pelvic anatomy
TRANSCRIPT
Pelvic Anatomy
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Gynecologic Viscera
Uterus: thick, muscular organDerived from the fusion of the paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts.
These ducts also form the upper 2/3 of the vagina and the fallopian tubes.
Divided into 3 segments: fundus, lower segment and cervix.
3 layers: serosa, myometrium (smooth muscle), and endometrium.
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Gynecologic Viscera
Fallopian tubes: 10-14 cm in length, <1 cm in diameter.
Isthmus - 1 mm in diameter - perfect spot for tubal ligation.
Ampulla - 6mm in diameter - fertilization occurs here as well as most ectopics.
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Ligamentous Support
Round Ligament:
Fibrous and muscle tissue
Anterior to the fallopian tubes
Correlate with the male gubernaculums
They extend laterally, cross the external iliac vessels, and enter the internal inguinal ring, and insert in the labia majora.
Sampson’s artery, a branch of the uterine artery, runs along the length of the round ligament.
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Ligamentous Support
Broad Ligament:Double reflection of the peritoneum, draped over the round ligaments.
Cardinal Ligament: Found at the base of the broad ligament.
Provides the main support for the uterus and cervix.
It attaches to the cervix and extends laterally, connecting to the endopelvic fascia.
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Ligamentous Support
Uterosacral Ligaments:
Provide minor cervical support.
Originate from the upper posterior cervix, travel around the rectum bilaterally, and fan out to attach to the 1st - 5th sacral vertebrae.
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Gynecologic Viscera
Ovaries:Supported along the lateral pelvic sidewalls by the ovarian ligaments (attaching to the posteriolateral aspect of the uterus), the mesovarium (anastomotic region of the uterine and ovarian vessels), and the infundibulo-pelvic ligament (“The IP”), which are reflections of the broad ligament attaching the ovaries to the lateral pelvis.
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Ovaries
They rest in the ovarian fossa, immediately adjacent to the iliac vessles and the ureters.
They contain 3 distinct cell populations:Germ cells
Stromal cells - tightly packed around developing follicles and secrete hormones.
Epithelium
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Bladder and Rectum
Don’t forget they are close by…Bladder is anterior to the uterus.
Ureters originate in the renal cayxes and insert in to the inferior bladder at the trigone.
Careful attention to the ureters path in the pelvis is essential for dissection in gynecologic surgery.
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Key Points of the Ureter
In the pelvis the ureter runs medial to and parallel with the internal iliac artery.
Uterine artery crosses over the ureter (water under the bridge).
The remaining 2-3cm of the ureter passes through the cardinal ligament into the bladder.
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Rectum
Lies posterior to the uterus following the curvature of the sacrum.
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Blood Supply
Majority originates from the internal iliac artery (aka: hypogastric artery).
Additional supply comes from the ovarian arteries, the inferior mesenteric artery, and the external iliac artery.
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Common iliac --> external and internal iliac
External becomes the femoral arteryInternal iliac --> anterior and posterior divisions
Posterior division - rarely seen in pelvic surgery, has three branches that supply the gluteal region:
– Superior gluteal– Iliolumbar– Lateral sacral arteries
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Anterior division:UterineVaginal Superior, Middle, and Inferior VesicalsMiddle and Inferior RectalObturatorInferior glutealInternal PudendalObliterated umbilical arteries
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During retroperitoneal surgery the primary branches identified are the:
Superior vesical artery
Uterine artery
Obturator artery
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Ovarian arteriesOriginate directly from the aorta, inferior to the renal arteries.
Most frequently identified at the IP ligament.
Ovarian veins:Left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein
Right ovarian vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava.
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Lymph Drainage
Cervical Cancer:Drains 1st to the parametrial nodes --> obturator nodes --> pelvic nodes --> para-aortic
Uterine Cancer:Drains 1st to the pelvic nodes or para-aortic.
Ovarian Cancer: Can metastasize to either the pelvic or para-aortic nodes.
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Pelvic Support
Pelvic diaphragm is retroperitoneal and supports all the viscera.
Composed of the:Levator ani group: puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and ileococcygeus.
Coccygeous muscles
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