Chapter 6:Behavior

ManagementPED 383: Adapted Physical

EducationDr. Johnson

Proactive vs reactive• Reactive – Applied after the fact• Punishments• Time outs• Detentions• No recess

• Proactive• Address situation before problems• MWSU = Management concerns• How you set up your class

Definitions• Respondent Conditioning• Automatic control of response by antecedent stimuli

• Operant Conditioning• Control of behavior by regulating the consequences that

follow a behavior

• Contingency management• Relation between behavior and the events that follow

• Behavior Modeling• Learning through observing another person engaged in a

behavior

More Definitions• Stimulus• A measureable event that might have an influence on a

behavior

• Reinforcement• A stimulus event that increases or maintains the

frequency of a response• Positive – rewards prizes, words, looks• Negative – An aversive stimuli• Something the student wants to avoid• Doesn’t always work.• Differing views of wanting o avoid the result• Detention vs attention (bad boy)

• Punishment – decreasing the negative frequency.

Types of reinforcers• Premack Principle• Use of highly preferred activities to control the occurrence

of a less preferred response

• Reinforcers• Primary• Neede for survival

• Secondary• Must be learned – grades, money or praise

• Vicarious• Observing results (positive or negative) when done by

others

• Continuous Reinforcement• Happens every time an occurrence happens

• Ratio Schedules• Occurs every “X” times something occurs (i.e every 3

times)

• Interval Schedules• Occurs after a specific amount of time has passed• Fixed (consistent)• Variable (non-consistent)

Increasing behaviors• Shaping

• Administering reinforcement contingent on the learning and performance of sequential steps leading to development of the desired behavior

• Chaining• A series of discrete links that lead to enhanced performance of behaviors

• Prompting• Events that help initiate a response

• Fading• Stretching the schedule of reinforcements so that the student must perform more

trials or demonstrate significantly better response quality in order to receive reinforcement

• Modeling• Visual demonstration of a behavior that students are expected to perform

• Token Economy• Reinforcements based on tokens (rewards)

• Contingency Management• When teachers change a behavior by providing a stimulus contingent on the

occurance of a desired response.

Decreasing behaviors• Reinforcement of other behaviors

• Reinforcing a student for engaging in any behavior other than the targeted behavior

• Reinforcement of incompatible behavior• Reinforce the teamwork when they have trouble when

eliminating not cooperating.

• Reinforcement of low response rates• Rewarded for gradually reducing the behavior

• Punishment• Type 1 – negative consequence (Detention)• Type 2 – Removal of a positive (no more Ice Cream)

• Time-out• Assuming they wanted to do what they were doing

Advantages of Applied Behavioral Analysis

• Considers only behaviors that are precisely defined and capable of being seen

• Assumes that knowing the intrapsychic cause of a particular behavior is not a prerequisite for changing it

• Encourages a thorough analysis of the environmental conditions and factors that might influence the behavior

• Facilitates functional independence by employing a system of least prompts (least to most intrusive)

• Requires precise measurement to demonstrate a cause and effect relation between the behavioral interventions and the behavior being changed

Disadvantages of Applied Behavioral Analysis

• Actual use of behavioral principles in a consistent and systematic manner is not as simple as it might seem.

• Behavioral might fail when what is thought to be a controlling stimulus is not so in reality

• Behavioral techniques might not work initially, requiring more analysis to determine if other techniques would be helpful.

Other approaches• Psychoeducational

• Psychodynamic

• Ecological

• Biogenic

• Humanistic

Psychoeducational• Views inappropriate behaviors as students

maladaptive attempts to cope with their environment

• It assumes academic failure and misbehavior can be remedied directly if students are taught how to achieve and behave appropriately

• Educate whole student

Psychodynamic• Strives to improve emotional functioning by

helping students understand why they are functioning inappropriately

• Accept the student, but not the undesirable behavior

• Develop self-knowledge

Ecological• Assumes that the behavioral problems are caused

by a disturbance in the student’s environment or ecosystem

• Student and environment influence each other in a reciprocal and negative manner

• Students demeanor causes a negative environment and the environment causes a negative student reaction• Angry student upsets friends so they do not want to

play……friends not wanting to play with them, causes the student to become angry

Biogenic• Relies on diagnostic techniques that explore signs

and symptoms

• Physicians attempt to locate problems

• Drug therapy based on symptoms / signs

Humanistic• 5 primary human needs• Physiological needs• Safety• Belongingness and love• Esteem• Self-actualization

• Humans seek to meet unsatisfied needs at progressively higher levels as lower needs are met.• As one need is met, we move to the “next lowest”