Interface Systems: Kombinasi perangkat keras (hardware)
seperti keyboard, mouse, CPU, dll. dan piranti lunak (software)
seperti graphical user interface, atau voice recognition system
untuk interaksi manusia dengan komputer.
• Infrastruktur Telekomunikasi: jaringan telekomunikasi kabel
maupun wireless guna (narrow and broadband networks),
termasuk teknologi switching, terrestrial broadcasting, cable tv,
fiber optic, cellular, dan komunikasi satelit.
• People: Sekretaris, Penulis Konten, Perencana bisnis, Pembuat
software, Akuntan, Mahasiswa/pelajar, Insinyur, Doktor, Pejabat
Pemerintah, dan lain sebagainya yang membuat,
menggunakan, mengelola, dan mendukung Telematika.
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Dimensi TIK-1
Informasi
• Telematika berhubungan dengan apa yang Anda baca, dengar, lihat, dan ketahui melalui sekumpulan aktivitas yang meliputi mengumpulkan, menganalisa, mencetak, dan menyajikan informasi dalam bentuk tulisan, gambar, suara, dan lain sebagainya. Contoh: memirsa TV, menyimak informasi pada website; membaca isi CD-ROM, mengakses database.
People
• Telematika membentuk apa yang Anda ketahui, menjadi media dengan siapa Anda berkomunikasi. Komunikasi dengan sesama individu, atau berbeda kelompok: one to one, one to many, many to many, one to millions. Contoh: Penerbitan; penyiaran; berbicara melalui (video)phone; mengirim facsimili; mengirim surat, e-mail, telekonference, dll.
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Dimensi TIK-2
Layanan
• Telematika mempengaruhi perilaku produktivitas dan konsumsi masyarakat. Hal ini dilakukan melalui aktivitas transaksi elektronik dan layanan elektronik. Contoh: Pay-per-view TV; electronic banking and shopping, perpanjangan ijin melalui Internet, booking pesawat udara melalui telepon atau Internet, dll.
Teknologi
• Telematika menyediakan akses kepada sarana informasilainnya, melalui aktivitas membuat dan memanfaatkan peralatan, teknik, dan pengetahuan untuk mengakses peralatan Telematika lainnya. Contoh: Modem menghubungkan komputer dengan jaringan, Internet dan infrastruktur informasi lainnya. Penyedia Telematika mendukung layanan akses Internet, e-mail
dan lain – lain.
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Global Trend• The need for better, faster,
and cheaper in sharing
information and
communications among
individuals and organizations
• The need to support people
who are working together, both
in same and dispersed
locations.
• Information and Comunication
Technology (ICT / Telematika)
enables people increasing
productivity.
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Demam “e-”
• E-business
• E-commerce
• E-government
• Lantas apa bedanya dengan SI/TI dan “e”
• Adakah perbedaan dalam mengelolanya?
• Yang membuat Internet signifikan:– Pervasive
– Interactive
– Media penghubung banyak pihak
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e-Business Infrastructure
TelephoneNetwork
InternetNetwork
Cache Server
Proxy Cache
VPN
Firewall
Router
CTI Server
LAN Switch
IVR
Voicemail
Call Server
Media Gateway
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Permasalahan Etika
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Ethical Issues
• Privacy– What information about oneself should an individual be required to
reveal to others?
– What kind of surveillance can an employer use on its employees?
– What information about individuals should be kept in databases,
and how secure is the information there?
• Accuracy
– Who is responsible for the authenticity, fidelity, and accuracy of
information collected?
– How can we ensure that information will be processed properly and
presented accurately to users?
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… Ethical Issues
• Property– Who owns the information?
– What are the fair prices for its exchange?
– Who owns the channels of information?
– How should one handle software piracy?
– Can corporate computers be used for private purposes?
• Accessibility– Who is allowed to access information?
– What information does a person or an organization have a right or a
privilege to obtain – under what condition and with what
safeguards?
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Pengaruh Terhadap Organisasi
• Flatter organizational hierarchies – The fact shows different result, why??
• Increased staff-to-line workers ratio– The pyramid structure is no longer suitable
• Establishment of new special organization unit– For example E-Commerce unit
• Increased power and status of the IT staff– Those who control information
• Changes in career path– Especially for “IT literate” employee
• Changes in supervision– From traditional to electronic supervision
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Impacts on Individual & Society
• Individual
– Decreased job satisfaction
• Some jobs may become more routine and less satisfying
– Dehumanization and psychological impacts
• Human vs. machine issues
– Impacts on health and safety
• Job stress and repetitive strain injuries
• Society
– Opportunities for people with disabilities
– Improved quality of life (do you agree???)
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IT Development Trends
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Ubiquitous Information AccessUbiquitous Information Access
Era I: Automation, Cost Control and Efficiency
Era II: Productivity and End-User Empowerment
Era III: Value Creation andBusiness Effectiveness
Internet/Network ComputingInternet/Network Computing
Mainframe/Midrange ComputingMainframe/Midrange Computing
Client/Server ComputingClient/Server Computing
Low
High
Era IV: IT Enabling New Business Models
The Rules
InternallyInternally
FocusedFocused
ExternallyExternally
FocusedFocused
Source: Gartner
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Terima Kasih