Basketmaker I – 8000 BC to AD 1

Basketmaker II – AD 1 to 500

Basketmaker III – AD 500 to 700

Pueblo I Period – AD 700 to 900

Pueblo II Period – AD 900 to 1100

Pueblo III Period or Great Pueblo or Classic Pueblo AD 1100 to 1300

Pueblo IV Period or Proto-Historic AD 1300 to 1540

Pueblo V Period or Historic AD 1540 to present day

Pecos Conference 1927

• Historic = written records (1776)

• European Invasion of New World

• New Technologies

• Animal husbandry (cattle, sheep, horses)

• Metal tools and weapons

Historic Period

• Spanish Invasion of Mexico – 1519

Capture of Aztec capitol at Tenochtitlan – 1521

• Francisco Coronado Expedition – 1540 to 1542

• Settlement of New Mexico – 1598

Santa Fe – 1608

• Pueblo Revolt – 1680

• Spanish Reconquest – 1692

• Old Spanish Trail - 1829 to 1848

• Mexican – American War – 1848

• Mormon colonization of the West – 1847, 1850

Critical Dates

• Diseases – smallpox, measles

• Slavery – ‘desaparecidos’

• Tributes/taxes (service and goods)

• Native loss of lives, liberty, land and religion

• Introduction of new technologies

✓ Metallurgy

✓ Animal husbandry - sheep, horses, cattle

Effects of European Invasion

Coronado Expedition

Archaeological Resources

• Metal artifacts

• Historic artifacts – polychrome ceramic, china, glass

• Paiute and Shoshone brownwares

• Small arrowheads – Desert Side-notched

Ghost Dance 1890

❖ Native American Religion movement

❖ Wovoka – Northern Paiute

• Prophesized end of white Euroamerican expansion

• Advocated clean, honest living with cooperation among Indians

• Round dance (Ghost Dance) – associated with prophesy and change

• “they could dance a new world into being”

❖ Lakota – Wounded Knee Massacre December 1890

• Lakota version more militaristic

Some Native American Legislation

❖ 1887 Dawes Act – dissolved tribes as legal entities and allowed reservations to be owned by individual members

❖ Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

• Left it up to the states to allow voting

• 1948 Arizona and New Mexico removed barriers to vote

• Utah prohibited Native Americans living on reservations from voting until 1957

Some Native American Legislation

❖ 1953 House concurrent resolution 108

• federal policy of termination

• terminated tribes on a tribe by tribe basis

• immediate end of Federal relationship with a selected group of tribes

• cessation of federal recognition and all the federal aid

❖ Public Law 280

• Gave states jurisdictions over Indian Reservations

• State criminal and civil jurisdiction tribes and tribal members

If you can't change them, absorb them until they simply disappear into the mainstream culture. ... In Washington's infinite wisdom, it was decided that tribes should no longer be tribes, never mind that they had been tribes for thousands of years.

— Ben Nighthorse Campbell