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Seek the lofty by reading,

hearing and seeing greatwork at some momentevery day.Thornton Wilder

Prepared by Susan A. MuirAcademic Year 2011/ 2012


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Thinking for a change

Do you think about your thinking?

Do you think about your values? Are you as ethical as you could be?

For things to change, you have to

change. For things to get better, you haveto get better. (Jim Rohn)



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Are you educated?

An education isnt how much you have

committed to memory, or even how muchyou know. Its being able to differentiate

between what you do know and what youdont know. (Anatole France)

A college degree is not a sign that one is

a finished product but an indicator aperson is prepared for life. (Rev. Malloy)



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Have you reflected on thethinking of Mr. E=mc2?

Not everything that counts can becounted, and not everything that can becounted counts. (Sign hanging on

Einsteins office at Princeton University) The aim (of education) must be the

training of independently acting andthinking individuals who, however, can seein the service to the community theirhighest life achievement. Albert Einstein



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Welcome

Course Title: Professional, Ethical, &

Legal Implications of Computer Systems

Keep an open mind so you can learn anddiscuss important issues in your field.(Remember: poor ethical behavior mayadversely affect other people.)

Three (3) Credits = Work is required topass or to excel in all academic courses!



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What is Ethics?

Rules to follow in our interactions and ouractions that affect others

An academic discipline (branch ofphilosophy) - study of what it means to dothe right thing Assumes people are rational and make free choices

Involves the analysis and employment of conceptssuch as right and wrong, good and evil, and

responsibility.

Academic Year 2011/ 2012 Prepared by Susan A. Muir


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What is Ethics? (contd.)

Ethics comes from the Greek word eche,which means character

Ethics is a set of theories that provide

general rules or principles to be used inmaking moral decisions, and unlikeordinary intuition, provides a justification of

those rules. (Johnson)



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Important Distinctions

Ethically mandatory (right)

Ethically prohibited (wrong)

Ethically acceptable (okay)

Negative rights (liberties)

The right to act without interference Positive rights (claim-rights)

An obligation of some people to providecertain things for others



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Computer Ethics

Computer ethics was not commonly used until

the mid-1970s

Walter Maner defined computer ethics as

ethical problems aggravated, transformed orcreated by computer technology.

James Moore defined computer ethics as a fieldconcerned with policy vacuums and

conceptual muddles regarding the social and

ethical use of information technology



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Law

Law is a rule or conduct or an action recognizedas custom or decreed by a formal enactment,community or group

Two types: Natural and Conventional Conventional law is a system created by and for

human beings usually in public deliberations likea council of elders or representatives in nationallegislatures. It derives from that part of the moralcode which is enforceable.



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Law

Natural law is an unwritten but universallaw. It is a theory that an eternal, absolutemoral law can be discovered by reason

and is derived from reason. It applies to allrational creatures, exists independently ofhuman preferences and inclinations, and

is applied cross culturally. (Discussed byPlato, Aristotle, and Aquinas)



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Law

Law is the principles and regulations established in acommunity by some authority and applicable to itspeople, whether in the form of legislation or of customand policies recognized and enforced by judicial

decision.

Criminal offenses can be broken down into two generalcategories

malum in se("naturally evil as adjudged by the sense of

a civilized community) malum prohibitum(wrong only because a statute makes

it so)



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Distinctions: Law & Ethics

Draw a Venn diagram that represents theconceptual relationship between law &

ethics



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Purpose of law & ethics

Purpose of conventional and natural law is toprotect life, liberty, and property of the groupprotected by these laws

Every human society, whether civilized orprimitive, practices ethics because every societyattaches a value, or a continuum of good to bad,right to wrong, to each action according to where

that individuals action falls within the domain ofthat societys rules and cannons (Kizza)



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Ethics = Guides how you live

STOP IT! For example, the ethical imperative do not

steal (applies to identity theft, hacking, andsoftware piracy) can be justified using two

ethical theories, i.e. deontology and teleology(consequentialism)

START IT!

Read ACM and IEEE Codes of Ethics(basic concept: continually acquire skills)Every man is guilty of all the good he did notdo. Franois-Marie Arouet (1694 1778)



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Ethical Dilemmas

A ethical dilemma is a situation that will often involve anapparent conflict between moral imperatives, in which toobey one would result in violating another, e.g. Someoneenters a house asking for the whereabouts of a person

they intend to kill. Ponder whether it is right to lie aboutwhere this person is located. There are two conflictingethical imperatives: do not lie and do not kill.

This course spends time on ethical dilemmas, not muchtime on ethical imperatives. (Imperative or Dilemma?:

A bank employer transfers cents from banks accountsusing software.)

Crowdsourcing ethical dilemmasis an incredibly dumbidea. What do you think?



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Bernoff was convicted of running a 50 billion Ponzi schemeDoes being unethical pay in the long run?



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Is Business Ethics an oxymoron?

Do Profits & Ethics mix? You can make money helping others, e.g.

sell shoes to help those without shoes.

Do you believe biblical sayings?The love of money root of all evil.Money itself is not evil!

Reminder: You are responsible to notharm others. Challenge: Are you responsible to help

others?Prepared by Susan A. MuirAcademic Year 2011/ 2012


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Three Trends

The general public does not know what ethicsand morals are, OR

The general public truly believes that it knowswhat ethics and morals are, OR

The very whole of a persons life revolvesaround a system of ethics that controls eachindividuals logic, and yet the general publiccould not care less, and worse, the general

public strongly opposes the knowledge.Source: Larry Neal Gowdyhttp://www.angelfire.com/home/sesquiq/2007sesethics.html

http://www.angelfire.com/home/sesquiq/2007sesethics.htmlhttp://www.angelfire.com/home/sesquiq/2007sesethics.html


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Why bother study ethics (if)

Thesis : Degree in Computing withoutany ethics component is good.

Rationale:

No time wasted (on fluff courses)

No resources wasted (since cant teach

people ethics anyway)



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Why study ethics?

Thesis : Degree in Computing with classes thatdiscuss ethics is best.

Part of professional standard, e.g. ACM

Valued by SCIT staff & some SCIT graduates

Ethics classes positively impact the thinkingand/or behaviour of some students

Highly intellectual mind game Serious Business



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Etiquette & Ethos

Etiquette, one aspect of decorum, is a code thatgoverns the expectations of social behavior,according to the conventional norm within asociety, social class, or group.

Usually unwritten, it may be codified in written form.Etiquette usuallyreflects formulas of conduct in which society or tradition haveinvested. An etiquette may reflect an underlying ethical code, or inmay grow more as a fashion

Ethos is the characteristic and distinguishing

attitudes, habits, beliefs, etc. of an individual orof a group



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Individual Attributes(of SCIT students)

Aptitude

Achievement

Attitude Apathy: nuh care

Arrogance: bossy (inaccurate high estimate

of self or low estimate of others)

Alienation nutting nah gwan fi mi

Astute (whiz kid, filled with insight &

solutions)



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What is professional ethics?

Professional ethics includes relationships withand responsibilities toward customers, clients,coworkers, employees, employers, others whouse ones products and services, and others

whom they affect A professional has a responsibility to act

ethically. Many professions have a code ofethics that professionals are expected to abideby Medical doctors Lawyers and judges Accountants



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Elements of Professionalism

Certification (proof of education and

experience)

Competence (ability to perform andmaintain quality)

Character (ethics)

Culture (ethos and etiquette)

Citizenry (law-abiding)



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Benefits of Professionalism

Appropriate conduct(based on established mores)

Reason able conduct

LEADS to REWARDS

Tangible contribution to society Collective Status

Elevated Renumeration



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Profession organization

A professional body is a group of people in a learned occupationwho are entrusted with maintaining control or oversight of thelegitimate practice of the occupation.

Professional and regulatory bodies play three roles (Harvey &Mason, 1995). First, they are set up to safeguard the public interest. This is what gives

them their legitimacy. Second, professional bodies also represent the interest of the

professional practitioners and here they act as a professionalassociation or trade union (including legitimating restrictive practices), oras a learned society contributing to continuous professional

development. Third, the professional or regulatory body represents its own self-interest: the organisations act to maintain their own privileged andpowerful position as a controlling body. This is where control,legitimated by public interest becomes confounded by control based onself-interest.



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Characteristics of a Profession

Mastery of a Esoteric Body of Knowledge

Autonomy

Formal Organizations Code of Ethics

Culture of Practice



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Model of a Profession

Today there is considerable debate about whethercomputing is a profession. The arguments that denycomputing as a profession are based on the absence ofautonomy and self regulation, similar arguments have

been used against engineering being a profession. Computing and engineering are not done by individuals, but byteams who are employed by and responsible to a corporation.These individuals are not free to set their own hours but punch atime clock.

Computing does not have a representative licensing body so

entry into that occupation is not controlled. Computing does not have a well defined body of knowledge

whose mastery is required to practice computing.



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Codes of Ethics

Codes have been divided into primarily normative andprimarily regulatory codes. In traditional professions such regulatory codes were justified as

part of the social contract the profession had with society. Inreturn for these enforceable moral promises, society granted the

profession the right to self-regulation.

A code can also be normative. Norms are "ethical rules ofthumb." They are rules that have been developed for analyzingand deciding cases in a particular area of ethics. They tend to be

less authoritative than the basic duties stated in a regulatorycode. They are a way of formalizing, generalizing, andcommunicating ethical wisdom and experience in a particularfield.



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Trends in Codes of Ethics

There are several concerns with regulatory type ofcodes. First it leads to a "black letter law" approach to professional practice- if a

particular action is not ruled out by the code then it is permissible.

In a rapidly changing discipline such codes are generally out of date and do not

cover the significant issues. They are inflexible and unable to address newsituations.

Norms are very different from laws in that they are meantto guide judgement rather than to regulate behavior. In the early 1990's, the ACM, BCS, and IEEE codes were

significantly revised. The tendency of these revisions is awayfrom regulatory codes toward normative codes. These norms getwritten as imperatives.

Computer scientists and engineers have begun to develop asense of themselves as a profession.



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ACM Code of Ethics

I. General Moral Imperatives

1.1 Contribute to society and human well being.

1.2 Avoid harm to others.

1.3 Be honest and trustworthy.

1.4 Be fair and take action not to discriminate.

Honor property rights including copyrights & patents.

Give proper credit for intellectual property.

Respect the privacy of others.

Honor confidentiality.



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ACM Code of Ethics

II. More Specific Professional Responsibilities2.1Strive to achieve the highest quality, effectiveness and dignity in

both the process and products of professional work.2.2 Acquire and maintain professional competence.2.3 Know and respect existing laws pertaining to professional work.

2.4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review.2.5 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer

systems and their impacts, including analysis of possible risks.2.6 Honor contracts, agreements and assigned responsibilities.2.7 Improve public understanding of computing and its consequences.2.8 Access Computing and communication resources only when

authorized to do so.



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ACM Code of Ethics

III. Organizational Leadership Imperatives Articulate social responsibilities of members of an organizational

unit and encourage full acceptance of those responsibilities. Manage personnel and resources to design and build

information systems that enhance the quality of working life.

Acknowledge and support proper and authorized uses of anorganizations computing and communications resources.



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ACM Code of Ethics

Ensure that users and those who will be affected by a systemhave their needs clearly articulated during the assessment anddesign of requirements. Later the system must be validated tomeet requirements.

Articulate and support policies that protect the dignity of usersand others affected by a computing system.

Create opportunities for members of the organization to learn theprinciples and limitations of computer systems.

IV. Compliance with the Code

4.1 Uphold and promote the principles of this code.4.2 Treat violations of this code as inconsistent with membership



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IEEE CODE OF ETHICS

We, the members of the IEEE, in recognition of the importance ofour technologies in affecting the quality of life throughout the world,and in accepting a personal obligation to our profession, itsmembers and the communities we serve, do hereby commitourselves to the highest ethical and professional conduct and agree:

to accept responsibility in making engineering decisions consistent

with the safety, health and welfare of the public, and to disclosepromptly factors that might endanger the public or the environment;

to avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest whenever possible,and to disclose them to affected parties when they do exist;

to be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based onavailable data;

to reject bribery in all its forms;



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IEEE CODE OF ETHICS

to improve the understanding of technology, its appropriateapplication, and potential consequences;

to maintain and improve our technical competence and to undertaketechnological tasks for others only if qualified by training orexperience, or after full disclosure of pertinent limitations;

to seek, accept, and offer honest criticism of technical work, to

acknowledge and correct errors, and to credit properly thecontributions of others; to treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors as race, religion,

gender, disability, age, or national origin; to avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or employment by

false or malicious action; to assist colleagues and co-workers in their professional development

and to support them in following this code of ethics.Approved by the IEEE Board of Directors, August 1990



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What if

Negativity is killing our people. Dr. Dunn The course Professional, Ethical and Legal

Implications of Computing Systems is FORYOUR GOOD.

Suppose this course could change how youthink, act and feel this semester or in the future!

Suppose your ethical thinking could be improved(Be open-minded)

What if this course will have a major impact onyour life twenty (20) years from now, and youcant imagine it now?

Whatever fi yu, caan be un fi yu.



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Course Outline

Week 1: Introduction Week 2: Digital Intellectual Property (Copyright, Patents & Trademarks) Week 3: Digital Intellectual Property (Philosophical Underpinnings) Week 4: Deontological Ethical Theories Week 5: Consequentialist Ethical Theories

Week 6: ICT & the Economy; Socio-technical Computer Ethics Week 7: Test Week 8: Risk and Abuses of Computer systems

Week 9: Ethics in IT-configured societies; Controlling Technology Week 10: Information Flow, Privacy, Surveillance

Week 11: Computers and Work; Digital Order; Computer Crime Week 12: Frontiers of Computing; Democracy & Censorship Week 13: Review


T C E hi


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Text: Computer EthicsDeborah Johnson

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://vig-fp.pearsoned.co.uk/bigcovers/0131230220.jpg&imgrefurl=http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/academic/product/0,1144,0131230220,00.html&usg=__qoVuyrAp9ncboOgG5kPbOe3JSx0=&h=648&w=430&sz=96&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=pIFY50N28SZPNM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=91&ei=xac4TeT2ApTUgQfX_cWaCA&prev=/images?q=Computer+Ethics+Johnson+international+edition&um=1&hl=en&client=gmail&sa=N&rls=gm&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://vig-fp.prenhall.com/bigcovers/0130836990.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/product/Computer-Ethics/9780130836991.page&usg=__IknvodrwTuIl6FyXrmlPDhEMvSg=&h=648&w=432&sz=187&hl=en&start=2&zoom=1&tbnid=bXu6G8Mv8HrlNM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=91&prev=/images?q=computer+ethics+johnson&um=1&hl=en&client=gmail&sa=N&rls=gm&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://i43.tower.com/images/mm107123053/computer-ethics-deborah-g-johnson-paperback-cover-art.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.tower.com/computer-ethics-deborah-g-johnson-paperback/wapi/107123053&usg=__q702OwPNI_SBwDT-L9CC5MySNZc=&h=300&w=200&sz=16&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=R8Y2yGScomO28M:&tbnh=116&tbnw=77&prev=/images?q=computer+ethics+johnson&um=1&hl=en&client=gmail&sa=N&rls=gm&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1


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Recommended Text:

A Gift of Fire Sara Baase



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Assessment

Test 15%

Reflection Paper 10%

Individual Presentation 10% Individual Participation 5%

Group Presentation 10%

Group Paper 10% Final Examination 40%



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Learning Management System

http://utechonline.utech.edu.jm

Module Code Enrollment Key

Request for Class Representatives

http://utechonline.utech.edu.jm/http://utechonline.utech.edu.jm/http://utechonline.utech.edu.jm/


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Get on track

Even if you are on the right track, you willget run over if you just sit there. (Will

Rogers)

If you dont like something, change it. If

you cant change it, change the way youthink about it. (Jim Rohn)



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Jamaican Value

Is it possible for Jamaica to become notonly an ideal vacation spot, but also anideal vocation spot?

Critical elements in Growth:

Ideas

Ideals (values & vision)

Impact

Implementation



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Why is Jamaica an excellent place for theseathletes to train? Is it an excellent place to work?



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Are you a VIP?

Are you demonstrating your true value in aspecial way?

Volunteerism

Integrity

Philanthropy



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Until we meet again

Beliefs in life can move you forward or holdyou back.

The secret of being a bore is to telleverything.

Love truth, but pardon error. Voltaire

Read Handouts and Review www.jipo.gov.jm
http://www.jipo.gov.jm/http://www.jipo.gov.jm/

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