Greenhouse Biology Final Exam Study GuideName_____________________________ Date of test_______________ Room Location ____________

LIFE PROCESSES & SCIENTIFIC METHOD Process Definition Example part of the plant that

carries it out What organelle carries it out

Synthesis Making large

molecules from smaller ones

DNA replication Photosynthesis Protein synthesis

leaf Ribosomes Nucleus

chloroplast

Transport Move materials in & out

Osmosis Diffusion

Active transport

Veins (xylem & phloem) Cell membrane

Excretion Removal of waste Release of CO2 or ammonia leaf Vacuole

Cell membrane

Respiration Release energy from food

Aerobic & anaerobic

(fermentation) leaf mitochondria

Nutrition Getting & using energy

Autotrophic heterotrophic leaf chloroplast

Growth Getting larger in size

Regeneration Mitosis for repair & development

Tips of roots and leaves Nucleus­DNA

Reproduction Making more individuals

Asexual Sexual

Asexual­root stem or leaf

Sexual­flower Nucleus­DNA

Regulation Maintain

constant internal conditions

Sweating Shivering

Response to stimuli

Cell membrane DNA­nucleus

1. How is metabolism related to life processes? METABOLISM IS ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR: SYNTHESIS, TRANSPROT,EXCRETION, RESPIRATION, NUTRITION, GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, REGULATION

2. What is homeostasis? ABILITY TO MAINTAIN CONSTANT INTERNAL CONDITIONS: LIKE BODY TEMP OF 98.6

3. In a scientific experiment, how many variables should be tested at one time/. ONLY ONE

4. Define the following:

a. Independent variableCHANGED= THE ONE I CHANGED

b. Dependent variable:MEASURED=THE RESULT I CAN MEASURE c. Control group:standard or basis of comparison=THE NORMAL CONDITION

BIOCHEMISTRY Use the following equation to answer questions: C6H12O6 + O2→ 6H2O + 6CO2 (respiration)

Glucose+oxygen→water+ carbon dioxide+ATP 1. What are the reactants? (left) C6H12O6 + O2

2. What are the products? (right) 6H2O + 6CO2

3. What is the difference between an organic and inorganic molecule?

ORGANIC HAS C­H BONDS AND IS LIVING LIKE CARBS, LIPIDS, PROTEIN, NUCLEIC ACIDS. INORGANIC LACKS C­H BONDS LIKE NaCL, CO2, H2O

4. Draw a pH scale and label where to find acids, bases, and neutral.

0­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­6­­7­­­8­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­14 ACID­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ neut. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­BASE

Substance pH Lemon juice 2.3 acid Water 7.0 neutral Blood 7.8 basic Bleach 13.2 basic

5. Of the following, which is the most acidic? Lemon juice 6. Of the following, which is the most basic? bleach

Organic Molecule Elements Monomer Examples MAIN Function 1. Carbohydrate

s CHO monosaccharides Sugar&starch Immediate energy

2. Lipids CHO Fatty acid & glycerol Fat, oils, waxes Long term energy

storage

3. Proteins CHON Amino acids Enzymes, meat Enzymes for chemical

reactions, build structure like muscle

and bone

4. Nucleic Acids CHONPS nucleotides DNA & RNA Store & transmit hereditary info

5. Identify the following as a nucleic acid, protein, lipid, or carbohydrate:

B&D C(nitrogen) A&E none

6. What is a catalyst? Anything that speeds up a chemical reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts 7. What is an enzyme?

PROTEINS THAT SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS

8. What is the lock and key model of enzyme activity? Use the following terms in your description (active site, enzyme, products, substrate) and label below.

W S U&V T

7. What molecule is the main energy source for all cell activities? Glucose­­→ATP is main source

8. Enzymes are what type of organic molecule? protein

9. Are enzymes reusable? Why or why not?

Yes

10.What are 2 things affect the rate of an enzyme reaction? pH & temperature

11.What happens when an enzyme becomes denatured? Melting/changes active site

12. For each of the following statements, label as true or false

_____ a. Enzymes are types of proteins ___F__ b. Enzymes slow down the rate of chemical reactions SPEED UP _____ c. Each enzyme is specific; it only works on one type of substance _____ d. Enzymes become denatured (melt) at high temperatures _____ e. Enzymes work best at a narrow pH range like 8­9 not 1­14 __F___ f. Enzymes cannot be reused. _____ g. Proteins are made of building blocks called amino acids __F___ h. Proteins are made in the mitochondria of cells RIBOSOME _____ i. Proteins make up our blood, hair, skin, heart, muscles, and bones Use the graphs to answer the questions:

13.Does enzyme number one function at a pH of 5.5? __NO____

14.What is the best pH for enzyme number two? ___6 AN ACID____

15.Which enzyme has the broadest ph range? ___3 6.5­11.5________

CELLS AND ORGANELLES 1. Circle the prokaryote. Highlight the nucleus

in the eukaryote. EUKARYOTE HAS NUCLEUS

EUKARYOTE PROKARYOTE

2. Name three ways that prokaryotes and eukaryotes are different: PRO­NO NUCLEUS & MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES EUKARYOTE­NUCLEUS&MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

3. What are the four similarities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes? CELL MEMBRANE, RIBOSOME, GENETIC MATERIAL ,CYTOPLASM

4. Name 4 structures that all cells have:

a. SAME AS #3 b. c. d.

5. What are the three components of the Cell Theory?

a. CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

b. c.

6. Label the diagrams of the cells below:

7. Complete the chart

Animal Cell: A. Rough ER B.CENTRIOLE C. Smooth ER D.NUCLEOLUS E. NUCLEUS F.MITOCHONDRIA G. Golgi Body H.RIBOSOME I.CELL MEMBRANE

Plant Cell A. CELL WALL B. NUCLEUS C. CELL MEMBRANE D. ER E.CHLOROPLAST F.VACUOLE

8. What are three differences between plant and animal cells? PLANTS HAVE CELL WALL &CHLOPLASTS ANIMALS HAVE CENTRIOLES

9. In what organelle does photosynthesis occur? CHLOROPLAST

10.Complete the following table:

Cell Part Composed mainly of which macromolecule(s)? Function

Nucleus XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX CONTROL CELL PROCESSES;REUGLATES

CELL DIVISION Cell

Membrane *****LIPID & PROTEIN TRANSPORT : LET THINGS IN AND OUT

Cell wall CELLULOSE SUPPORT AND PROTECTION PLANT CELL

Mitochondria XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX SITE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Vacuoles XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX STORAGE

Chloroplasts XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Ribosomes RNA ribonucleic acid SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

11.What is the importance of cell specialization? Name at least three examples of cell :specialization. DIFFERENT CELLS HAVE DIFFERENT JOBS (ex; BLOOD, NERVE, MUSCLE & BRAIN)

12.Why do cells in the body look different from each other, even though they have the same DNA? DIFFERENT GENES ARE TURNED ON OR OFF WHEN CELLS OR TISSUE IS DEVELOPING

CELL TRANSPORT AND CELLULAR ENERGY

1. Define the following terms: a. Diffusion PASSIVE TRANSPORT; MOVEMENT FROM HIGH TO LOW b. Osmosis PASSIVE TRANSPORT; MOVEMENTOF WATER FROM HIGH TO LOW c. Active Transport MOVEMENT FROM LOW TO HIGH d. Passive transport MOVEMENT FROM HIGH TO LOW

2. Write the equation for photosynthesis. On the left of the arrow should be the reactants and on the right should be the products. 6H2O + 6CO2 ­→ C6H12O6 + O2

water+ carbon dioxide ­→ Glucose+oxygen

3. What organelle is the site of photosynthesis? CHLOROPLAST

4. Label the arrows pointing into and out of the chloroplast below:

CO2 O2, glucose H2O, SUNLIGHT

5. What organelle is the site of cellular respiration? MITOCHONDRIA 6. Label the arrows going into and out of the organelle to the right. H20, CO2

GLUCOSE

O2 ATP

7. Write the equation for Cellular respiration. O2 + C6H12O6 → CO2 + H2O + ATP energy

8. On the left side of the arrow should be the (reactants or products) and on the right side should be the (reactants or products).

Reactants ­→ products

9. What is the energy molecule created during cellular respiration? ATP, adenosine tri phosphate

DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

1. Put the steps of protein synthesis in order: B,A,C, D a. mRNA is transcribed from DNA b. DNA unzips c. mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome d. tRNA brings the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome to build the protein

B,A,C, D

2. What organelle is the site of DNA replication?NUCLEUS

3. What organelle is the site of protein synthesis?RIBOSOME

4. Transcribe the following sequence of DNA: CTA CTT TGG AAG GTC GAU GAA ACC UUC CAG

5. Translate the following sequence of DNA: ATG GAT CGA CCC TGA (Use the codon chart from your notebook).

6. Why is the shape of DNA significant? DOUBLE HELIX,EASILY UNZIPS

7. Define the following terms: a. Replication COPY DNA b. Transcription mRNA is made c. Translation tRNA carries amino acids to ribosome d. Codon three nitrogen bases on mRNA

8. What is the shape of DNA called? double helix

9. What are the 4 nitrogen bases that make up DNA and which pair with which? A­T , G­C

10. The building blocks of DNA are NUCLEOTIDES . They are made of three parts which are:

a. –SUGAR b. _PHOSPHATE c. _NITROGEN BASE

11.Transcription is the creation of ___mRNA__ from DNA.

12.There are 3 differences in DNA and RNA. The differences are: a. _double vs single strand b. _thymine vs uracil c. _deoxyribose vs ribose(SUGAR)

13. In RNA, the nitrogen base URACIL__ is substituted with THYMINE.

14.Translation is the creation of PROTEINS from mRNA.

15.Translation occurs in which organelle? RIBOSOME

16.A change in DNA is called a __MUTATION__.

17.Who were the two scientists given credit for discovering the shape of DNA?

CELL REPRODUCTION – MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS 1. What are the 5 types of asexual reproduction? Give an example of an organism that does

each. a. _BINARY FISSION­BACTERIA b. _BUDDING­YEAST c. _SPORULATION­ FUNGI d. _VEGATATIVE PROPAGATION­PLANTS e. _ REGENERATION­STARFISH,PLANARIA

2. What are the 3 reasons that a cell will undergo mitosis? a. _GROWTH b. _REPAIR c. _REPLACE

3. What is the end result of MITOSIS and MEIOSIS?

MITOSIS­ 2 IDENTICAL CELLS MEIOSIS­4 DIFFERENT HAPLOID GAMETES(SPERM&EGG)

4. Draw and label the 4 stages of mitosis in the boxes below. Under each box, write the name of the phase. INTERPHASE, PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE, CYTOKINESIS

5. Define the following terms: a. Haploid 1 SET OF CHROMOSOMES b. Diploid 2 SETS OF CHROMOSOMES c. Gamete SEX CELL –SPERM & EGG

6. If a fruit fly’s diploid number is 8, how many chromosomes would be found in its sperm?

4

GENETICS 1. Who worked with pea plants and is known as the father of modern genetics?MENDEL 2. Define the following terms:

a. Dominant trait UPPERCASE; STRONGER b. Recessive trait LOWERCASE; WEAKER c. Genotype GENETIC MAKE­UP d. Phenotype PHYSICAL APPEARANCE e. Gene UNIT OF DNA; FOUND ON CHROMOSOMES f. Punnett Square USED TO PREDICT GENOTYPE &PHENOTYPE OF OFFSPRING g. Trait CHARACTERISTICS LIKE SKIN COLOR, HAIR COLOR

3. Give an example of the following genotypes: a. Homozygous Dominan TT b. Heterozygous Tt

c. Homozygous Recessive tt

Complete the following monohybrid crosses: 4. Tall is dominant to short in pea plants. What is the probability that two heterozygous plants will

have short offspring?

Key: Cross: Results: T=tall TtXTt T=short 25%

5. In flowers, red is incompletely dominant to white. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring if you cross a red flower with a pink flower?

Key: Cross: Results: R=red RR X RW W=white RR 50% RW=pink RW50%

6. For a pedigree, draw the symbol for an affected male:

A shaded square

7. For a pedigree, draw the symbol for an unaffected female:

An empty circle

8. Draw the pedigree for the following: Bob, an affected male, married Sue, a carrier female. Together they had three children—Mary, a normal daughter; Joe, an affected son; and Bobby, an affected son.

EVOLUTION 1. Who created the theory of evolution by natural selection? DARWIN

2. Explain what is meant by the phrase “survival of the fittest.”

Organisms with favorable adaptations survive and reproduce

3. What are the 4 criteria that are required for evolution to occur? Give an example of each. Criterion Example

OVERPRODUCTION FISH LAY MILLIONS OF EGGS

COMPETETION NOT ENOUGH RESOURCES FOR ORG

VARIATION DIFFERENCES EXIST B/T SPECIES MEM

SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST Organisms with favorable adaptations survive and reproduce

4. List 7 forms of evidence that proves that evolution by natural selection exists.

a. _FOSSIL e. Vestigial structures b. _GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION f. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY c. _ Homologous Structures g. d. _ Embryology

5. Give an example of the following forms of evolutionary evidence: a. Homologous Structures looking @ bone similarities

b. Biochemical Similarities looking @ amino acid sequences

c. Embryology looking @ embryos

d. Vestigial structures structure that was used by an ancestor

6. Match the evidences from Q#5 with the appropriate picture below :

_EBRYOLOGY _VESTIGIAL

BIOCHEMICAL SIMILARITIES COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

CLASSIFICATION

1. Who is the Father of our current system of Classification? LINNEAUS

2. Put the levels of taxonomy in order from most broad, to most specific: 4 Class 2 Kingdom

8 Species 6 Family

5 Order 7 Genus

3 Phylum 1 Domain

3. Which two levels (from #2) are used for the scientific name? GENUS & SPECIES 4. A cheetah’s scientific name is Acinonyx jubatus. Circle the genus name. Put a square around

the species name. GENUS, SPECIES

5. Which of the following would be most closely related to the cheetah? a. Ursus jubatus A & C b. Acinonyx major c. Ursus major

6. Fill out the following chart:

Kingdom Unicellular/ multicellular/

both?

Prokaryote/ Eukaryote

Major Characteristic Examples

Eubacteria unicellular prokaryote Common bacteria E. Coli

Archaebacteria unicellular prokaryote Live in extreme env. extremophiles

Protista Mostly

unicellular/ Some

multicellular

eukaryote Some

autotrophic/some heterotrophic

Amoeba, euglena, algae

Fungi Unicellular(yeast) multicellular eukaryote heterotrophic Mold ,

mushrooms

Plantae multicellular eukaryote heterotrophic Grass, trees

Animalia multicellular eukaryote heterotrophic Cats, dogs, humans

7. An organism is prokaryotic and lives in extreme environments. What kingdom does it belong

in?ARCHAEBACTERIA

8. An organism is eukaryotic, multicellular, and has a cell wall made of chitin. What kingdom does it belong in?FUNGI

PLANT STRUCTURES & FUNCTION:

1. What is the function of the stomata? What gas goes in? What gas goes out? GAS EXCHANGE CARBON DIOXIDE OXYGEN

2. What is transpiration? What structure is water lost through? LOSS OF WATER; LEAVES(STOMATA)

3. What is the function of xylem and phloem? XYLEM TRANSPORTS WATER; PHLOEM TRANSPORTS FOOD ECOLOGY 1. Define & give an example of each: a. Ecosystem­ INCLUDES ABIOTIC & BIOTIC FACTORS; A POND

b. Biosphere­ PORTION OF THE EARTH WHERE LIFE EXISTS; THE EARTH

c. Organism­A LIVING THING; ONE DEER

d. Population­ MORE THAN 1 ORGANISM OF THE SAME SPECIES; MANY DEER

e. Community­DIFFERENT SPECIES; DEER, GRASS & WOLF 2. Put the vocabulary words from #6 in order from most SIMPLE to most COMPLEX

C,D,E,A,B

3. Draw a 4 trophic level pyramid in the space below. Number the trophic levels & Label the producer, decomposer, primary consumer, secondary consumer

4. For the food web below, label each organism: (Some may have more than one label) P = producer | 1 = Primary Consumer | 2= Secondary Consumer | 3 = Tertiary Consumer | | 4 Quartenary Consumer 5. . Now label each animal as either a : H = herbivore C = carnivore O = omnivore H=worm bird rabbit butterfly squirrel C= frog, hawk, snake, fox O=bird

6. Which organisms are both primary and secondary consumers? BIRD 7. Which organisms are both secondary and tertiary consumers?FROG & SNAKE