pedestrian planning and modelling
TRANSCRIPT
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WELCOME TO THE
PTV GROUP.
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Brett Little
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PEDESTRIAN PLANNING & MODELLING
Brett Little
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1. INTRODUCTION
What do we mean by pedestrian?
As a mode it is a trip completed on foot.
However, anyone travelling by public transport is a pedestrian for some part of their trip.
People interchanging between public transport modes or services.
Those Travelling by car if they park away from their destination.
Those visiting pedestrian environments such as shopping centres, parks, events etc.
The list goes on……
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2. WHY STUDY PEDESTRIANS?
Using London as an Example:
London wide, people make seven million journeys on foot every day. Accounting for over 30% of the mode split.
Walking is mainly used for shorter trips; 86% of trips of up to half a km and 58% of trips between half and one km.
Walking is also an important means of getting to and from public transport services and is involved in most other journeys.
TfL Streets identified the need to quantify changes to the pedestrian environment.
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What is pedestrian engineering?
It is the discipline that focuses on the most prevalent mode of transport – walking
3. PEDESTRIAN ENGINEERING
Viswalk is used to
plan for pedestrians (inside and outside stations and buildings)evaluate planning alternatives plan operations simulate evacuationsdetermine travel timescreate 3D-simulations
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4. WHAT IS PEDESTRIAN MICRO-SIMULATION?
The accurate simulated representation of people walking -every step
Simulation of the interaction of pedestrians in crowdsSimulation of the interaction between pedestrians and the built
environmentThe accurate simulation of the interaction between pedestrians and
private or public modes of transport
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5. SCOPE
Pedestrian Modelling is a growth field, it is widely used in the following areas:
Environments
1. Pedestrian only environment2. Pedestrian/Vehicle interaction3. Traffic dominated environment4. Enclosed environments; buildings, public transport carriages, aircraft
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Uses
Pedestrian modelling can be used within various disciplines some of which are inter related:
Planning; demand forecasting, strategic levelFeasibility studiesDesign; all levels of design up to and including detailed design,
optioneering or iterative design process.Management; day to day management of streets, stations etc as
well as event management.Operational, to test public transport frequency or signal control
strategies.
5. SCOPE
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Markets
TrafficTransport PlanningPublic Transport StationsPublic Transport OperationsSafety and evacuationEvent ManagementStadiaPublic RealmEnvironmentalArchitecturalVehicle, carriage and aircraft designRetail
5. SCOPE
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6. VISION SUITE - MICROSIMULATION
Microscopic Pedestrian Simulation
Exact microscopic modelling of all modes - modal microsimulation.
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PTV VISWALK AND VISSIM ARE FULLY INTEGRATED
Pedestrians, motorised traffic, cycles and public transport can be simulated together.
At crossings pedestrians obey traffic lights, at non-signalized crossings either pedestrians or vehicles can be given priority.
Pedestrians can alight from trains and board trains.
Key Benefits of using PTV Viswalk | 2013
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THE SOCIAL FORCE MODEL
The force on a pedestrian is calculated at any time from theinfluences of their desire, other pedestrians and the builtenvironment such as walls or buildings.
Driving force in the desired direction of
motion
Forces from borders
Forces from fellow
pedestrians
Driving force in the desired direction of
motion
Forces from borders
Forces from fellow
pedestrians
Ammendments
PTV ammended the Social Force Model with additional functionality to enable modelling:Movement through multi-storey buildings,Crossing streets (with or without regulation)Board and alight from trains,Queue in elaborate queuing systems,Bi-directional movement through an extended but narrow corridors
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DYNAMIC POTENTIAL
This PTV extension of the Social Force Model is not for a specific situation, but applies generally. The basic idea is to change from a shortest path to a earliest arrival movement paradigm.
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7. VISWALK INPUTS
• Inception / Scoping
• Surveys
• Manual
• Video
• Origin/Destination
• Permanent Counters
• Ticketing
• Mobile Phone Data
• Matrix Derivation
• Manual
• Matrix Estimator Tools
• Gravity Models
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8. VISWALK OUTPUT
Output Use
Density maps Illustrate problem areas
Level of Service (LOS) Measure changes – input to business case
Journey times (total and between origin and destination)
Measure changes – input to business case
Speed, dwell times of pedestrians Measure pedestrian experience
Record file (detailed trajectory data) Input to other software
Queuing / transaction times Ticketing and retail placement/design
2D and 3D-animation Illustration for non technical audience and stakeholders
Key Outputs and their uses
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VISWALK OUTPUT – FRUIN LEVEL OF SERVICE
Level of Service
Footways (peds/m/min)
Footways (peds/m2)
LOS Description
A <23.0 <0.31
Flow rate les than 23 people per metre per minute
Free circulation
B 23.0-32.8 0.31-0.43
Flow rate 23 to 33 people per metre per minute
For one directional flows, free circulation. For reverse and crossing flows, minor conflicts
C 32.8-48.2 0.43-0.72
Flow rate 34 to 49 people per metre per minute
Some restriction in selection of walking speed and ability to pass others. High probability of conflict.
D 48.2-65.6 0.72-1.08 Flow rate 49 to 66 people per minute.
Restricted and reduced walking speed for most pedestrians. Difficulties in passing. Multiple conflicts, momentary stoppages of flow.
E 65.6-82.0 1.08-2.17
Flow rate 66 to 82 people per metre per minute.
Restricted and reduced walking speed for all pedestrians. Shuffling progress at higher densities. Extreme difficulties in reverse or cross flows.
F >82.0 >2.17
Flow rate >82 people per metre per minute
Circulation reduced to shuffling. Reverse and cross flows near impossible. Frequent contact. Sporadic forward flow.
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Level of Service Density Plots – ‘heatmaps’
VISWALK OUTPUT
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2D and 3D videos are easy to produce
VISWALK OUTPUT
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Journey Times – Whole Model and point to point
VISWALK OUTPUT
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Pedestrian Following – individual experience and results
VISWALK OUTPUT
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COMPUTATION SPEED: PTV VISWALK IS FAST
20,000 pedestrians simulated in real time.
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PTV VISWALK HAS NO HARD SIZE LIMIT
One million pedestrians.
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9. CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION
Calibration
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Validation
Journey Times
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Screenline Counts
Example shown from London
Validation against 48 internal screenline counts.
Surveys on two significantly different days.
Aim is to produce flows between the high and low demand to represent an average day.
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10. VISWALK USES
Interchange between modes of Transport
Rail and Metro BusesTaxiWalkingCyclingPrivate car
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VISWALK USES
Traffic and Streets
Signal Timings Interaction with traffic (cars, buses, freight and cycles)Public Transport boarding and alighting
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VISWALK USES
Stations - Pedestrian/Train/Station Interaction
Boarding Alighting Platform
capacity Corridors Stairs and
escalators Ticket
gates Ticket
halls Ticket
purchasing
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VISWALK USES
Stadiums
Operation – Arrivals and departuresTicket turnstilesStairsEvacuationRetail
PlacementLinks to public
transport
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VISWALK USES
Buildings
Access Internal LayoutStairs, liftsEvacuation
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SUMMARY
Interaction between modes
Rail and Metro Buses Car &Taxi Walking & Cycling
Outputs
Journey times Interchange times Levels of density Queuing times and densities Routing analysis 3D videos
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CONTACT
Brett Little
Solution Director
Pedestrian Engineering & Major Events
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